Perfume is a mixture of fragrant oils, fixatives, and solvents used to scent the body or living spaces. It has been used for centuries, originally for religious purposes and now as a sign of sophistication. Perfume is made through extracting oils from plants or animals, blending them according to a formula, aging the blend, and mixing it with alcohol as a solvent. It is classified based on oil concentration and lasting time. Perfume triggers emotions and memories through scent and is used to increase attractiveness. Future perfumes may increasingly use synthetic chemicals and target pheromone receptors in the brain.
The presentation contains brief explanation about the Emollients, its types with detailed examples. Brief classification of Rheological additives is also presented along with the applications in cosmeceuticals.
Introduction-notes-classification-manufacturing process-outline-composition-sources of fragrances-EU Regulations for perfumes-natural and synthetic allergens to human
The presentation contains brief explanation about the Emollients, its types with detailed examples. Brief classification of Rheological additives is also presented along with the applications in cosmeceuticals.
Introduction-notes-classification-manufacturing process-outline-composition-sources of fragrances-EU Regulations for perfumes-natural and synthetic allergens to human
Cleansing and care need for face skin,eye lids,lips,hands,feet,nail,scalp,neck,bDRx Amit Chaudhari
Hi friends these topics mainly related to cosmetic biological aspects in which Cleansing and Care need for face skin, scalp, Nail, lips, eye,body and deodorants preparation are explained ..I hope you will like my slides and if any queries then comments .
Myself Omkar Tipugade , M -Pharm sem II , Department of Pharmaceutics . today i upload presentation on addressing dry skin , acne , pigmentation , prickly heat , body odor .
Controversial ingredients of Cosmetics - Parabens, Formaldehyde and formaldehyde liberators, 1,4 Dioxanes, Health concerns of controversial ingredients, Regulations of controversial ingredients, quaternium-15, DMDM hydantoin, imidazolidinyl urea, diazolidinyl urea, polyoxymethylene urea,
sodium hydroxymethylglycinate, bromopol and glyoxal, Alternatives of parabens, Vulnerable populations, How to avoid controversial ingredients
Emollients are non-cosmetic moisturisers which come in the form of creams, ointments, lotions and gels. Emollients help skin to feel more comfortable and less itchy. They keep the skin moist and flexible, helping to prevent cracks.
Review of guidelines for herbal cosmetics by COSMOSDev Jain
Review of guidelines for herbal cosmetics by
private bodies like cosmos with respect to preservatives,
emollients, foaming agents, emulsifiers and rheology modifiers.
Definition, History, Notes in perfume, Classification of perfume, Aromatic sources, Manufacturing, Ingredients causing allergic reactions, attar, types of attar, difference between attar and perfume, reasons behind using perfume, leading brands of perfume.
Cleansing and care need for face skin,eye lids,lips,hands,feet,nail,scalp,neck,bDRx Amit Chaudhari
Hi friends these topics mainly related to cosmetic biological aspects in which Cleansing and Care need for face skin, scalp, Nail, lips, eye,body and deodorants preparation are explained ..I hope you will like my slides and if any queries then comments .
Myself Omkar Tipugade , M -Pharm sem II , Department of Pharmaceutics . today i upload presentation on addressing dry skin , acne , pigmentation , prickly heat , body odor .
Controversial ingredients of Cosmetics - Parabens, Formaldehyde and formaldehyde liberators, 1,4 Dioxanes, Health concerns of controversial ingredients, Regulations of controversial ingredients, quaternium-15, DMDM hydantoin, imidazolidinyl urea, diazolidinyl urea, polyoxymethylene urea,
sodium hydroxymethylglycinate, bromopol and glyoxal, Alternatives of parabens, Vulnerable populations, How to avoid controversial ingredients
Emollients are non-cosmetic moisturisers which come in the form of creams, ointments, lotions and gels. Emollients help skin to feel more comfortable and less itchy. They keep the skin moist and flexible, helping to prevent cracks.
Review of guidelines for herbal cosmetics by COSMOSDev Jain
Review of guidelines for herbal cosmetics by
private bodies like cosmos with respect to preservatives,
emollients, foaming agents, emulsifiers and rheology modifiers.
Definition, History, Notes in perfume, Classification of perfume, Aromatic sources, Manufacturing, Ingredients causing allergic reactions, attar, types of attar, difference between attar and perfume, reasons behind using perfume, leading brands of perfume.
Fragrances – Mystic of Perfumes I Fragrances Insightselfcareveda
At Fragrances Insight, we delve into the captivating realm of perfumery, exploring the nuances of scent creation, the artistry behind perfume making, and the cultural significance of fragrances across the globe.
Join us on a journey through the olfactory landscape, where we uncover the secrets of renowned perfumers, discover the latest fragrance trends, and share insights into how different scents evoke unique sensations and evoke cherished memories.
Perfume is a mixture of fragrant essential oils or aromatic compounds, fixatives and solvents used to give the human body, animal, food objects and living spaces a pleasant scent.
It has been used for centuries by mankind.
Perfumes are supposed to release a continuous pleasant.
Fragrance that will provide a long lasting feeling of freshness.
Initially it was only used for religious purpose but now it has become an ornament of sophistication for both men and women.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
QA study - To improve the 6th monthly recall rate post-comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
3. WHAT IS PERFUME
• Perfume is a mixture of fragrant essential oils or
aromatic compounds, fixatives and solvents used to
give the human body, animal, food objects and living
spaces a pleasant scent.
• It has been used for centuries by mankind.
• Perfumes are supposed to release a continuous
pleasant fragrance that will provide a long lasting
feeling of freshness.
• Initially it was only used for religious purpose but
now it has become an ornament of sophistication
for both men and women.
3
4. HISTORY OF PERFUME
• The Egyptians were the first who used perfume for
personal enjoyment, but the production of perfume
was reserved for the priests and they used it in
religious purpose.
• The Greek used an extraordinary amount of
perfume and for each part of the body they used a
different fragrance for hygiene of the body.
• The history of the Arabs is the fusion of art and
science. Two talented Arabian chemists - Jābir ibn
Hayyān and Al - Kindi established the perfume
industry.
• The Romans used perfume as a part of luxury.
4
5. • The oldest perfumery was discovered on the island of
Cyprus 4,000 years ago indicating that perfume
manufacturing was on an industrial scale.
• The Hungarians introduced the first modern
perfume, made of scented oils blended in an
alcohol solution at the command of Queen
Elizabeth of Hungary.
• France is the birthplace of modern perfumery. France
provided to grow aromatic plants for perfume industry
with raw materials. Even today, France remains the
centre of the European perfume design and trade.
• England and Germany also contributed a
lot in modernization of perfumery.
5
6. NOTES IN PERFUME
• Perfume is described in a musical metaphor as
having three sets of notes, making the harmonious
scent accord.
• These notes are created carefully with
knowledge of the evaporation process of the
perfume.
The three notes are:
a.Top notes
b.Middle notes
c.Base notes
Each of these levels, however, has its own primary
purpose. 6
7. a) Top notes :- They are generally the lightest of all
notes and recognized immediately after application.
Top notes consist of small, light molecules with high
volatility that evaporate quickly.
Common fragrances of top notes include citrus
(lemon, orange zest), light fruits (grape, berries), and
herbs (clary sage, lavender).
b) Middle Notes :- The middle notes or the heart notes,
makes an appearance once the top notes evaporate.
The middle note compounds from “heart” or main
body of a perfume and act to mask the often
unpleasant initial impression of base notes, which
become more pleasant with time.
Common fragrances of middle notes includes rose,
lemon, nutmeg, jasmine etc. 7
8. c) Base notes:
Base notes or bottom or dry notes appear while
middle notes are fading. The base and middle notes
together are the main theme of a perfume. Base
notes bring depth and solidity to a perfume. Common
fragrances of base notes include sandalwood, vanilla,
amber and musk.
Fig:Three notes of perfume
8
Lemon,
Orange
Rose, Jasmine, Iris
Sandalwood, Oakmoss, Musk
Head notes
Heart notes
Base Notes
9. CLASSIFICATION OF PERFUMES
• Perfumes are classified into five major groups on
the basis of concentration of fragrance and
duration of lasting:-
Class % of aromatic
compound
Duration(hours)
Parfume(perfume) 20-30 6-8
Eau de parfume 15-20 4-5
Eau de toilette 5-15 2-3
Eau de cologne 2-4 2
Eau fraiche 1-3 2
9
10. • Perfumes can further be classified into following
classes:
1.Bright floral: Fragrance from one or several flowers.
e.g. Estee lauder’s Beautiful
2.Green: Fragrance from cut grass or leaf. e.g. Calvin
Klein’s Eternity
3.Aquatic: A clean smell reminiscent of ocean. e.g.
Davidoff Cool Water
4.Citrus: Has freshening effect. e.g. Faberge Brut
5.Fruity: Aromas of fruits other than citrus. e.g. Ginestet
Botrytis
6.Gourmand: Scent with edible or desert like qualities.
e.g. Thierry Mugler’s Angel.
10
11. AROMATIC SOURCES
Fragrances used in perfume can be found
from following sources:
a) Plant Source:
Barks, flowers, blossoms, fruits, resin,
roots, seeds, woods etc.
b) Animal Source:
Musk, civet, honeycomb etc.
c) Synthetic Source:
Calone, synthetic terpenes etc.
11
12. COMPOSITION OF PERFUME
12
Perfumes are mainly composed of :-
1. Essential oils :- Derived from natural aromatic plant
extracts and/or synthetic aromatic chemicals. E.g.
limonene, geraniol, citral etc.
2. Fixatives :- Natural or synthetic substances used to
reduce the evaporation rate E.g. benzyl benzoate,
benzyl alcohol etc.
3. Solvents :- The liquid in which the perfume oil is
dissolved in usually 98% ethanol and 2% water.
Alcohol allows fragrance to spread along with it
and does not permit microbial growth in perfume.
14. MANUFACTURE OF PERFUME
I. Collection:
Before manufacturing process begins the
sources of suitable fragrances are collected in
the manufacturing centre.
II. Extraction:
Oils are extracted from plants and other
substances by several methods like:
a. Steam distillation: steam is passed through
plant materials held in a still, whereby the
essential oil turns to gas. This gas is then
passed through tubes, cooled, liquefied and
collected.
14
15. b. Solvent extraction:
The flower parts are dissolved in benzene or
petrolatum that retains the fragrance of the flower.
Alcohol is used to dissolve the fragrance and
heated to obtain it after evaporation of alcohol.
c. Enfleurage:
Flowers are kept in glass sheet with
grease that absorb the fragrance of flowers
and then extracted with alcohol.
d. Expression:
The citrus fruits or plants are manually or
mechanically pressed until all the oil is
squeezed out.
15
16. III. Blending:
■ Once the perfume oils are collected, they are
ready to be blended together according to a
formula determined by a master in the field, known
as a "nose.”
■ After the scent has been created, it is mixed
with alcohol. Most perfumes are made of about 10-
20% perfume oils dissolved in alcohol and traces
of water.
IV. Aging:
■ Fine perfume is often aged for several months or
even years after blending to ensure that the correct
scent has been achieved.
16
17. INGREDIENTS LISTED AS ALLERGENS IN
EU REGULATIONS :-
Category
No. of individual
fragrances
No. of natural
extracts
Examples
Established in
humans
54 28 Citral, Geraniol,
Turpentine oil,
Established in
animals
18 1 Isocyclocitral,
Dibenzyl ether,
Jasminum Sambac
flower extract
Likely 26 - Ethyl vanillin, Methyl
cinnamate, Phytol
Possible 35 13 Benzyl acetate,
Phenylpropanol,
Illicium verum fruit oil
17
18. INGREDIENTS CAUSING ALLERGIC
REACTION
Ingredients Use Side effects
Sandal wood Fragrance Hypersensitivity
Limonene Slightly astringent smell Irritates the skin
Benzyl alcohol Fixative Skin irritant causing
redness and pain
Benzyl
benzoate
Fixative; sweet
balsamic odor
Skin irritation like blister,
itching, scaling, redness.
Acetone Solvent Inhalation cause dryness
of mouth & throat
Ethyl acetate Solvent Defatting effect on skin
& may cause drying &
cracking
18
19. PSYCHOLOGY OF USING
PERFUME
• When we inhale the odorant molecules of a perfume, it
not only creates the sensation of odor but also creates
emotions and experiences associated with it. For
instance, we focus on the pleasant childhood
memories associated with the smell of vanilla.
• Stimulation of hippocampus causes secretion of
growth hormone, sex hormone and
neurotransmitters.
• Another reason behind perfume use is to increase
ones attractiveness in the eyes of other people.
• We wear a perfume which best expresses our
individuality, our tastes and our character.
• Perfume using may become a habit and without it a
person may feel incomplete.
19
20. THE FUTURE
Perfumes today are being made and used in different
ways than in previous centuries. Perfumes are being
manufactured more and more frequently with synthetic
chemicals rather than natural oils. Less concentrated
forms of perfume are also becoming increasingly
popular. Combined, these factors decrease the cost of
the scents, encouraging more widespread and frequent,
often daily, use.
Like aromatherapy, more research is being conducted
to synthesize human perfume—that is, the body scents
we produce to attract or repel other humans. New
perfumes are being created to duplicate the effect of
pheromones and stimulate sexual arousal receptors in
the brain.
20
21. REFRENCES
• Butler H. , Poucher's Perfumes, Cosmetics and Soaps, by
Kluwer Academic Publishers, 10th edition, Pg. no. 13-66
• Askinson G.W. , Furst I. , Perfumes and Their Preparations
, 1892 ,
• Perfume allergies listed on
http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/opinions_l
ayman/perfume-allergies/en/index.htm#4
21