seminar report

1. A SEMINAR PRESENTATION
ON
THE CHEMISTRYAND APPLICATION OF FRAGRANCE
BY
OMOLE BOLUWATIFE EMMANUEL
(20N03002)
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES, FACULTY OF NATURAL
SCIENCES ,
AJAYI CROWTHER UNIVERSITY, OYO.
SUPERVISED BY
DR.O.S.OLADEJI
DECEMBER,2023 1

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OUTLINE
 Definition of fragrances.
 History of fragrances.
 Chemistry of fragrances.
Chemistry of aromatic compounds.
 Production of fragrances.
 Application of fragrances.
Environmental Impacts of fragrances.
 Recommendation
 Conclusion.

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What is a fragrance?
A fragrance is defined as a combination of organic compounds
that produces a distinct smell or odor.
A perfume is a liquid mixture used to emit a pleasant odor. It is
formed from fragrant essential oils derived from plants and
spices or synthetic aromatic compounds.
Types of fragrance.
 Warm fragrance
 Woody fragrance
 Oreintal fragrance
 Fresh fragrance
Composition of Fragrance.
Fragrances consist of a mixture of essential oils or other
volatile aromatic compounds (often synthetic), solvents, and
'fixatives' (substance used to improve stability and reduce/slow
evaporation). Typical solvents are ethanol or a mixture of ethanol
and water.

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History of Fragrance
The word perfume is derived from the Latin perfumare,
meaning "to smoke through" Perfumery, as the art of making
perfumes, began in ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus
Valley civilization and possibly Ancient China. It was further
refined by the Romans and the Muslims.
One of the world's first-recorded chemists is considered to
be a woman named Tapputi, a perfume maker mentioned in
a cuneiform tablet from the 2nd millennium BC in
Mesopotamia. She distilled flowers, oil, and calamus with
other aromatics, then filtered and put them back in the still
several times. In 2003, archaeologists uncovered what are
believed to be the world's oldest surviving perfumes
in Pyrgos, Cyprus. The perfumes dated back more than
4,000 years. They were discovered in an ancient perfumery,
a 300-square-meter (3,230 sq ft) factory housing at least 60
stills, mixing bowls, funnels, and perfume bottles. In
ancient times people used herbs and spices, such
as almond, coriander, myrtle, resin, and bergamot, as well
as flowers.

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Chemistry of Fragrance
The Basics of Fragrance Chemistry
Fragrance oils, whether used in perfumes, candles, or personal care
products, are composed of complex mixtures of aromatic compounds.
These compounds can be categorized into three main types:
Top Notes:
These are the initial scents that you perceive when you first apply or
smell a fragrance. Top notes are typically light and fresh, and they play
a crucial role in creating the first impression of a fragrance.
Middle Notes (Heart Notes):
Middle notes emerge after the top notes have evaporated. They form
the body of the fragrance and provide its character and personality.
Middle notes are often floral, fruity, or spicy.
Base Notes:
Base notes are the deep, long-lasting scents that become noticeable as
the fragrance dries down. They give the fragrance its stability and
longevity and are often rich and woody.

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Chemistry of aromatic compounds:
The Chemistry of Aromatic Compounds
Aromatic compounds are at the heart of fragrance chemistry. These
compounds contain what is known as an aromatic ring, a stable and unique
arrangement of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Aromatic rings can be found in
various natural and synthetic fragrance ingredients. Some common aromatic
compounds include:
Terpenes:
Found in natural sources like citrus fruits, pine trees, and lavender, terpenes
contribute fresh and zesty notes to fragrances. Limonene, for example, is a
terpene responsible for the citrusy scent in many fragrances.
Aldehydes:
Aldehydes are synthetic compounds known for their clean and sometimes
soapy scents. They are often used as top notes to create a bright and
uplifting opening in fragrances.
Esters:
Esters are responsible for fruity and sweet scents. They are abundant in fruits
like apples, strawberries, and bananas. Ethyl acetate, for instance, is an
ester commonly used in fragrances.
Vanillin:
Vanillin is a primary component of vanilla extract and imparts a warm, sweet,
and comforting scent. It is often found in the base notes of fragrances.
Musk Compounds:
Musk compounds create animalic and sensual scents.

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•Production of fragrances
Natural fragrance:
Extraction Methods
Natural ingredients must have their oils extracted in order to create a
perfume or cologne. Essential oil extraction can be done several ways: Oils
can be obtained through solvent extraction, steam distillation,
expression, enfleurage (a process that squeezes out the oils) or maceration.
Solvent Extraction
This method is performed by putting plants into big, rotating drums. The
plants are then covered with petroleum ether or benzene. The plant parts
eventually dissolve in whatever solvent is used, leaving a waxy substance
that contains the oils.
This substance is then placed in ethyl alcohol.
Steam Distillation
With steam distillation, the natural materials are placed in a still. The
materials sit in the still until they are extracted. The resulting substance is
then passed through tubes, where it is cooled and then liquefied. In addition
to steaming, oils can also be extracted from plant materials by boiling in
water.
Expression
As one of the oldest forms of extraction, the expression method is quite
simple. This process, often used for extracting citrus oils, involves pressing
the plant, either mechanically or manually, until all of the oils are

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Synthetic fragrances:
 Chemical synthesis:
.Fragrances can be created through chemical reactions in
chemical reactions in laboratories ,using a wide range of
organic chemistry techniques.
.Key processes include esterification, condensation
reactions, and various modifications to produce specific aroma
compounds.
 Isolation and Purification:
.Similar to natural fragrances, synthesized fragrances
might also require purification steps to isolate desired
compounds.

9. Application of fragrance
 APPLICATION OF FRAGRANCE
1) Use as is on the skin for perfume.
2) Put in water for a air freshener spray.
3) Use in homemade cleaning solutions or plant care sprays.
4) Put on silk flowers or trees.
5) Put on fabric softener dry sheets.
6) A few drops on your pillow.
7) A drop on your cold light bulb to scent a room.
8) Keep a cotton ball with fragrance oil under your car seat.
9) Throw some in your bath water.
10) Refresh old potpourri.
11) Add some to a gift package bow.
12) On a hanky in your purse.
13) Dresser drawer sachets.
14) Add to plain lotion.
15) Put in oil for massage.
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10. Environmental Impacts of fragrances.
 Most of today’s perfumes, colognes, deodorants, candles,
air fresheners, cleaning products, soaps, shampoos, and
detergents contain synthetic fragrance compounds of
unknown origins. Any one of the 1,000 compounds within a
particular scent could be a harmful carcinogen, but you’d
never know because the list of ingredients is protected by
intellectual property laws.
 Your laundry detergent might smell like Mountain Mist to
you, but only those who make it know which potentially-
dangerous chemical concoction creates that distinctive
scent. And on top of being potentially harmful to you and
yours, that particular chemical mixture can be harmful to
plants, animals, and aquatic life once it finds its way down
the drain.
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11. Benefits of fragrance to the environment
 Fragrance improves personal odor to improve social
interactions and increase confidence.
 Fragrance helps make community restrooms more
pleasant and promotes public health.
 Fragrance helps reduces body odor public buses to
increase ridership.
 Fragrance improves experiences and quality of
life inside medical and long-term care facilities.
 Improves Health: There is no scientific evidence to
determine the efficacy of the health-enhancing
properties of fragrances. However, fragrance helps
improve mood, which can keep stress and other
anxiety-related problems at bay. You can use your
favourite fragrance to beat anxiety and lift your spirits.
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12. Structural formula for perfume
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13. Recommendation
 More work should be done so as to understand the chemistry and application
of fragrance.
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14. Conclusion
 Fragrances are used in products for a variety of reasons to enhance the
user experience. Fragrances can provide a pleasant odor and make the
products more recognizable or distinct, as well as help mask the smell of
some ingredients.
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