Indonesia Water and Sanitation Magazine. October 2006. When Drought's Gone It's Time for Floods

Information Media for Water Supply and From the Editor 1
Environmental Sanitation
Your Voice 2
Published by: Headline
Working Group for Water Supply and Sanitation
When drought's gone, it's time for floods 3
Advisor: 'Rain Harvest' á la Gunung Kidul 9
Director General for Urban and
Interview
Rural Development, Department of Public Works
H. Syamsul Arief Rivai Director General for Bangda (Regional Deve-
Board of Trustee:
lopment) Dept. Home Affairs:
Director of Human Settlement and Housing,
National Development Planning Agency Republic Allocate Budget of Water Supply For Village 10
of Indonesia Telescope
Director of Environmental Sanitation,
Ministry of Health It's all wrong with Bantar Gebang 13
Director of Water Supply Development, DKI Jakarta Waste Management Master Plan Review 15
Department of Public Works
Director of Natural Resources and Appropriate Insight
Technology, Director General on Village and Water Supply Development and Poverty 18
Community Empowerment,
Department of Home Affairs PDAM Report Development Strategy 21
Director for Facilitation of Special Planning From Plato to WSS-BM Policy 23
Environment Management,
Department of Home Affairs HIPPAM Failure at Bleberan Village 29
Story
Chief Editor:
Oswar Mungkasa Child Scavenger of Bantar Gebang 31
Reportage
Board of Editor:
Supriyanto, Johan Susmono, Communal Composting, Alternative to Handling Domestic Waste 33
Indar Parawansa, Poedjastanto Innovation

Editor:
Urinoir without flush 35
Maraita Listyasari, Rewang Budiyana, Abstract
Rheidda Pramudhy, Joko Wartono, Essy Asiah,
The impact of Water Supply Investment to Economic
Mujiyanto, Andre Kuncoroyekti
Growth and Income Distribution in DKI Jakarta 36
Design/Illustrator:
Regulation
Rudi Kosasih
Sludge Treatment Installation 37
Production: ISSDP Corner
Machrudin
Choice Model 38
Distribution: Around Plan Indonesia
Agus Syuhada
Plan Indonesia in Water Supply and Environmental
Address: Sanitation Program 41
Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat
Phone/Fax.: 62-21-31904113 Book Info 42
http://www.ampl.or.id CD Info 44
e-mail: redaksipercik@yahoo.com
redaksi@ampl.or.id Around WASPOLA 45
oswar@bappenas.go.id Around WSS 48
Unsolicited article or opinion items WSS Bibliography 50
are welcome. Please send to our address Agenda 51
or e-mail. Don't forget to be brief and
accompanied by identity. IATPI Clinic 52

This magazine can be accessed at Water
Supply and Environmental Sanitation Website Percik magazine can be accessed through WSS website http://www.ampl.or.id
at www.apml.or.id

F R O M E D I TO R

CREATED BY RUDI KOZ

Happy
Eid
Mubarak
1427 H

T
ime goes by. Thanks God we course. But to some areas, for exam- taking the lives of several people. In
are still blessed with happy ple Jakarta, a city of this size rain may connection with the same condition,
day, Iedul Fitri. On this win- become a disaster. Rainfall that we in Story column, we present to you the
ners' day Percik's crew and all mem- long for may inundate vast areas of the story of a child scavenger who
bers of WSS secretariate wish you our city. Again, the community have no depends his life on the Indonesia's
heartfelt greetings "Selamat Idul Fitri way to escape from it. We will hear largest TPA.
1427H. Mohon Maaf Lahir Batin. again someone saying: "It's nothing Not to be overlooked, in Reportase
Minal Aidin wal Faizin". Let's hope all unusual." column, we bring forward cooperation
of us become purified from sins and Are we going to take it as some- between a Non Government
keep the purity in the days to come. thing natural and let may happen as it Organization with a community at the
Dear readers, sadness upon sad- usually does? Actually, drought, flood outskirt of Jakarta for a self reliant
ness are continuously overwhelming can be prevented if we want. Both are waste management without adding
this country. It's now a long dry sea- not natural phenomena that happen burden to TPA. With an add-in of
son that we are experiencing especial- all of a sudden. They can be predicted. flexible ideas fixed to it this manage-
ly in Java and Nusa Tenggara. The question is again, why should it ment model might be suitable for
Community access to water supply happen? The attention towards is application in many other communi-
declines from the already desperate lacking. Maybe the program towards ties.
level. They drink whatever water their prevention is still not so popular. Dear Readers,
there is. Availability is always a ques- That is Indonesia. It seems that WSS is still going to
tion. The community have no choice. Readers, besides discussing the be governed many different problems
Whereas the government seems main topic on drought and flood, coming up one after another from
unable to satisfy the demand of the Percik also held an interview with time to time. New issue appears any
population. Regional Utility (PDAM) Director General for Regional time. We have a feeling that all the
Company being the backbone for Development, Department of Home issues haven't been given sufficient
water supply in the regions is facing its Affairs to find out what is the condi- attention by the government. While
own problem; short of supply to meet tion of development in the regions in poor WSS condition directly affects
the consumers' demand. Therefore, its relations with water supply and Indonesian people. We hope that
let alone a free service, PDAM itself is environmental sanitation. In the something new would come out that
still defending itself. Teropong column we present to you may lead us to improvement.
Shortly we will be entering the TPA Bantar Gebang where in last Together we can make WSS obtain
rainy season. This is a blessing, of September the waste hill collapsed more attention. God bless us.

Percik October 2006 1

Y O U R VO I C E

Motorless Water Pump The Underdeveloped
Indonesia
I read in Percik website that in Go-
rontalo they use motorless water pump Recently the Asian Development
for their water supply. I would appre- Bank in cooperation with the United
ciate it if you could provide me with Nations published in Manila a report
further information about the equip- on poverty reduction program by the
ment. Specifically I'd like to know: Asia-Pacific Nations. The report dis-
1. What steps are taken for installing cusses the performance of various na-
the equipment? tions in the program.
2. Is there possibility for our commu- The most advanced nations in re-
nity back home to obtain govern-
ducing poverty are China, Malaysia,
ment assistance for such motorless
Thailand, Palau, Vietnam, Armenia,
water pump?
Azerbaijan, and Kirgiztan. On the
We would be grateful if equipment
other hand there are several nations
like that could be installed for our com-
that become less committed to re-
munity in NTT. We have water supply
ducing poverty. They are Fiji, Kazakh-
difficulty and I am convinced that this
kind of equipment may help our com- stan, Samoa, and Uzbekistan. The next
munity. group of nations work harder, these are
India, Aghanistan, Nepal. Finally, the
Leonardo FoEnale c) Articles on water supply are a bit most underdeveloped group in terms of
Surabaya wanting considering the media poverty reduction. Members of this
deals with water supply. group consist of Bangladesh, Indo-
For further information about the d) Do away with columns on envi- nesia, Laos, Mongolia, Myanmar, Pa-
motorless water pump please contact ronmental voices, waste and kistan, Papua New Guinea, and the Phi-
PT. Tirta Anugrah Nusantara at Hotel drinking water containing letter lippines.
Mahadria 4th floor Jl. Ki Mas Jong from the reader and opinion from ADB assessment seems to confirm
No. 12 Serang, Banten. Tel. 0254- the editor and or an expert. the real situation. The number of our
220270/22268 attn. Ade Purnama e) Column dealing with environ- poor population is increasing rather
(CEO). As for financial assistance it is ment, waste and water supply than diminishing. Beggars and va-
recommended that you contact the in- from neighbouring countries that grants are adding up day after day.
volved agency of the regional govern- are worthy of note. Hunger and related diseases remain
ment. (Editor) Thanks for your attention. unhealed. The question is now, where
are the government promises to reduce
Comment and Suggestion Ir. Agus Sutyoso, MSi
poverty? The same question must also
CEO PDAM Kota Semarang
be asked to the political parties and the
As follow up to Director of Housing Jl. Kelud Semarang
people's representatives. Where are
and Settlement Systems Bappenas let-
your promises to improve community
ter No. 5411/Dt.6.3/09/2006 dated 4 Thank you for your comment and sug-
wellbeing? Shame to all of you, only
September 2006 re Water Supply and gestion. We will take all your comment and
government officials, bureaucrates, and
Environmental Sanitation Information suggestion to our consideration. We hope
people's representatives are prosperous
Media we would like to peresent to you that in the future Percik will improve
the following comment and suggestion: tomeet the expectation of the readers. In while the common people are getting
a) Design and layout looks excellent. addition, we are also inviting you to con- poorer.
b) Articles related to environmental ribute articles in accordance with your ca-
sanitation are presented in suffi- pacity. We hope your contribution will ser- Meddy Chandra
cient quantity. ve as lesson for other readers (Editor) Ciputat, Tangerang

2 Percik October 2006

HEADLINES

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

Water Resource in Java

When Drought's Gone,
IT'S NOW TIME FOR FLOODS
R
ecently, the drought related about water for bathing, washing and
The natural environment
news is almost daily in print defecating; it may not be available at all.
of Indonesia is severely
and electronic flash. It is very This picture covers almost the entire
degraded. If at one time
hard for the communities to get water island of Java. As far as eyes can see,
drought withers every green,
for daily need even just for drinking. the areas along the northern coast are
next time flood devastates
They have to walk for kilometres just for completely dry. Leaves fell to the
large areas. Whereas all
a pail of water, regardless of quality, for ground. Teak woods standing like con-
these occurences are
drinking and cooking. Each member of struction piles. Withered yellow grass
actually predictable ahead
the community can only take a little looks miserable. Burned patches of land
of time. Should they
because the limited source has to be here and there. Farm lands cracked
keep on coming back?
shared with so many others. Let's forget from dryness. Farming is out of ques-


HEADLINES

tion. Harvest is impossible.
Table 1
Drought does not only overwhelm Kabupatens/Kotas of Java that experience big deficit
the rurals. In some cities water is in
No. Kabupaten / City River Basin No. of deficit months Max. deficit (m3/sec)
limitd quantity. Even for Jakarta, the 2003 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2003 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
citizens have complaining lately. Raw I. J AWA B A R AT
1 Kuningan Cimanuk 87.3 % 6 6 6 6 6 7 -9.71 -9.81 -10.13 -10.52 -10.96 -11.46
water supply for treatment plants is get- Cintanduy 12.7 %
ting lower. Consequently, water supply 2 Cirebon Cimanuk 100.0 % 6 6 7 7 7 7 -26.75 -27.27 -28.68 -30.23 -31.94 -33.85
3 Majalengka Cimanuk 93.6 % 7 7 7 7 6 6 -14.47 -14.15 -13.42 -12.77 -12.18 -11.64
distribution is retarded. The citizens Cintanduy 6.4 %
4 Indramayu Citarum 37.9 % 7 7 7 7 7 7
cannot do much. Luckily they still can -48.99 -48.13 -46.11 -44.33 -42.80 -41.59
Cimanuk 62.1 %
buy bottled water, or refill water or 5 Kota Bandung Citarum 100.0 % 6 6 7 10 11 12 -1.94 -2.16 -2.76 -3.40 -4.09 -4.86
6 Kota Cirebon Cimanuk 100.0 % 5 5 5 5 5 6 -0.61 -0.63 -0.69 -0.74 -0.81 -0.88
water vendor although at a higher price.
II. JAWA TENGAH
But what about the poor who are far 1 Magelang Progo-Opak-Oyo 96.9 % 7 7 7 7 7 7 -25.72 -25.85 -26.20 -26.59 -27.05 -27.57
Jratun Seluna 0.4 %
away from the reach of clean water sup- Serayu 2.6 %
ply? 2 Klaten Progo-Opak-Oyo 2.0 % 8 8 8 8 8 8 -32.57 -32.58 -32.63 -32.71 -32.83 -32.99
Bengawan Solo 98.0 %
Like a double edged dagger this 3 Sukoharjo Bengawan Solo 100.0 % 6 6 6 6 6 6 -16.68 -16.66 -16.64 -16.67 -16.75 -16.91
drought will shortly be followed with 4 Karanganyar Bengawan Solo 100.0 % 7 7 7 7 7 7 -18.52 -18.44 -18.27 -18.14 -18.04 -17.97
5 Sragen Jratun Seluna 25.9 % 7 7 7 7 7 7 -20.64 -20.77 -21.17 -21.66 -22.27 -23.03
rainy season. To some the blessing from Bengawan Solo 74.1 %
the sky is welcome with gratitude 6 Blora Jratun Seluna 44.7 % 6 6 6 7 7 7 -12.92 -12.94 -13.00 -13.07 -13.14 -13.22
because it irrigates their lands. But to 7 Pekalongan Pemali-Comal 99.8 % 6 6 6 6 6 6 -11.45 -11.48 -11.56 -11.67 -11.80 -11.94
others, rain is a disaster. Flood will Serayu 0.2 %
8 Kota Semarang Jratun Seluna 100.0 % 6 6 6 6 6 6 -2.40 -2.58 -3.20 -4.05 -5.20 -6.76
come at any moment. The misery from 9 Kota Pekalongan Pemali-Comal 100.0 % 6 6 6 6 6 7 -1.07 -1.10 -1.18 -1.27 -1.38 -1.51
water shortage will change into flood 10 Temanggung Jratun Seluna 41.0 % 5 5 5 5 5 6 -19.09 -19.13 -19.25 -19.37 -19.51 -19.66
III. D I Y O G Y A K A R TA
sufferings. 1 Bantul Progo-Opak-Oyo 100.0 % 7 7 7 7 7 7 -16.33 -16.37 -14.67 -16.63 -16.82 -17.07
It is ironical that flood is coming 2 Gunung Kidul Progo-Opak-Oyo 86.9 % 6 6 6 6 6 6 -5.49 -5.48 -5.47 -5.45 -5.44 -5.42
back year after year. And, the signs of 3 Sleman Progo-Opak-Oyo 98.3 % 7 7 7 7 7 7 -21.89 -21.95 -22.13 -22.34 -22.57 -22.84
Bengawan Solo 1.7 %
its preventive measures are nowhere to
4 Kota Yogyakarta Progo-Opak-Oyo 100.0 % 6 6 6 5 5 5 -0.85 -0.83 -0.79 -0.75 -0.70 -0.66
be seen. There is no significant effort IV. JAWA TIMUR
1 Ponorogo K. Brantas 2.7 % 6 6 6 6 6 6 -28.93 -28.77 -28.41 -28.07 -27.76 -27.50
mutually undertaken by the stakehold-
ers. Consequently, drought and flood 2 Sidoarjo K. Brantas 100.0 % 6 6 6 6 6 6 -15.53 -15.82 -16.78 -18.19 -20.16 -22.89
3 Madiun & Kota Madiun K. Brantas 12.6 % 8 8 8 8 8 8 -28.34 -28.25 -28.02 -27.79 -27.57 -27.35
are routines that must be accepted by Bengawan Solo 87.4 %
the common people. 4 Magetan Bengawan Solo 100.0 % 7 7 7 7 7 7 -32.62 -32.87 -33.52 -34.19 -34.87 -35.56
5 Ngawi Jratun Seluna 0.1 % 7 7 7 7 7 7 -42.28 -43.77 -47.73 -52.03 -56.69 -61.77
Drought as annual schedule 6 Bojonegoro K. Brantas 0.9 % 6 6 6 6 6 6 -25.46 -25.51 -25.68 -25.89 -26.16 -26.51
Drought that withers vast areas of 7 Tuban Bengawan Solo 100.0 % 6 6 6 6 6 6 -26.87 -26.46 -25.47 -24.54 -23.65 -22.82
Java doesn't come all of a sudden. This 8 Lamongan K. Brantas 2.4 % 7 7 7 7 7 7 -56.23 -55.62 -54.20 -52.95 -51.90 -51.09
means that signals of its coming have 9 Bangkalan Madura 100.0 % 8 8 8 8 8 8 -12.08 -12.11 -12.23 -12.38 -12.58 -12.81
been sent long before. The calculation 10 Pamekasan Madura 100.0 % 6 6 6 6 6 6 -13.07 -13.04 -12.98 -12.94 -12.90 -12.88
11 Sumenep Madura 100.0 % 7 7 7 7 7 7 -16.52 -16.35 -15.95 -15.57 -15.21 -14.88
of water balance or water equilibrium 12 Sampang Madura 100.0 % 5 6 7 7 7 7 -10.42 -10.77 -11.81 -13.13 -14.80 -16.90
comparing water demand over avail- V. J A B O D E TA B E K
1 DKI Jakarta Ciliwung-Cisadane 100.0 % N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A -0.2 -1.5 -4.9 -8.7 -13.1 -18.0
ability conducted by Directorate of 2 Bogor & Depok & Kota Bogor Ciujung-Climan 2.9 % N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A -2.0 -2.6 -4.5 -7.1 -10.5 -15.0
Water Resources and Irrigation Cisadea-Cikuningan 0.2 %
Citarum 9.4 %
Bappenas in 2005 indicates that based Ciliwung-Cisadane 87.4 %
3 Tangerang & Kota Tangerang Ciliwung-Cisadane 100.0 % N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
on 2003 data some 77 percent of areas -3.9 -4.5 -6.6 -9.2 -12.7 -17.3
4 Bekasi & Kota Bekasi Ciliwung-Cisadane 64.5 % N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A - - - - - -3.2
outside Jabodetabek will suffer from Citarum 35.5 %
5 Serang & Kota Cilegon Ciujung-Ciliman 90.2 % N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A - - - -0.9 -4.0 -8.3
water deficit between one to eight
Ciliwung-Cisadane 9.8 %
months. While in Jabodetabek only 50 6 Karawang & Purwakarta Citarum 100.0 % N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A - - - - - -2.2

N/A: Not Available Source: Result of analysis by Directorate of Water Resources and Irrigation Bappenas


HEADLINES

percent will suffer the deficit.
Chart 1
Water Balance Projection by Kabupaten/Kota of The figures were derived from calcu-
Java and Madura lating water availability factor of the
catchment area (representing surface
water availability) and regional water
demand (covering water demand for
domestic, urban activity, industrial, fish
farming, animal husbandry, and irriga-
tion).
Water balance of 2003 indicates that
the total water demand for Java and Bali
is 38,4 billion m3 during the dry season.
The demand can be satisfied only up to
25,3 m3 or about 66 percent. It is esti-
mated the deficit will be higher in 2020
as a consequence of population growth
and increasing economic activity.
In general, drought is caused by
three influencing factors, namely global
climatic changes such as deviation of ra-
iny and dry seasons from the usual pat-
tern and other climatic changes, envi-
ronmental factor, and water resources
management and infrastructures. Spe-
cifically, the causes of dryness other
than global climatic changes include:
1. Damages in the catchment area that
reduces water catchment carrying
capacity;
2. Low performing water resource
infrastructures;
3. Excessive underground water
exploitation that cause lower
groundwater table, land subsi-
dence, and salt water intrusion;
4. Poor hydrological management.
Water balance is divided into 4 clas-
ses: normal, low deficit, medium deficit,
big deficit.
Normal condition when there is no
deficit month within a given year. If
there are 3 deficit months in a year it is
called low deficit. Four to six months
Source: result of analysis medium deficit. More than six months
is categorized as big deficit. Table 1
= Normal = Low deficit
shows us areas with big deficit.
= No deficit = Medium deficit
If this condition prevails, meaning


HEADLINES

Table 2 rolling again after being idle for some
Kabupatens/Kotas of Java that experience drinking water deficit time. But to some regions, there is al-
No. Kabupaten / Kota River Basin Max. deficit (m3/sec) ways anxiety that rain will cause floods.
2003 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
I. JAWA BARAT This anxiety grows especially in areas
1 Kuningan Cimanuk 87.3 % -0.51 -0.54 -0.64 -0.74 -0.85 -0.96
Cintanduy 12.7 % where flooding is a recurring phenome-
2 Cirebon Cimanuk 100.0 % -1.67 -1.75 -1.98 -2.22 -2.49 -2.78
3 Majalengka Cimanuk 93.6 % -0.47 -0.50 -0.55 -0.61 -0.67 -0.73 non.
Cintanduy 6.4 %
4 Indramayu Citarum 37.9 % -0.17 -0.23 -0.39 -0.57 -0.75 -0.95 The cause of flooding may vary from
Cimanuk 62.1 %
5 Kota Bandung Citarum 100.0 % - - - - -0.27 -0.78 region to region. Several factors causing
6 Kota Cirebon Cimanuk 100.0 % -0.38 -0.40 -0.44 -0.48 -0.53 -0.58
II. JAWA TENGAH flood are among others sedimentation
1 Magelang Progo-Opak-Oyo 96.9 % - - -0.09 -0.35 -0.63 -0.94
Jratun Seluna 0.4 % of river bed, overflow from embank-
Serayu 2.6 %
2 Klaten Progo-Opak-Oyo 2.0 % -1.43 -1.42 -1.39 -1.36 -1.33 -1.30 ments, poor drainage system, backwater
3 Sragen Jratun Seluna 25.9 % - - - - -0.30 -0.83 effect, and defective flood control facili-
4 Kota Semarang Jratun Seluna 100.0 % - - -0.11 -0.55 -1.06 -1.63 ty.
III. DI YOGYAKARTA
1 Bantul Progo-Opak-Oyo 100.0 % -0.08 -0.11 -0.18 -0.26 -0.34 -0.43 Almost all rivers of Java carry sedi-
2 Sleman Progo-Opak-Oyo 98.3 % - - -0.05 -0.19 -0.35 -0.52
Bengawan Solo 1.7 % ment load in big quantity scouring the
3 Kota Yogyakarta Progo-Opak-Oyo 100.0 % -0.52 -0.51 -0.47 -0.44 -0.41 -0.38
IV. JAWA TIMUR land along their banks down to the sea.
1 Bangkalan Madura 100.0 % -0.54 -0.56 -0.64 -0.72 -0.81 -0.90
2 Pamekasan Madura 100.0 % -0.47 -0.50 -0.56 -0.62 -0.69 -0.77 As a result, areas of sediment deposit
3 Sumenep Madura 100.0 % -0.69 -0.70 -0.75 -0.81 -0.86 -0.92
4 Sampang Madura 100.0 % -0.24 -0.28 -0.38 -0.49 -0.61 -0.75 are built along the river mouth. Sedi-
V. JABODETABEK
1 Bogor & Depok & Kota Bogor Ciujung-Climan 2.9 % - - - - - -2.6 mentation decreases the river storage
Cisadea-Cikuningan 0.2 %
Citarum 9.4 % capacity. In addition, sand mining in
Ciliwung-Cisadane 87.4 %
2 Tangerang & Kota Tangerang Ciliwung-Cisadane 100.0 % - - - - -0.2 -3.5 big rivers leads to degradation of river
Max. deficit m3/sec)
beds. The big water discharge cannot be
retained within the water bodies of the
that no infrastructure intervention is maintains groundwater potential. This
lowland area. Water then overflows the
inroduced, it can be expected that water is because the island has many ground-
embankments putting farmland and the
balance deficit will be increasing. water basins. There are at least 80
relatively flat areas under water. Em-
Several kabupatens/kota in 2020 are basins spreading along Java and
bankments built along the river in the
likely to experience an increasing Madura. They are not fully exploited
upper watershed may protect upper wa-
deficit, among others are Kabupaten yet. And if any, such as ones in big
tershed areas from flooding, but it cau-
Ngawi of Bengawan Solo river basin and cities, they are not properly controlled.
ses more severe threat to lower water-
the city of Surabaya of the Brantas river As a consequence, new problems crop
shed areas. This is made worse if the
basin. The projection of water balance up such as decrease in groundwater
drainage system is defective. It still
condition of Java and Madura is illus- quality (Bandung, Semarang), spread of
does not say about backwater effect at
trated in Chart 1. brackish/salt water (Jakarta and
the upper areas as consequence from
Water balance deficit adversely Semarang), lower groundwater table
changes in current in the lower areas. If
affects water availability. The worst (Bandung, Jakarta, Semarang).
backwater happens -at a convulsion of a
impact will hit agriculture, industry, city There is a big groundwater proten-
stream with the main river, damming or
population, drinking water, etc. tial. Tables 3 through 8 illustrate gro-
river constriction- flood is unavoidable.
Drinking water supply should be given undwater potential by administrative
Flood also happens if the catchment
priority because it is directly related to regions.
area disappears. Forest clearing and in-
basic demand for life. Table 2 illustrates
correct cropping pattern take part in it.
the regions that suffer from drinking Flood threats
Since there is no more water catchment
water deficit and projection up to 2025. It is estimated that rain will start to
area, water flows directly into the river.
fall within this month. The blessing
This condition is aggravated in steep ri-
Groundwater condition from the falling droplets will bring life
verbanks and in rivers that flush swiftly
Although currently suffering from back to the dry soil. Economic wheels,
in to the downstream areas, whereas the
dryness, the island of Java actually especially in agriculture sector, will start
retention capacity of these areas such as


HEADLINES

Table 3 Table 6
Groundwater Potential in Province of Banten Groundwater Potential in Province of Central Java

Groundwater potential Groundwater potential
No Kabupaten No Kabupaten
million m3/year m3/sec million m3/year m3/sec
1 Pandeglang 1.112,34 35,27 1 Cilacap 131,75 4,18
2 Lebak 345,40 10,95 2 Banyumas 242,94 7,70
3 Tangerang 451,23 14,31 3 Purbalingga 160,41 5,09
4 Banjarnegara 302,72 9,60
4 Serang 631,35 20,02
5 Kebumen 124,18 3,94
5 Kota Tangerang 101,09 3,21
6 Purworejo 58,21 1,85
6 Kota Cilegon 54,65 1,73
7 Wonosobo 220,69 7,00
Source: Analysis result by Dinamaritama Team 8 Magelang 560,79 17,78
Table 4 9 Boyolali 245,06 7,77
Groundwater Potential in Province of DKI Jakarta 10 Klaten 227,35 7,21
Groundwater potential 11 Sukoharjo 163,76 5,19
No Kabupaten
million m3/year m3/sec 12 Wonogiri 348,72 11,06
1 Jakarta Selatan 89,95 2,85 13 Karanganyar 282,55 8,96
2 Jakarta Timur 111,36 3,53 14 Sragen 224,62 7,12
30,75 0,97 15 Grobogan 342,69 10,87
3 Jakarta Pusat
16 Blora 38,67 1,23
4 Jakarta Barat 72,77 2,31
17 Rembang 105,64 3,35
5 Jakarta Utara 79,28 2,51
18 Pati 329,50 10,45
Source: Analysis result by Dinamaritama Team
19 Kudus 144,86 4,59
Table 5
Groundwater Potential in Province of West Java 20 Jepara 326,67 10,36
21 Demak 380,72 12,07
Groundwater potential
No Kabupaten 22 Semarang 242,80 7,70
million m3/year m3/sec 23 Temanggung 407,06 12,91
1 Bogor 1.122,29 35,59 24 Kendal 288,19 9,14
2 Sukabumi 1.034,35 32,80 25 Batang 337,67 10,71
3 Cianjur 849,96 26,95 26 Pekalongan 352,16 11,17
4 Bandung 1.514,95 48,04 27 Pemalang 301,48 9,56
5 Garut 1.528,81 48,48 28 Tegal 197,20 6,25
6 Tasikmalaya 771,38 24,46 29 Brebes 250,40 7,94
7 Ciamis 907,64 28,78 30 Kota Magelang 5,14 0,16
391,62 12,42 31 Kota Surakarta 29,44 0,93
8 Kuningan
32 Kota Salatiga 12,64 0,40
9 Cirebon 342,94 10,87
33 Kota Semarang 146,23 4,64
10 Majalengka 781,67 24,79
34 Kota Pekalongan 32,95 1,04
11 Sumedang 883,07 28,00
35 Kota Tegal 6,68 0,21
12 Indramayu 731,53 23,20
13 Subang 707,25 22,43
Table 7
14 Purwakarta 253,83 8,05 Groundwater Potential in Province of
15 Karawang 638,68 20,25 Yogyakarta Special Region (DIY)
16 Bekasi 482,66 15,31 Groundwater potential
No Kabupaten
17 Kota Bogor 87,72 2,78 million m3/year m3/sec
18 Kota Sukabumi 32,82 1,04 1 Kulonprogo 59,75 1,89
19 Kota Bandung 80,76 2,56 2 Bantul 167,08 5,30
20 Kota Cirebon 10,48 0,33 3 Gunungkidul 297,79 9,44
21 Kota Bekasi 119,63 3,79 4 Sleman 311,88 9,89
22 Kota Depok 124,70 3,95 5 Kota Yogyakarta 19,41 0,62
Source: Analysis result by Dinamaritama Team Source: Analysis result by Dinamaritama Team


HEADLINES

Table 8
Groundwater Potential in Province of East Java
Groundwater potential
No Kabupaten
million m3/year (m3/sec)
1 Pacitan 65,71 2,08
2 Ponorogo 421,73 13,37
3 Trenggalek 10,70 0,34
4 Tulungagung 315,34 10,00
5 Blitar 460,27 14,60
6 Kediri 595,20 18,87
7 Malang 1.178,00 37,35
8 Lumajang 1.088,80 34,53
Chart 2. Flood vulnerable areas in Java
Gambar 2. Lokasi Rawan Banjir di Pulau Jawa
9 Jember 1.695,89 53,78
10 Banyuwangi 1.642,60 52,09
11 Bondowoso
sand ha of affected increasing continuously along with pop-
1.034,75 32,81
12 Situbondo 1.170,37 37,11 areas. The distibution ulation growth and increasing economic
13 Probolinggo 833,08 26,42 of flood vulnerable activity. On the other hand, raw water
14 Pasuruan 615,85 19,53 areas in Java can be availability is disrupted as consequence
15 Sidoarjo 264,09 8,37 seen in Chart 2. of changes in land use pattern that
16 Mojokerto 360,32 11,43
Flood control adversely influences hydrological char-
17 Jombang 380,47 12,06
18 Nganjuk 454,63 14,42
through infrastructure acteristics. This condition is aggravated
19 Madiun 441,68 14,01 approach has been by the decreasing of environmental car-
20 Magetan 288,28 9,14 practised for a long ti- rying capacity as a consequence of
21 Ngawi 441,29 13,99 me. Take a look for degradation of the catchment area. One
22 Bojonegoro 254,97 8,09 instance the North Ja- could expect that drought and flood will
23 Tuban 320,71 10,17
24 Lamongan
va Flood Control come in succession. More than that,
319,06 10,12
25 Gresik 233,58 7,41 Project and South Java some kabupatens/kotas have put on red
26 Bangkalan 191,21 6,06 Flood Control Project signal indicating inability to meet the
27 Sampang 154,55 4,90 in Jawa Tengah, demand of the population.
28 Pamekasan 115,55 3,66 Citarum Flood Control Like it or not, the kabupatens/kotas
29 Sumenep 193,59 6,14
Project south of that currently are critical situation in
30 Kota Kediri 26,44 0,84
31 Kota Blitar 14,20 0,45
Bandung, Ciliwung water supply despite infrastructure and
32 Kota Malang 28,52 0,90 Cisadane Flood Control other related interventions, must be pri-
33 Kota Probolinggo 23,87 0,76 Project and the cons- oritized. Besides, it is necessary to make
34 Kota Pasuruan 16,43 0,52 truction of Eastern water distribution readjustments
35 Kota Mojokerto 6,80 0,22 Drainage Canal (BKT) among the various demand types, espe-
36 Kota Madiun 12,23 0,39
37 Kota Surabaya
in Jakarta, and urban cially for irrigation in Java. This is not
114,39 3,63
development projects an easy thing to do, of course. Indepth
like Bandung Urban study is needed. More than that, water
Jakarta, Semarang and other big cities Development Project (BUDP) and Sura- resources management in Java
is insufficient. Flood becomes unavoid- baya Urban Development Project demands synergy and integratedness.
able. (SUDP). However, the acceleration of The Directorate of Water Resources
According to Dept Public Works flood control infrastructure develop- and Irrigation of Bappenas suggests a
flood in Java mostly hit the north and ment is unable to cope with magnitude recommendation for water resources
south coasts, basin areas and big cities. and frequency of the flood. "Flood sea- development program on the island of
In 2002, there were 74 flood occurences son" is recurring year after year. Java divided into priority actions,
inundating 81,9 thousand ha of settle- Challenges of the Future immediate (short term), medium and
ment areas and agricultural lands. The Water demand for domestic, indus- long term.
figures increased in 2003 to 91,1 thou- trial, city and agriculture purposes are The necessary short term action


HEADLINES

comprises: bilitation plans; 2. Development of long term financ-
1. Land rehabilitation and water 5. Increase in simple infrastructure ing scenario from various different
resources conservation, through (a) design facilitation at local level; and sources with emphasis on funds
replanting of critical lands with pro- 6. Development of data base on flood directly raised from within the com-
ductive tree stands involving the and drought in Java including sus- munities; and
community participation; (b) mini- tainable data management concept. 3. Development of community based
mizing sedimentation rate through Long term priority covers sustain- infrastructure O&M.
river bank rehabilitation and stabi- able drought and flood mitigation plan- The program may work if it is sup-
lization; (c) minimizing flooding ning, among others: ported with a strong commitment from
time to maximize irrigation water 1. Formulation of macro policy and the stakeholders. Otherwise,
efficiency; and (d) integration of strategy for integrated, cross sector Indonesian condition will become
flood management and land reha- and inter-regional implementation; worse. Now it is up to us. MJ
bilitation programs.
2. Community education in flood and
drought mitigation, through (a)
building community awareness of 'Rain Harvest'
flood and drought and ways to man-
age them; (b) improvement of com- á la Gunung Kidul
munity alertness in anticipation of

T
flood and drought; (c) water he village of Bunder, Kecama- water for agriculture can be resol-
thrifthiness campaign; (d) develop- tan Patok, Gunung Kidul, Yog- ved.
ment of flood early warning system;
yakarta belongs to arid climate re- This retention technique can al-
(e) development of water resources
gion. Traditinally the area was so be used effectively to reduce ve-
management institution; (f) human
resources development in water grown with cassava almost all the locity of surface runoff, reduce
resources management; (g) water year round. But since it was select- amount of flowing water and hold
related conflict resolution through ed as the pilot project site for rain it for future use.
water resources management; (h) harvest and surface water develop- The technology is recommend-
prevention of land conversion ment technology, the cassava plan- able for application in Puncak area
through provision of incentive and
ting area has been converted to to hold ronoff velocity and reduce
issuance of certification; and (i)
ricefield. the amount of flowing water. In va-
improvement of the role of land
rehabilitation and water conserva- The technology is basically qui- rious regions dryland farming with
tion institution. te simple, it collects rainwater and water deficit can be improved with
Medium priorities needed to sustain surface runoff into a hydrological this technology. And the invest-
the immediate priority programs, network of 20 m long, 5 m wide and ment is not as big as a dam con-
among others:
about 3 m deep reserviors. The struction.
1. Improvement of water use efficien-
small reservoir is capable of hol- Thousands of small reservoirs li-
cy for regions with high water
deficit potential through rehabilita- ding more or less 300 m3 of water. ke this can be constructed along
tion of irrgation network and effi- The water can be used for vari- the Ciliwung river and other rivers
cient water distribution; ous purposes. In this village it is from upper to downstream areas.
2. Rearrangment and control over of used for irrigation. Water is avai- If it is done, the impact may be ex-
sand mining in the river bed; lable not only during rainy season traordinary. Drought and flood pro-
3. Development of local level forest
but also during dry monsoon, so blems can be resolved simultane-
product industry;
that various problems related to ously. MJ
4. Development of IT based land reha-


I N T E RV I E W

H. Syamsul Arief Rivai Director General for Bangda (Regional Development) Dept. Home Affairs

Allocate Budget of Water Supply for Village!
SOURCE:MUJIYANTO
capacity of the regions to read the
Since the beginning of regional autonomy, the development national and provincial vision and mis-
chorus was transferred to the regions. Using the existing resources sion. The national vision should trans-
each region owns, they are competing among each other. late itself into provincial vision. Provin-
Sometimes, as they are busy with their own activities they have for- cial vision then goes down to kabupa-
gotten to adjust their development vision and mission to that of the ten/kota vision. So, if all the vision hit
national vision. As a result, each development proceeds as one the target, we can expect national and
wishes. provincial vision and mission is also
The consequence of the practice is that the development does developed. But, many regions do not
not go in the national direction. Sectors that sould be treated as have the capacity to find the linkages
common priority are neglected simply because they have no direct with the provincial and national vision.
contribution to the regional revenue. This condition does not benefit the communities, rather this is only for As a result, tha region may have done a
the satisfaction of the head of the region. WSS sector is one of the victims. Regional government's attention lot of things but still miss the direction.
is in want. How could this happen? To answer this, Percik interviewed the Director General for Regioonal They argue it by saying, "we are an au-
Development. The following are the excerpts: tonomous region". Yes. You are auto-
nomous but you are bound within Unity
Nation framework. Regional objective

W hat does regional develop-
ment currently look like?
Regional development vision is now
ons have been playing according to it.
They have taken care of themselves
pretty well. Everyone seems to know
is set in the framework of national ob-
jectives. That is the system that we
must build.
part of national development paradigm. what he is doing. As we know Law No.
The new paradigm reflected in the Law 32 is a new law, effective only in 2004. Does it mean the regions main-
No 32 on Regional Government is that But previously Law No. 22 of 1999 has tain their own egoism?
most of government authorities are now provisioned the authority. Since the go- Yes. For the reason of autonomy
delegated to the regional government. vernment reform i.e. since rescinsion of and resources management, social poli-
By so doing the regions have a bigger Law No. 574 to be replaced by Law No. tic progress, and for the reason that the
opportunity especially in development 22 the process has been continuing. regional vision and mission is largely
planning and implementation to impro- Since Law No 22 seven years ago the au- determined by the vision and mission of
ve welfare of the community and to pro- thority has been delegated to the heads the elected Bupati. It is the Bupati's vi-
vide the best services. Therefore the ini- of the region except those that must be sion and mission that is translated into
tiative, creativity must grow from the absolutely vested on the central govern- Medium Term Regional Development
region. Therefore the paradigm for ment. The regions are already playing Plan (RJMPD). Some of the elected Bu-
regional development is now converted within that rule now. The issue is to pati hardly understand the regional po-
into developing region. Developing re- herd them to reconcile their vision and tential as a wholesome. The approach is
gion implies that the region takes the mission with the ones developed by In- based more on how you choose me. The
initiative in planning what is needed donesia Bersatu (United Indonesia) ca- knowledge about the kabupaten/kota it-
and what to do to develop the region on binet. This is actually the subsystem of self is weak because most of them are
its own in order to bring welfare to the national development. That is the area outsider, coming from some other place.
population. That is the essence of the we must deal with. However, as a beginning this is still an
current development paradigm. acceptable condition. In the future, a
What is the problem why the bupati candidate must fully knowledge-
Have the regions adopted the regions do not proceed quite in able about his region, otherwise it'd be
paradigm? line with the central? difficult for him to plan a development.
They should have. Most of the regi- This is closely related with the You could imagine someone born and


I N T E RV I E W

SOURCE:DPR.GO.ID
brought up in Jakarta should become a
Bupati in Tulungagung, what does he
know about the region except from writ-
ten documents, figures, etc. This is not
enough if he doesn't know the people,
the community and their actual conditi-
on. From there his vision is born. The
people elect him and he wins the office.
That is then translated into RJMPD.
Whether this is suitable, we do not know
yet. Whether he reconciles it with the
provincial vision? Quite unlikely. That
is where the discrepancy comes from.

What should regional vision
and mission look like in order to Parliament has to adjust local vision with national vision.
be sustainable?
First, it must be part of the national issued a Home Minister circular letter. fore it is impossible to impose limitation
vision and mission. Though some spe- The regional demand for such a plan- if they have ample data and sufficient
cific characteristics may appear ac- ning must be responded, but it would knowledge about their own region.
cording the regional condition. Say for take a long time for issuance of a gov-
instance, for a coastal region, the vision ernment regulation, therefore for the Let us move to WSS sector.
is closely related to sea coast. But it time being we issued the Min of Home What's your opinion on the re-
must in tune with the national vision i.e Affairs circular letter on Regional gions' care to this this matter?
poverty reduction. In the past there Medium Term Development Plan. The awareness to clean water supply
used to be a national development plan- Therefore the Bupati's vision and mis- of the communities must be improved.
ning system. Actually this mechanism is sion must be tied with regional govern- We have a WSS program with specific
still applicable. We have the so-called ment regulation, in order that he does emphasis on demand for clean water. It
rakorbang (development coordination not forget to fulfill his promises he made is even planned that by 2015 eighty per-
meeting). Bottom up, beginning from when campaigning for office. This is to cent of our people must consume clean
village level, then to kecamatan, to ka- provide the population with a control water supply. The problem of today is
bupaten, province. Vision development mechanism should the bupati try to our people of the regions drink whatever
must learn from this mechanism. evade from his promises. The people water is available. If water looks clear
Otherwise, it would be difficult to make then may say "Bupati is going against they take it as clean. In reality it is not
the linkage. Regional Government Regulation". always the case. That's why we need to
build awareness to clean and hygienic
What does Bangda do to make Does it mean that so far there is water. Secondly, townspeople are a lit-
the regions proceed towards the no hierarchial tie? tle luckier, because they have PDAM.
expected direction? Not yet. We hope it is decreed in a The problem is that most PDAM are
We are still preparing a government government regulation. If possible, poorly managed so that 80 percent of
regulation on regional development pursuant to Law No. 32. them are operating in red. What about
planning. We hope that through the that? Clean water is vital to us but when
bottom up principle all the stakeholders Doesn't it imply limiting the it's contaminated it will become the so-
will be involved. Beginning from village regions' room for maneuver? urce of various diseases. In dry season
level development plan, then kecamaan, Not really. Look here. What the re- like this everywhere people are crying
kabupaten/kota, province, up to natio- gions choose for vision and mision are for water. What's the regional go-
nal level. A village may have its own vi- the bases for policy formulation. They vernment's preparation to cope with the
sion. But there are activities of the vil- developed their vison and mision based problem? I had a chance to take a look
lage that are part of kecamatan pro- on data. Not simply on imagination. at a draft regional budget, the regions
gram, and so forth. Prior to that we Based on research conclusion. There- depend too heavily on PDAM. But


I N T E RV I E W

PDAMs are only in capital cities. The gional governments) the awareness ported with sufficient regional budget.
kecamatans are overlooked. That's why about the importance of water supply is
Bangda in cooperation with CARE and somewhat neglected. What we can do is Do we need a regulation to
WASPOLA try to fulfill the demand. to provide them with examples. WSLIC maintain our own environment?
There are more people living outside the is an exemplary project on how to ma- Certainly. Because water is closely
kabupaten capital cities. They take wa- nage water supply and environmental related to environment, especially fo-
ter from pit wells, or rivers, which they sanitation. rest, therefore the signal is getting clear-
have only very little knowledge about. er today. It is not only necessary, it is al-
That's why a little bit brackish, never That means that some regions' ready in action. Especially in forest cle-
mind. They don't know that in the long budget is limited? aring, we strictly forbid it. On the other
run it will be dangerous to health. Yes, it is. hand, our demand for wood is very high.
And we do not have alternative, if not
What about the awareness of Is it possible to push the re- wood then what? Now we in Bangda are
the regional government? gions to become self reliant? preparing a policy to minimize wood
In general the regions are aware that This is how it stands. This is a pro- consumption. The solution is utilization
clean water is in demand. That's why they blem of perception. As if drinking water of light steel for construction. I was the
depend their hope on PDAM. But PDAM is easily accessible by everyone. You Governor of Sulawesi Barat, and that
can only cover townspeople. They should know. The common people of the re- has started over there. In spite of there
provide regional budget (APBD) for water gion already consume bottled water. is abundant wood in the area. If you
supply at kecamatan, village levels, and There is even a Bupati who has a bottled need wood you just cut one tree. But
population concentration areas. This is water producing company knowing that that means a disturbance, no matter
the part of foreign assistance for helping ther's a limited supply from outside. how insignificant it seems. There must
the people of the rural areas. The Bupati's wife runs the water bot- be a policy. Otherwise men will always
tling enterprise. But that's not the solu- need wood though it is prohibited.
But the fact is the most regions tion. Because the people's buying capa- That's the beginning of illegal logging.
provide very little budget, doesn't city is low, the demand for water for do- As for with light steel there are not many
it mean low priority? mestic consumption is countinuous and who are familiar with this kind of stuff.
Exactly. It is not a priority. What is increasing, the solution is not through Whereas it is quakeproof and white ants
prioritized is physical construction, in- bottled water. The solution is through free. Therefore for water protection,
frastructure. As if water will emerge by exploring a water source and process one of the methods is forest protection.
itself. We have to admit that everybody the water to be worthy of use. This can Forest is significantly influential to
drinks, no one dies of dehydration. But the be done through a program and is sup- hydrological cycle. MJ
question is whether the water is worth
SOURCE:DPR.GO.ID
drinking. That's what we have to find out.

Is there any effort from central
government to make the regions
prioritize this?
Our effort is to develop cooperation
with donor countries because speaking
of water supply implies a big invest-
ment, but it touches the needs of the ge-
neral public. Together with Bappenas,
Public Works, Health we implement
WASPOLA and WSLIC to push esta-
blishment of water supply provision. But
this is limited both in terms of charac-
teristics and coverage area. We hope the
regions would take note on it and follow
the idea. I think for many Pemdas (re- Uncontrolled and illegal logging is devastating water resources sustainability.


TELESCOPE

It's all wrong with
BANTAR GEBANG
W
aste material tragedy keeps ment, the TPA that started operation in paction (50%) and reduction by sca-
on haunting our waste ma- 1992 should be closed down in Decem- vengers. Based on the height of the mo-
nagement in Indonesia. Last ber 2003. But the plan did not work. und in 2003 and for height variation
year, death toll count to scores of people The contract was extended based on a between 12 to 15 metres, TPA Bantar
buried under by the toppling down of consclusion and recommendation if an Gebang can still be used for 417-1.015
TPA (final disposal site) Lewigajah, near independent consultant. Monev con- days.
Bandung. Last month, shortly before ducted by the independent consultant in On the other hand DKI Jakarta Cle-
daybreak of 8 September it was the time collabotation with Jakarta Cleaning aning Agency cannot release the TPA
for TPA Bantar Gebang, Bekasi to take Agency, Human Resources and Envi- just like that. It is because DKI does not
the live of 5 people and wounded several ronment Research Centre University of have a replacement. The plan to build
others. Indonesia and Development and En- an integrated waste management facili-
Both tragedies evolved from diffe- vironment Study Centre Islamic Univer- ty (TPST) at Bojong, Kecamatan Kela-
rent backgrounds. At Lewigajah, the ex- sity "45" Bekasi concluded "assuming panunggal, Bogor does not work
panse waste field slid downhill burying the amount of waste that enters TPA because of the local community's reject-
the low lying settlement along the path. Bantar Gebang is in accordance with ion. Like it or not, TPA Bantar Gebang
While in Bantar Gebang the top of 20 m that of 2003 condition (i.e 20.000 m3 is still the only hope. Certainly DKI
high waste mound collapsed burying daily) and is decreasing due to the ope- doesn't want the tragedy like the one in
scavengers who were then operating at ration of new TPAs in several other pla- Bandung to happen here.
the base of the mound. ces and with reference to Cleaning Once there was a rumour that the
Some people put the blame on PT. Agency data of 2003 (14.000 m3 per TPA was going to be enlarged. There is
Patriot Bangkit Bekasi (PBB), the TPA day); the decrease in amount of waste in a 2,3 ha piece of land that might be
Bantar Gebang management. The com- the TPA from decomposition and com- used. But the plan met a bih constraint.
pany that is operating on contract with
SOURCE:BAGONG S
DKI (Special Province) Jakarta is consi-
dered incapable of managing the 108 ha
waste dumping area. The company is
blamed for operating in disregard of the
SOP. Pursuant to provisions of the con-
tract the area must be treated with sani-
tary landfill, but the real fact indicates it
is not more than open dumping. On the
other hand, the Governor of DKI Ja-
karta, Sutiyoso, blamed the scavengers
who unscropulously entered the danger
zone of the waste disposal area. Critics
and counter critics were flowing to and
fro for some time. Up to now there is no
acceptable solution how this matter
should be handled.
Apart from it, TPA Bantar Gebang
that is divided into 5 zones is heavily
burdened. Based on the previous agree- Scavengers are fighting over the wastes around loaders.


TELESCOPE

There are so many go-betweeners roam- Public Works, Ministry of Environment,
ing around so that the land price and Bappenas to help them in the TPA
jumped too high much above the tax- In 2004 the Centre for management. According to him the
able price. Should the TPA be enlarged, Study and Development of TPA needs mining for organic matter a
the capacity will remain insufficient to useful input for farming.
receive 6.000 tons of waste that comes Environmental Technology In the long run he suggests that DKI
incessantly every day. (BPPT) once made a study applies 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) prin-
In 2004 the Centre for Study and on the possibility for reha- ciple right from the source of the waste.
Development of Environmental Tech- Composting can also be undertaken in
nology (BPPT) made a study on the bilitation of TPA Bantar the waste source area. This is important
possibility for rehabilitation of TPA Gebang in 2004. The considering that 44,63 percent of DKI
Bantar Gebang. The study concludes, study concludes, the TPA waste consists of organic material. "If
the TPA can still be rehabilitated into an this works as expected, TPA will only
environmentally friendly and can be can still be rehabilitated deal with the remainder. And that
used continuously. The organic matter into an environmentally means the lesser amount," says Bagong.
content underneath the pile can be friendly and can be used In a different occasion, the head of
mined for reclamation of critical lands Jakarta Cleaning Agency, Rama Budi
or ex mining areas. continuously. said that the problem related to waste
Up to now there is no concrete acti- handling is not only from technical
on to handle TPA Bantar Gebang. Eve- aspect. The non technical aspect is even
rything seems to run as usual, despite bigger. He is aware that the technical
the death tolls. "This is because TPA age of TPA Bantar Gebang is coming to
Bantar Gebang is an arena to make mo- for six months. Whereas, everyone is an end. That is why DKI Jakarta has
ney. Everyone is competing for money aware that PBB's capacity is question- completed a reassessment of the Solid
here," says Bagong Sutoyo, Chairman of able. No one knows of its working capi- Waste Management Master Plan com-
NGO Coalition for National Waste Ma- tal, whether it has or none at all. PBB piled by JICA in 1987. The review con-
nagement. He tells a story about the does not apply any hi tech waste treat- cluded a new DKI Jakarta Waste Mana-
smell of politic in this largest TPA. Big ment facility. Speaking about its human gement action plan for the next 10 years
political parties lend their hands to de- resources, no one knows if this company (2005-2015).
termine its existence. Not counting still, hires anyone with acceptable knowledge The action plan has taken into con-
exploitation and hoodlum practices that on waste management. Bagong can only sideration all the influencing factors in
may not be less cruel. wonder why such a company is appoint- waste management including institu-
Bagong was one the Coordinator of ed to manage TPA Bantar Gebang. tional, legal and financial aspects. The
Working Group for Handling TPA Ban- "Whether DKI does not have a better approach and strategy includes redu-
tar Gebang revealed that money politics business partner?" he says while adding cing and reuse as much as possible
that makes the TPA management deter- that KKN (corruption, collusion and ne- waste before transporting it to TPA;
rent. "The Rp 120 thousand monthly potism) practice was behind the ap- sorting; development of waste manage-
management fee is pressured from eve- pointment. ment facilities in various locations and
ry side. Everyone wants a share. As a In addition, he added further up to waste management zones; application
result the money that should be used for now there is no tripartite agreement in- of hi tech waste processing; exploration
waste management is spent unnecessa- volving the DKI Regional Government, of opportunity for inter-regional and
rily for non technical expenses. The Bekasi Municipal Government and pri- private sector cooperation; and chang-
TPA operation is thickly clad with hood- vate sector. The only agreement is bet- ing the community paradigm that waste
lum and corruption and nepotism prac- ween DKI and Bekasi Munipal Govern- is actually an economic resource. This
tices," he concludes ment. It is the dark relationship that strategy includes decentralization, ap-
Still according to him, the appoint- causes the TPA management looks like plication of hi tech and inter-regional
ment of PT PBB is inseparable from the it is now. cooperation. If this works, the burden
practices. The company should termi- Bagong suggests that it is high time borne by TPA Bantar Gebang will be
nate its contract in July 2006. Only God for DKI to request support from the cen- much lighter. The question remains,
knows that it is extended two times each tral government such as BPPT, Dept of when? MJ


TELESCOPE

DKI Jakarta Waste Management
Master Plan Review
T
he tragedy of Jakarta's TPA (final press) in Indonesia, capable of absorb-
disposal site) at Bantar Gebang By: Bagong Suyoto*) ing 1.500 tons of Jakarta waste daily.
on Friday 8 September 2005 Up to now TPA Bantar Gebang is the
killing 5 people and wounded 3 others is in Bantar Gebang, consisting 55,37 per- only hope for Jakarta at least within the
an indication how bad is waste manage- cent organic and 44,63 percent inorga- next 2-3 years. The problem is TPA
ment. Within the last two months there nic material. The waste is produced by Bantar Gebang is managed in disregard
were 4 accidents involving waste materi- more than 10 million Jakarta popula- of basic technical consideration, which
al toppling down in the TPA. Yet, the tion. naturally results in environmental (air,
management never learns from the dark After the Ciangir failure, and to ground and water) pollution. As an
history. The old habit continues. overcome the over satuaration of Bantar example, the overflowing leachate takes
It is indeed not easy to change a Gebang, the government of DKI Jakarta its way 15 km dowstream sending pollu-
waste management system and prac- developed an integrated waste manage- tants to Kali Assem, Regency Housing,
tices habit that have been going on for ment system (TPST) at Bojong, Dukuh Zamrud/Kota Legenda, Duta
decades in Jakarta and also Indonesia Kelapanunggal Bogor, initiated in 2001. harapan, and so forth. The leachate as
for that matter. The policy and manage- But TPST Bojong is also rejected by the pollutes rice fields that causes produc-
ment approach followed by Jakarta is local community. There are a number of tivity drops drastically from year to
strictly top-down, it is only the govern- reasons for the rejection, beginning year. The pollution is worse in TPA
ment that takes care the waste and is from public lies up to incompliance with Sumur Batu because of an even poorer
implemented under a strictly closed sys- the spatial planning. From the manage- management.
tem. This old time approach creates a ment side, on the other hand, it is said The pollutants directly influence
lot of problems. that the TPST will apply the most mo- water quality in the wells of the commu-
The underlying ground upon which dern waste processing technology (balla nity, making it not worthy for drinking
waste management of Jakarta operates
is the master plan 1987-2005 developed
by JICA covering (1) collection such as Graphic of Waste Accumulation of DKI DKI JAKARTAin 2005
GRAFIK TIMBULAN SAMPAH DI Jakarta TAHUN 2005
(6.000 ton/Hari)
(6.000 tonnes/day)
door to door service, LPS system KOMPOSISI SAMPAH
WASTE COMPOSITION:
Industry
Industri Others
Lain-lain
(garbage cart), street sweeping; (2)
538 (8.97%) 84 (1.4%) 1. Organik
1. Organic : : 55,37 %
transport (big SPA 2, small SPA 13); (3) 2. An Organik.
2. Inorganic: : : 44,63 %
transport by container and compactor; Pemukiman
Residential 2.1. Kertas
2.1. Paper : : 20,57 %
3.178 (52.97%)
(4) disposal site, Bantar Gebang for 2.2. Plastik
2.2. Plastic : : 13,25 %

eastern zone and Ciangir, Tangerang for 2.3. Kayu
2.3. Wood : : 0,07 %
2.4. Textile
2.4. Kain/Trkstil : : 0,61 %
western zone. Up to now TPA Ciangir
2.5. Karet/Kulit Tiruan
2.5. Rubber/Artificial Leather : : 0,19 %
fails to operate because of objection 2.6. Logam/Metal
2.6. Metal : : 1,06 %
from the local community. 2.7. Gelas/Kaca
2.7. Wreckage : : 1,91 %
Perkantoran
Offices
The conventional system comprising 1.641 (27.35%) 2.8. Dangerous Bongkaran
2.8. Sampah : : 0,81 %

collect-transport-dispose is nothing but 2.9. Sampah B3
2.9.Poisonous Stuff : 1,52 %
2.10 Lain-lain (batu,pasir,dll) : 4,65 %
2.10.Others (sand, gravel, etc.)
a problem moving routine. The waste Pemukiman
Residential
Market
Place
Pasar VOLUME SAMPAH
QUANTITY OF WASTE :
from Jakarta is continuously dumped to 240 (4%)
Pasar
Market Place
Jakarta Pusat : 5.280 m3
form a hill in Bantar Gebang. By July
Sekolah
School
Jakarta Utara : 4.408 m3
2006 all the 5 zones of TPA Bantar Sekolah
School
319 (5.32%)
Jakarta Barat : 6.000 m3
Gebang are already full, the TPA should Perkantoran
Offices
Jakarta Selatan : 6.218 m3
have been closed at the end of December
Industri
Industry
Jakarta Timur : 6.060 m3
2003. More than 27.996 m3 or 6.000
Lain-lain Jumlah : 27.966 m3
tons of waste material a day is dumped Others
Sumber :WJEMP 12005
Source: WJEMP 2005

Percik October 2006
15

TELESCOPE

any more. Now the population has to sion and nepotic practices, vandalistic of regional TPA, planned for Nambo,
depend on mineral water and artesian and criminalism. Avariety of verted Bogor. Taking a lesson from experience
well. It is quite unfortunate, the services interests are growing beginning from up to now DKI Jakarta must change its
of artesian well cannot meet the the government of Jakarta, the munici- paradigm, into a new era in waste ma-
demand of all population around the pality of Belasi, regional people repre- nagement.
TPA, such as the communities of sentaives, political parties, mass organi- As a national capital, Jakarta metro-
Cikiwul, Ciketing Udik, and Sumur Batu zations, NGOs, middlemen, scavengers, politan is burdened with various addi-
all belonging to Kecamatan Gebang, and and finally the local population living in tional problems, such as population
the village of Taman Rahayu of the vicinity. This is becoming obvious growth and urbanization, ever increas-
Kecamatan Setu. The wells of the com- and more intense when the MoU for ing economic activity and modernized
munity are contaminated by faecal bac- Bantar Gebang operation will end each development. While the increasingly
teria (E. coli) and heavy metal. Most year. Waste material does finally fall consumptive habit of the population is
waste dumped in the TPA is a mixture of into political current, and indeed, waste difficult to decelerate, including the use
organic, inorganic and waste containing is now a political commodity. Poor of environmentally insensitive plastic
dangerous and poisonous substances. waste material management will bags. This implies a growing amount
Most unfortunate of all are the sca- become a storage house of exploitation, and variety of waste production.
vengers who have to consume and fulfill especially so since the TPA is located on Learning from experience of the past
their daily needs with whatever water is someone else's land. and the subsequent problems, it's time-
available and quite possibly taken from ly for waste management of Jakarta to
the polluted source. Review Master Plan shift to environmentally friendly mo-
Another problem is related to com- To deal with various problems related dern technologies.
munity health. Several diseases such as to waste management in Jakarta we need The approach and strategy will be
repiratory tract, skin allergy, pneumo- to review the master plan 1987. Review for based on the recommendation of the
nia, asma, anaemia, and others become the next 10 years (2005-2015) is made to master plan review, namely decentrali-
common to the population. The health Solid Waste Management for Jakarta: zation, enviromentally sensitive, multi-
disturbances are caused by smoke pro- Master Plan Review and Program Deve- ple technologies, regulator/operator
duced from burning the waste, dust lopment, part of Western Java Environ- arrangement, role of public sector and
spreading from the waste, and the mental Management Project (WJEMP- the community, separation for the
stench blown by the wind, and so on. IBRD Loan 4612-IND/IDA Credit 3519- application of 3R (reduce, reuse, recy-
Another related issue is the increas- IND). The most important part of WJEMP cle), inter-regional cooperation, pay as
ing cases of social conflict (verical as is Jabodetabek Waste Management you throw. The immediate objective is
well as horizontal), corruption, collu- Corporation (JWMC) i.e establishment to prevent, while in the long run (2) it
SOURCE: BAGONG S
will exercise an effective, efficient, envi-
ronmentally sensitive and modern tech-
nology based waste management; (2)
establishment of synergy among public
sector, business sector, and community;
(3) realization of waste as resource.
Sources of fund are regional budget, WB
APL-2, grant, and possibly from CDM.
The regional government of Jakarta
will develop 4 TPSTs in indoor areas, in
Duri Kosambi of Jakarta Barat,
Marunda in Jakarta Utara, Pulogebang
in Jakarta Timur and Ragunan in Jakar-
ta Selatan. In essence the waste will be
managed right from its source (separa-
tion), transport to temporary station,
and finally transport to TPST. Waste
material will be processed into compost,
and the usable materials will be recycled


TELESCOPE

or converted into energy (waste to ener- Dinas Kebersihan (Cleaning Agency) national legislation program and finally
gy). The Jakarta regional government is Jakarta. Three points of recommenda- into DPR agenda. The law is being
exploring MoU with several companies, tion, i.e (1) conducting a total review on expected eagerly.
domestic as well as foreign. From fo- stakeholders' involvement, and also The various waste management
reign countries we may cite Kepple- community empowerment in waste related problems such as TPA Bantar
Seghers of Singapore, and a Canadian management, (2) provision of alterna- Gebang, TPST Bojong, the Bandung sea
company. tives review of the technology choice. of waste have contributed to the deve-
In a report "Potential Project The technology choice must be stressed lopment of poor stigma and smeared
Portfolio for Clean Development on environmental sensitivity, economiz- black colour to waste management in
Mechanism in India and Indonesia" ing natural resources use, health pro- Indonesia. The Ministry of
(March 2006) two areas will have tecting, and stimulate community wel- Environment estimates that what hap-
Canadian support, they are waste to fare improvement. pened in Bandung may also happen in
energy through incineration at Duri This effort should be complemented some other place. If someday TPA
Kosambi, Jakarta Barat and mechanical with separation between regulator, Bantar Gebang definitely came to an
composting and manual sorting by Wira operator and supervisor function. All end, and at that time Jakarta weren't
Gulfindo Sarana in Jakarta Utara -two this must be stipulated in a specific law ready with the implementation of the
waste management projects to obtain on wastes that is later elaborated further master plan the danger will be several
CDM facilitation. As for TPA Bantar into central and regional government times bigger than the toppled hill of
Gebang, a Japanese company (Kajima) regulations. Lewigajah in Bandung. This is because
will also process waste into electricity. Up to now there is now law specifi- waste producion in Jakarta is much big-
Later GTZ and BaliFokus are making a cally on wastes, according to informa- ger than in Bandung. To prevent such a
study to determine how big the project tion, the draft of the wastes law is under frightening danger DKI must take an
will be given CDM facilitation. review in the Dept. of Justice and Law. immediate, concrete, planned and com-
Accompanied by representaives from It has not reached the stage of national prehensive step from now.
Bappenas, Ministry of Environment and legislation program. For our purpose it *) Chairman of NGO Coalition
NGO Coalition for Nattional Waste they should be recommended that the review for National Solid Waste,
visited Bantar Gebang in April 2006. process be accelerated by a Presidential Local Board Chairman of
decree for the draft be included in the WALHI Jakarta.
Main Key
SOURCE: BAGONG S
Based on experience, no matter how
sophisticated the technology used for
waste processing is, it will end in a fail-
ure unless it is supported by the com-
munity. The community, including the
families living in the vicinity of
TPA/TPST, the womanfolks, the sca-
vengers and informal sector should be
invited in the design of a waste process-
ing facility, its implement-ation, moni-
toring and regular assessment.
The master plan can be put into
implementation successfully if it adopts
and elaborates the Recommendation of
Seminar Workshop on Jakarta Waste
Management Action Plan 2005-2015
held at Hotel Millennium Jakarta, 23
November 2005. The seminar
worskhop was conducted by NGO
Coalition for National Waste
Management in collaboration with


INSIGHT

Water Supply Development
and Poverty
T
he twenty first century begins By: Oswar Mungkasa*) and/or unwilling to pay.
with a condition in which many The poor are considered unable to
aspects of basic human devel- pay. However, on some specific
opment are undone, among others but it is quite expensive to have a days such as when it is close to ge-
access to drinking water, especially for connection pipe installed (McIn- neral election the poor are given
the population living in urban slums. It tosh, A.C., 2003) special attention with promise they
is generally known that access to drink- c. When the responsibility of water would be improvement in environ-
ing water is a resource or basic capital to supply is relinquished to the pri- mental condition and water supply
living. Access to drinking water is one of vate sector, the demand of the poor for free.
the components in poverty classification is not an intention. e. The area is too far from a piping
(Howard, 2004). Failure in water sup- Water supply provider is not network
ply provision will affect all groups of the interested in providing access to When the poor live in slum areas, or
community. But, the biggest impact of poor families because of their low too far from a piping network,
all is to the poor urban group that it be- consumption level and they cannot access to water supply is limited.
comes harder for them to get out of the affort to make a cash down payment Lack of water supply and sanitation
poverty cycle. for laying down the connection net- facility affects poverty in four di-
There are several factors that contri- work. Furthermore, frequently they mensions, namely (i) health, (ii) educa-
bute to the difficulty of the poor to are living in illegitimate area. tion, (iii) gender, and (iv) income and
access water supply, as the following: d. Some of the decision makers consi- consumption (Bosch, Homann, Sadoff
a. The land on which they are living der that the poor are unable and Travers, 2000). This is illustrated
does not belong to them.
In urban areas, water supply pro-
vider does not cater the demand of Chart 1
illegitimate settlers, for reason that THE EFFECT OF WATER AVAILABILITY TO THE VARIOUS
it might be considered as legitima- POVERTY DIMENSIONS
tion of settlers living on that parti-
cular area. In spite of the national Dimensi
Poverty dimension Dampak Utama
Major Impact
policy mentioning that water is the Kemiskinan
right for everyone, in practice it
- water and sanitation related diseases
Penyakit terkait air dan sanitasi
does not work for illegitimate set- Kesehatan
Health - malnutrition due to diarrhoea
Malnutrisi karena diare
tlers. Lack of - Shorter life expectancy
Berkurangnya usia harapan hidup
Kekura-
b. Limited capacity of the poor to water
ngan
supply
Air Education - Tingkat kehadiran berkurang illness
less school presence due to
make cash down payment for ser- Pendidikan karena sakit, for water air
or queueing atau antri
Minum
and
vice connection.
dan
sanitation
The limitation to make down pay- Sanitasi - Bigger expenditure for water
Tingginya proporsi pengeluaran
untuk air
ment will result in that the poor will Pendapatan/
Income/
Konsumsi
Consumption
- Less income potential due to illness,
Berkurangnya potensi penda-
never have a piped water service. less job vacancies berkurangnya is
patan karena sakit, where water
kesempatan kerja yang
needed
The price of piped water service is memerlukan ketersediaan air.

far cheaper than the water vendor,
Source Bosch dkk (2000)


INSIGHT

more clearly in Chart 1 below. When the community have no cent of the family income (Satterwaithe,
Should the poor have no access to access, they have to look for more 1998). This can be seen in Table 2.
water supply, it is the urban poor who expensive alternative. The poor families b. Less water consumption
will bear most of the consequences, buy 5-30 l of water per capita in one day The bigger is the expenditure the
among others (Johnstone and Wood, through a go-betweener, such as the more the time and efforts needed to get
1990) (i) increase in amount of expendi- landlord, water kiosk, and street vendor water, the less is water consumed by the
ture by those who have no access, (ii) lo- at a much higher price. The community community that may fall below the mi-
wer water consumption, and (iii) bigger spend 10-40 percent of their family nimum requirement.
c. Bigger health burden and causing
Table 1 extra cost to the economy due to loss of
RATIO OF WATER PRICE BY ROVING VENDOR AND PIPED SYSTEM
productivity.
Ratio of price by roving Lack access to water supply relates
City vendor with piped Source of data to diseases, directly or indirectly. Many
system poor families are contaminated with
some sort of diseases because of water
Abidjan 5:1 World Bank, 1998 they consume. As a consequence a big
Bandung 62:1 ADB, 1993 portion of the income is spent for health
Dhaka 12:1 - 25:1 World Bank, 1998
care leaving no more for productive
Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam 19:1 ADB, 1993
activity. Besides, a diarrhoea patient
Istanbul 10:1 World Bank, 1998
Jakarta 14:1 - 20:1 Crane, 1994 and the member of the family who tends
Kampala 4:1 - 9:1 World Bank, 1998 the patient will not be able to do any-
Karachi 28:1 - 83:1 World Bank, 1998 thing else, this means loss of producti-
Lagos 4:1 - 10:1 World Bank, 1998 vity. (Suryadi, 2003).
Lima 17:1 World Bank, 1998 The drinking water market within
Manila 13:1 David dan Ionesco, 1998 poor community indicates the follo-
Nairobi 7:1 - 11:1 World Bank, 1998
wing characteristics: (i) A water pro-
Onitsha, Nigeria 35 :1 - 300:1 Whittington dkk, 1991
vider that performs poorly will make
Port-au-Prince, Haiti 7:1 - 100:1 World Bank, 1998
Surabaya 20:1 - 60:1 World Bank, 1998 the poor suffer more than the rich. The
Source: Processed from World Bank, 1998 and Satterwaithe, 1998
Table 2
PROPORTION OF FAMILY EXPENDITURE FOR WATER BY URBAN POOR
health burden and extra cost due to loss
of productivity. It will be discussed in Location Proportion Source
more detail below. Expenditure/Income
Should the poor have no access to
water supply, it is the urban poor who Onitsha, Nigeria 18 percent Whittington dkk, 1991
Manila, Filipina 8,2 percent David dan Inocencio, 1998
will bear most of the consequences,
Addis Abeba, Ethiopia 9 percent Bahl dan Lihn, 1992
among others (Johnstone and Wood,
Port-au-Prince, Haiti 3,2 - 10,6 percent Fass, 1998
1990) (i) increase in amount of expendi- Khartoum, Sudan 16,5 - 55,6 percent Cairneross dan Kinner, 1992
ture by those who have no access, (ii) Source: Satterwaithe, 1998
lower water consumption, and (iii) big-
ger health burden and extra cost due to income for drinking water and probably poor generally depends on their daily
loss of productivity. It will be discussed have to pay 10-100 times the average wage so that the more the time spent to
in more detail below. cost (Black, 1996). get water will make the time to earn
a. More expenditure for those who Meanwhile, families with piped income less, (ii) the poor pay more for
have no access water connection spend barely 2 per- drinking water. Although there is a


INSIGHT

general perception that the poor are about. The three are described as the
unable to pay, in reality they pay more Water supply develop- following:
than the rich, as evidenced from buying ment program can 1. Water price
from roving vendor at a higher price, reduce poverty in two Poor families are interested to lower
(iii) an alternative provider is the way water price and application of cross sub-
ways, namely
out for the poor to get served. The high sidy scheme.
(i) reducing cost for
demand for water cannot be met by 2. Expansion of distribution system
basic service, and
piped water provider has made it possi- Poor families are interested to lower
(ii) reducing the risks
ble for small scale vendor to innovate, cost for connection and its payment sys-
that may cause
such as water kiosk, roving vendor, tem (cash down vs. installments).
decrease of community
independent network, etc., (iv) avail- 3. Level of service (water quality,
health and eventually
ability of cash money is an issue to duration of service, billing system,
obtaining water service. Poor families
bring down community etc.). Poor families tend to pay small
tend to pay irregularly and in small
welfare. bill but more often.
quantities depending on their cash In addition, water supply provider
availability, (v) land tenure is a limiting must take into consideration several
be used for purposes other than drink-
factor to obtaining service (Kariuki, other things, such as (i) water supply
ing water. The linkage is clearly illus-
2000). provision must be designed to maintain
trated from increase in income of the
Water supply development program the noble objective, i.e to improve the
poor after they shift from consuming
can reduce poverty in two ways, namely welfare of poor communities, (ii) do
water bought from vendor to piped
(i) reducing cost for basic service, and away with the assumption that serving
water supply.
(ii) reducing the risks that may cause the poor is a high risk business and low
If the government or private sector
decrease of community health and even- repayment rate, (iii) formulation of a
intends to provide water supply to the
tually bringing down community wel- clear policy and regulation, (iv) prepara-
poor, consideration must be paid to the
fare (Cain, 1998). However, it is the first tion of several alternative choices for
factors that makes this intention attrac-
aspect that is directly related to the eco- access to water supply for the poor, tak-
tive to the poor. There are three matters
nomic condition and is often empha- ing into consideration that an alterna-
the poor community most concerned
sized is a bigger income portion that can tive water supply system might be more
SOURCE: MUJIYANTO acceptable to the poor, and (v) provision
of subsidy to poor community through
the frequently unsuitable tariff. More
often the poor get their water from small
scale provider, whilst cross subsidy is
intended more towards home connec-
tion. As a consequence, price subsidy
benefits the rich rather than the poor.
Cheaper water price without support
with access to water supply by the poor
will only benefit the businessman rather
than the poor. (McIntosh, 2003), (vi) it
is necessary to increase poor families'
involvement so that their interest could
be satisfied (Kariuki, 2000).
*)
Member, Central Level WSS Working Group


INSIGHT

Strategy for Creating Transparency and Performance
Accountability Focused PDAM Reporting System

T
hat every organization, be it a on during the on going priod compared
business company, government By: Abdul Gani* to the preceding period and to the pro-
administration or non govern- jection/budget. Additional description
The dynamic currently in progress
ment organization, must prepare a re- of some necessary information must
with regard water supply service indi-
port. Report is an information medium also be included in order to prevent mis-
cates that the user community and
used internally within the organization leading interpretation.
stakeholder are getting more critical
or for stakeholders to get to know and b. Informative
and intellegent in responding PDAM
understand the activities that have been A report must contain easily under-
performance. This fact is stimulated
going on within a given time frame to standable information.
with the enactment of Law No. 7 of
see whether things have been pro- c. Relevant
2004 on Water Resources and esta-
ceeding properly as planned or targeted. A report must contain importand
blishment of BPPSPAM (Water Supply
The same is true with PDAM as a and correct information for manage-
Development Support Body) pursuant
regional government owned corpora- ment purposes.
to Decision of Ministry of Public Works
tion, it needs a report for a number of d. Accurate
No. 294/2005.
purposes from analysis, control, deci- A report must provide information
With regard environmental issues
sion making and manifestation of at reliable level of accuracy.
and in response to the dynamic change
accountability. e. On time
in water supply sector, especially in the
A report must be prepared and sub-
realm of transparency and accountabili-
Introduction mitted exactly at the time when it is
ty of public information system, it is
Pursuant to PP No. 16 of 2005 needed or immediately after a reporting
timely for PDAM to take serious atten-
PDAM is designated as one of water period ends.
tion to transparent, efficient, effective
supply providers, and as stipulated in
and accountable reporting system.
Art. 6 para e that in performing its tasks If we relate the role and function of
and responsibilities PDAM is obliged to report with GCG a report must at least
prepare a transparent, accountable and A good report must at least reflect transparency and accountability
responsible report in accordance with present a well formatted infor- principles. By transparent PDAM ma-
the principles of good corporate gover- mation in a sytematized struc- nagement it means that the company
nance (GCG). Therefore, as far as the ture, easy to understand and to must provide the community, owner
Article goes, it is intended that in each analyse and serves as base for and stakeholder the relevant informa-
water supply service management acti- management decision making. tion as it relates to decision making by
vity PDAM is obliged to adopt good cor- the management.
porate governance (GCG) principles. PDAM report must meet accounta-
There are 6 principles governing bility principles, this means that it pro-
Role and Function of Report
GCG, they include Transparency, vides the reader with a clear idea what
In accordance with PDAM account-
Accountability, Justice, Integrity, Self has been done in relations to fulfillment
ancy guideline - State Ministry for
Reliance and Participatory. The first of role and responsibility to reach an
Regional Autonomy of 2000, a report
two principles represent the aspect effective management implementation.
must meet the following criteria.
closely related and provide significant The obligation for PDAM to present
a. Complete
contribution to a good management a report is an inseparable part of the
A report must provide complete
report preparation process. Primary Function as is commonly stated
information about what has been going


INSIGHT

in Management and Organizational poses? Conclusion
Structure. Does the report submitted by each The strategic role and function of
PDAM report serves as management division adopt the Primary Func- report for PDAM consists of among
accountability about the company's per- tion, Vision, Mission and Objectives others to inform the task and
formance during a given prieriod of of the corporation? responsibility implementation to
time and as information of service per- Whether each stage of the manage- the owner and stakeholders in
formance to the public and the stake- ment consistently prepares a report transparent and accountable man-
holders. In order to be easily under- in accordance with capacity and job ner.
standable and to serve as effective description of each? To prepare an accurate, systemetic
means of communication, it necessary Whether with the contents of report and timely report it is necessary to
to design a strategic action in each of provide the Director with sufficient develop a basic reference or an SOP.
the management implementation knowledge to judge the division's A structured and systematic report
stages. rate of success using the existing that reflects accountability of each
performance indicator? management stage is a means to
Strategy for Reporting System The series of questions above may support the management in deci-
Design Development help PDAM whether the existing report- sion making process.
The currently existing PDAM reporting system needs an improvement. If An identification study is intended
ing system is based on a PDAM based on the answers of the questions it to design standard PDAM report; in
Accounting System pursuant to Mi- is obvious that the system must be its implementation it requires an
nister Regional Autonomy Decision No improved, the strategic action to take is internal team be established sup-
8 of 2000. However, a report is used conducting a study on performance ported with facilitation from exter-
beyond the management performance based reporting system identification. nal experts.
and accountability purposes but it is To facilitate the general idea of the *) Central BMS Team
also used as a tool for the management study, below is the related Flow Chart PERPAMSI.
to assess, analyse, and evaluate the suc- (Road Map) as the following:
cess indicator performance.
In connection with reporting the are
ROAD MAP OF PDAM REPORT SYSTEM STUDY
several problems commonly faced by
PDAM in Indonesia, among others
include report not written systematical- Formation of Working Management
Team Assist/Fasilitator
ly, lack of accuracy, and not prepared on
time, all this adversely affects the timely
Decide Objective
decision making process by the manage-
Referensi/Dok :
ment. Struktur Org.
Review & Analyse SOP
To assess if the existing PDAM man- Demand for Report Laporan Divisi
agement report is effective, below is a Laporan Mgt
series of questions to be answered: Problem Identification
& Analysis
Does the information originating
from each of the management units
S Y S T E M ORGANIZATION Human Resources
follow a standard format?
SOP & Equipment Primary Function, Vision, Mission Knowledge & Skill
Does the monthly report arrive at
the Directors' desk exactly on time Results of Study & Solution
each month? Frame of Action

Does the report present accurate,
systematically written information
R E P O RT S Y S T E M R E F E R E N C E F O R M AT
that can be easily analysed by the
Directors for decision making pur-


INSIGHT

From Plato
to WSS-BM Policy
W
hen did human being begin to By: Alma Arief that the population plant trees. Engels
face environmental issue, and and Dormaringan Saragih*) wrote an illustrative description of
when did human being in this squalid slum inhabited by working class
planet begin to realize that its resolution Plato revealed that the soil is nothing in Salford, with extremely bad sanita-
calls for a common effort? These two but a frame without fertility, and can no tion, buildings with leaking roof that
questions have a linear relationship, longer retain rainwater which flows were no better than a cattle pen, et
especially as they relate to the growth of down on a bare land into the sea. (Wall cetera. Beside environmental degrada-
global awreness through a learning D., 1994) Environmental degradation tion the pioneers also discussed about
process that in reality needs a long lapse in Greece, Mesopotamia, Egypt, was the animal protection. Sommerville, in late
of time. This paper wishes to pull the consequences of several causes: forest 17th century wrote about the threat of
redline on the growth connecting global clearing for agricultural production to extinction of certain animal species
awareness, the commonly declared feed townspeople, to build pyramids because they were killed merely for
action program and to see Indonesian and temples, as well as war equipment. enjoyment of life. While Salt in 1880
position in relation to turning the com- Environmental care at local level, proposed an idea to protection of ani-
mon future into reality. seemed to appear in other places, thou- mal rights. At any rate, the local level
sands of years after Plato. Pollution of awareness has not led to systemic and
When did the issue documenta- London in late 17th till early 18th centu- holistic study as environmental study of
tion begin? ry was reported by John Evelyn. In today, they are independent one from
Local level environmental issue was response to sulfur containing air pollu- the other.
first documented long before Christian tion John Evelyn suggested to formulate Economic studies were beginning to
era. Plato wrote about environmental a regulation to put a limit to the envi- show the interrelationship one with the
degradation of Attica. In his report ronmental polluters and recommended other. Malthus, for example, described
SOURCE: KURNIA RATNA DEWI the linkage between population growth
with demand satisfaction level. Howe-
ver, among the economists there were
sharp differences. Adam Smith in 'An
inquiry into th Nature and Cause of
Wealth of Nations' described that free
market will be able to bring to the rea-
lization of welfare of all and individual
benefits. The market will take care of
itself through an invisible hand mecha-
nism, which has power to create effi-
ciency, safe, peaceful, and equitable
future, or in other words the realization
of welfare of all. In the meantime, Afred
Marshal, a Neoclassic economist, said
that the environmental carrying capaci-


INSIGHT

ty does not belong to the economist's future of this planet and brought the so vocal and in many ways stood vis á vis
premises. The more so, man has the issue to global forum. One cannot deny with the government.
capacity to create a technology to the significant role information media After the Stockholm Conference se-
resolve resources scarcity. Market me- have played in promoting this matter. veral international meetings were held,
chanism and capacity to create techno- Newspapers, magazines, journals in though one may not relate with another,
logy will regulate the stability of human 1960s began to carry the issue as news, it should be admitted that Stockholm
demand stock, therefore there is no editorial, and letter to the editor. Conference has created global aware-
need for any kind of limitation. If re- Several scientists linked the growth of ness and highly influential in each of the
sources become scarce and prices go up, awareness with the publication of a international conferences.
consumption will naturally goes down book entitled 'Silent Spring' by Rachel
thus provides opportunity for rehabili- Carson in 1962. In her book Carson Debate on Global Issue and Sus-
tation, but when it comes to unre- reveals the existense of biological life tainable Development
newable resources, man is convinced including human being is highly en- Not long after the Stockholm
that an alternative resource could be dangered with the use of chemical pesti- Conference (2-6 June 1972 and 5 June is
found. cides such as herbicides, insecticides, named World Environment Day) the
The assumptions have in reality etc. which Carson calls them 'biocide'. world was shaken by the publication of a
brought the later generation scientists It is not a mere coincidence that by book entitled 'The Limit to Growth'.
began to consider environmental as- the end 1960s several non government This book was written by world leading
pects into development implementa- organizations in industrialized nations scientists who called themselves the
tion. In the past man has applied the stood up and waved environmental ban- Club of Rome, expressing a prediction
sustainability principles. Fishermen, ner vis á vis the government that then that this planet will collapse and the big
planters, and so on always harvested in issued anti environment policy. The calamity will happen because of uncon-
accordance with capacity of rehabilita- enviromental care kept on growing in trolled population growth, industrial
tion. In the framework of sustaining the line with global environmental pro- expansion over the entire world surface,
balance between resources growth with blems that are becoming more cons- worn out natural resources potential,
the yield harvested, fishermen provides picuous and came to its peak with the and the shrinking of food reserve. They
opportunity for fish to grow so that Stockholm Conference in June 1972, who belonged to the Club of Rome were
resources will not extinct, and the sup- attended by delegates from 113 coun- called 'Neo Malthusian' by other group
ply will sustain. Environmental issues tries including Indonesia. of scientists.
surfaced as a response to overexploita- The conference which was held by A global level conflict later appeared
tion, for human consumption, to meet United Nations Conference on Human among some western nations that tech-
limitless human satisfaction. Goods Environment had initiated global nocrats should develop global develop-
and services production is not merely to awareness in relations to environment. ment policy. The conflict became the
meet the need of daily life, but more This conference produced Stockholm central issue in international fora. The
than that for life enjoyment which from Convention where all the participants need for development implementation
day to day is growing and more varied. agreed to resolve environmental issue in poor countries of the third world is
Today man is inseparable from cos- from global perspective. All nations ha- not a priority if it would make the world
metic, accessories, furniture, AC, luxury ve arrived to an understanding that the collapse. The conflict would become
transport, and so on. world is at this time being faced with very obvious in 'World Population
environmental problems that can only Conference in 1974" and continued to
Becoming Global Issue be resolved through common efforts. become topic of debate through the
Up to early 20th century, writings One of the real results of this conference 1980s. The solution to this prolonged
about environment are still very weak, is the establishment of UNEP and debate was the birth of the idea of sus-
they do not have political power. After Ministry of Environment in the partici- tainable development.
WW II scientists began to promote the pating nations. Later a theme that reads The sustainable development was
growth of awareness on the danger of 'think globally, act locally' became so formalized by 'World Commission on
environmental issues that threaten the popular, inspired local NGOs to become Environment and Development' or


INSIGHT

SOURCE: SEMARANG.GO.ID
dard, whereas in the long run if the
explotation continues and at an in-
creasing rate, natural calamity is defi-
nitely unavoidable. As an example, the
global warming calculation and climatic
changes provide estimation with the
highest level of accuracy, much easier
that calculating when rain is to fall.
Irresponsible forest exploitation, with-
out conservation measures, will cause
extensive floods and landslides, and
conversely there will be prolonged
droughts during dry season. In the long
run is desert forming process.
On the other side, there are standing
the economists who stick to the idea
that there is no reason to specifically
'Bruntland Commission' established by integrating economic development consider environmental aspect in eco-
UN General Assembly resolution in objectives with environment within a nomic activity. They argue that the
1983. The commission that was chaired framework of poverty reduction and at position of human species as master is
by the Norwegian Prime Minister pro- the same time improves environmental an undeniable fact. The followers of free
duced a report entitled 'Our Common condition. market school of thought are holding
Future' or 'Bruntland Report'. It is from In spite of strong political support fast to their conviction gthat free market
here the sustainable development con- the sustainable development concept with its invisible hand mechanism will
cept was introduced to all nations of the still contains some sort of controversy. by itself be capable of resolving the
world. Several of the messages in the Several environmental scientists claim resources scarcity or extiction. As
implementation of sustainable develop- that sustainable development is an ef- resources are getting scarce, prices will
ment include: fort to subdue the globally expanding go up and demand will automatically
Reducing poverty in the third world; environmental awareness. Several eco- fall, man will economize by himself.
Reducing resources consumption logists take this side. The growing envi- With the increase in price, man will try
and pollution production in indus- ronmental movement strength under to look for alternative resources.
trialized nations; several different names, such as 'envi- It is not too difficult to see that in the
Global cooperation in resolution of ronmental movements', 'conservationist end there will be a balanced process
environmental issues. movements', or 'green movements' are between the extreme conservationist
A monumental occasion that was being tried to be accomodated by the followers in one hand and the free mar-
held after the publication of Our Com- technocrates responsible for develop- ket followers on the other. Inspired by
mon Future in 1987 was the world sum- ment program/policy. The scientists the two extreme groups, there appeared
mit conference held in Rio de Janeiro in argue that the sustainable development lately a new science called environmen-
June 1992. The conference was at- concept is nothing but human efforts to tal economics that attempts to include
tended by 197 participating nations and dominate nature (anthropocentric), and external costs borne by the evironment
thousands of senior government offi- to confirm his position as master or into internal cost.
cials, UN representatives, international manager and not as an integral part of Differences between the two sides
organizations, and NGOs. The confe- the universe. Holding to such philoso- still continue, especially when they dis-
rence produced a document called phy, man is in a position to exploit cuss sustainability concept in relations
Agenda 21 containing action plans for nature without feeling guilty. The end to capital stock. To the economists sus-
sustainable development. A simple con- purpose is the greatest economic benefit tainability means maintaining capital
cept of sustainable development is and improvement of human living stan- stock, to at least the same level if not


INSIGHT

increase. In this case capital means
SOURCE: EXCLUSIVE
man-made capital. While to the ecolo-
gists what is called capital are the natu-
ral resources. To the ecologist sustain-
ability means that the natural resources
must remain at the same level, not
decreasing, while to the free market
both the renewable and non renewable
resources may be exploited to fulfill and
increase human welfare. To some ex-
treme conservationists improving hu-
man welfare at the expense of natural
resources cannot be called progress.
Income derived from economic deve-
lopment but in so doing causes damages
to the environment is not an income.
Economic development that causes
environmental degradation or consu-
ming capital from natural resources Think globally, act locally is a motto that was born later to link the
without chance for rehabilitation is not global issue in environment and conrete efforts for its resolution
a sustainable economic development. at local level. The plan to take a concrete action at local level has
As we all know, renewable resources been a commitment for all nations of the world that began to
are also worn out. To prevent any da- appear at the world summit conference that produced the action
mage, man develops a new capital called plan documet called "Agenda 21"
'cultivated natural capital', containing a
mixture of man-made capital and natu-
ral capital. This new capital is so strate- ronment. Man-made capital such as has been a commitment for all nations
gically positioned for increasing welfare buildings, roads, machinery etc and of the world that began to appear at the
of man. Some of the examples include: social capital such as institutions, world summit conference that produced
forest replanting (reforestation), fish organizations, culture, etc. the action plan documet called "Agenda
culture, animal husbandry, and genetic The debates between the two 21". In the Agenda 21 some mention is
engineering, have dramatically impro- extreme sides are still continuing. The made on: poverty reduction, changing
ved the capacity to meet human de- extreme conservationists emphasize consumption pattern, human health
mands. This can reduce the hazardous that economic growth must be put to protection and promotion, fighting
pressure to the environment. end and no more effort to change the against deforestation, fighting against
The heated debates indicate that subsistent economic condition. Man drought and desert forming process,
economic developemnt must be in line made capital cannot replace natural sustainable agriculture and rural deve-
with sustainable development. Sus- capital that is essential to maintain con- lopment, biodiversity conservation,
tainable development is long range tinuing life. fresh water protection and manage-
development in a continuous process ment, treatment of dangerous and po-
and is conducted without any negative Action Program in Settlement isonous substances, solid waste mana-
effect to the environment. The imple- Sector gement, sustainable human settlement
mentation may not cause any damage to Think globally, act locally is a motto development. Specifically with human
natural resources stock so that the ge- that was born later to link the global settlemen development Agenda 21
nerations to come may fulfill their issue in environment and conrete efforts makes the following remarks:
demands. Development will need capi- for its resolution at local level. The plan 1. Provision of water supply, sanitation
tal stock and natural resources or envi- to take a concrete action at local level and waste management facilities;


INSIGHT

2. Improvement of urban slum and the MDGs there are 8 issues that have
informal settlement areas; It is obvious that become the attention of all nations, one
3. Promotion of public transport and of them being poverty reduction.
sustainable development
provision of pedestrian walk and Actually, poverty issue has attracted
bicycle lane;
includes every aspect of international attention since Stockholm
4. Support informal sector develop- human life including his Conference, in which the developing
ment in order to reduce poverty settlement. For a nations pioneered by Indonesia (that
level; developing nation time it was by Emil Salim) who brought
5. Improve living condition of ruaral in sustainable settlement forward that in developing nations envi-
order to discourage migration to ronmental issue has its root in poverty,
development means an
urban areas; therefore improvement of income and
6. etc.
effort to improve quality welfare must be positioned as the high-
It is obvious that sustainable deve- of living of the poor, the est priority in development planning.
lopment includes every aspect of human majority of whom are It is more appropriate to say that the
life including his settlement. For a de- living in impaired development policy of the government
veloping nation sustainable settlement dwellings. is parallel with international develop-
development means an effort to im- ment inspired by UNO, because since
prove quality of living of the poor, the the very beginning it has been oriented
majority of whom are living in impaired serious than that is more than 100 mil- to resolution of poverty problem and
dwellings. In Caracas, Venezuela, one lion of her population, especially those environmentally sensitive effort. But
third of its population is living in the living in the rural are living without the question is if economic development
city's slums "Ranchos", in Ankara half access to water supply and sanitation has, undeniably, been able to improve
of the population is inhabiting slum facilities. community wellbeing as is indicated
areas 'Gecekondu", in Lusaka and Ma- Sensitivity to the poor, including in from human development index taken
nila each one third are slum dwellers. WSS development, has been an obvious from time to time, what happens with
In Indonesia the problem is more com- fact with the government, and this is equitable benefit from the development,
plicated. Beside the big proportion of very much in parallel with international infrastructure development for the
urban population living in slums, more agreement in Agenda 21 and MDGs. In poor, educational guarantee and deve-
SOURCE: SEMARANG.GO.ID lopment for the poor, stability of natural
resources stock, and so forth?
For all the above, we must look
closely at environmental aspect, that
during the last decade is undergoing a
drawback compared to several decades
ago. In the Environment Day 2006
there is a strong demand to main-
streaming environmental issue. The
demand for AMDAL revitalisation was
made one of the focuses of the com-
memoration in addition to environmen-
tal education. The reawakening of envi-
ronmental sensitivity is triggered by the
fact that our environmental affairs are
very much in disorder (look for instance
the case of flash flood and lanslides in
rainy season and prolonged drought all
over the country, and the tension of


INSIGHT

communities living near industrial sites is getting stronger day after day. At any
triggered by poor waste treatment). All rate, water cannot be seen as inde-
The disorderliness of our envi-
this can happen because of weak law pendent without considering its linkage
ronmental affair due to uncon-
enforcement, and probably also because with and as integral part of the overall
trolled forest felling, illegal
of indifference attitude on the part of ecosystem.
mass media that is more interested in
logging, forest homogenizing The effort to meet the demand of
political euphoria so that all other unre- program (heterogenous stand is 100 million people currently without
lated matters, though no less important, cut for timber the land is access to water supply is indeed compli-
are neglected. It is now very seldom for replanted with homogenous tated and difficult. But the effort will
mass media to continuously publish industrial tree) all have led to become more difficult and may even be
article on environment or to put the case ecosystem deterioration in the useless if we do not link it with the
in the headline, editorial, letter from of water catchment areas and in demand of ecosystem that influences
reader, and so on. If any, it is only as a the long run will adversely the sustainability of water reserve. It is
response to the most recent disaster affect surface and underground not only conservation of water catch-
rather than a manisfestation of a conti- water reserve, one of man's ment area, replanting of the deforested
nuing environmental care by making lands but also resolution to the polluted
basic needs
available a special column for it. ground and surface water by industrial
The disorderliness of our environ- and domestic wastes.
mental affair due to uncontrolled forest All this can be done if we follow sys-
felling, illegal logging, forest homogeni- infected by the terrifying minamata di- temic holistic and integratif approaches.
zing program (heterogenous stand is cut sease that attacks human CNS. If the Involvement of all stakeholders and
for timber the land is replanted with ho- pollutant contains heavy metal of cad- sensitiveness is compulsory. The mass
mogenous industrial tree) all have led to mium (Cd) compound the disease is media as means for campaign and pres-
ecosystem deterioration in the of water called itai-itai that causes osteoporossis. sure group, educators and scientists,
catchment areas and in the long run will law enforcement officers, NGO, politi-
adversely affect surface and under- It is not easy to manage water cian, and so on. And, last but not least
ground water reserve, one of man's Plato once described about water exploration of financial resources to
basic needs. and linked it with deforestation in implement the holistic activities and
The problem gets more complicated Attica. In Indonesia, care to water de- global network development.
because water source both the surface mand as mandated in various govern- *) WASPOLA Consultant
and shallow underground aquifer espe- ment regulations, Agenda 21 and MDGs,
SOURCE: MUJIYANTO
cially in towns and cities is polluted with
industrial and domestic wastes so water
supply provision becomes so costly be-
cause of the need for pretreatment. The
polluted surface water, especially of the
river will in turn pollutes the sea so that
the surface, within and at the bottom of
the sea -phytoplankton, zooplankton
and benthos- the main components of
food chain, are pollution carrier for the
upper level predators. If man consumes
pollutant containing fish he will be con-
taminated by various kind of diseases,
depending on the type of pollutant. In
the pollutant contains a certain concen-
tration of mercury compound he will be


INSIGHT

HIPPAM Failure
In the Village of Bleberan, Kecamatan Jatirejo,
Kabupaten Mojokerto

I
n the beginning of the new order By: Agnes Tuti Rumiati, MSc 44 families in Losari, 40 in Bangon, and
regime, sometime in 1975, Ble- and Dr.Ir. Eddy Soedjono, MSc * 40 in Cakar Ayam 40 families. It should
beran village had a water supply be added that the flow is not too
facility. The facility was provided for by Kanigoro and Tegalsari because they are smooth.
a project upon a direct appointment by located at a higher elevation than the
the provincial Public Works (PU). spring. HIPPAM Management
Before the project the community used Water flow begins from CakarAyam The management is run by a com-
to take their water from pit wells and down to Bangon, Losari and finally to mittee consisting of a chairman, secre-
from a river. Sumber Agung. Ninety percent of Cakar tary, treasurer, technical section and
Water is taken from a spring located Ayam population could have the service, billing section. The establishment of the
at Cakar Ayam hamlet, one of 8 hamlets while in Bangon only one side of the committee was done through a meeting
belonging to Bleberan village. The other road because the other side prefers to attended by hamlet chiefs, RT, village
hamlets are Losari, Bangon, Tegalsari, dig pit wells. For Losari the population officials, and community leaders. The
Legundi, Bleber, Sempu and Kanigoro. who have the service are those who live incumbent committee has been in office
The source is a spring with clear water near the main pipe. The hamlet of since 2000 to the present and is chaired
at a relative big discharge, 40 l/sec. Sumber Agung cannot be fully served by the secretary of the village adminis-
A concrete housing is built around because there is not enough water. They tration. Because of personal conflict
the water spring to protect it SOURCE: AGUS TR with the village headman, the
against contamination. In the committee has been idle.
past the water is used to irriagte Because of the conflict the
4,5 ha rice field, of which 3,4 ha financial management was
constitutes bengkok field (land taken over from the committee
assigned to village headman). The treasurer (2000-2003) to the
construction activity was con- village headman. During the
ducted by the government, while previous period (200-2003) the
the community did not take any income from 3 hamlets was Rp
part in the activity. The pipe net- 90.000/month. Currently the
work consists of 6 inch diam steel amount is increasing. From
main conveyance pipe, for home Cakar Ayam and Bangon ham-
connection PVC pipes are used. lets the income is Rp 110.000/
Corollary constructions consist of moth. The money is used for
3 public bathrooms at Bangon Clean water fasilities is not maintained salary of billing officer Rp
hamlet that are intended for fami- 30.000, an increase from for-
lies who could not afford home connec- got the service only at the beginning of merly Rp 5.000.
tion. the project. In the beginning HIPAM consumers
As time progresses the supply is get- did not pay any contribution, but when
Service Coverage ting smaller and smaller. This is becau- damage occurred in the public bath and
The hamlets covered by the service se once there was a flood that the pipe at several points in the pipe network a
include Cakar Ayam, Bangon, Losari, leading to Sumber Agung was broken. contribution system was applied since
and Sumber Agung. The latter belongs Finally the HIPAM water supply could 1980. In 1997 water meter was intro-
to the neighbourng village. The service only supply water to 144 families (13 duced and contribution was decided at
cannot reach hamlets of Legundi, persent of the initial number), they are Rp 50/m3. In 2003 Cakar Ayam started


INSIGHT

to impose water contribution to its there is no management rule to follow, 2. Formulation of water use regulation
inhabitants. The amount varies bet- etc. The management does not have the such as compulsory installation of
ween Rp 1.000 to Rp 3.000 per house- required technical and managerial water meter for every consumer,
hold depending on the number of heads capacity. This was felt after the organi- prohibition to cut the pipe system
in the family, use of water pump, and zation has been going for some time. and suck water using electric water
the amount of water used by each con- The management is unable to make pump. Including duties and respon-
sumer. water discharge calculation and plan its sibilities of water user, monthly con-
The contribution is also used for distribution correctly including mainte- stribution etc.
repair of damages in pipe network. The nance and its infrastructure develop- 3. Capacity improvement of the man-
technician takes pipe inspection walk at ment. agement personnel, including tech-
three day interval, and when he does he Another important factor conri- nical skill required for maintenance,
also makes some rearrangement to buting to its failure is financial manage- pipe extension, water distribution,
water distribution. ment. The amount of contribution and etc.
The financial limitation has made cost for new connection does not meet 4. Improvement in financial manage-
pipe maintenance not properly done the actual operational costs including ment. Contribution for new connec-
(pipe leakage is wound with used inner employees' salary. That is why the tech- tion and monthly payment should be
tube). The pipe condition is getting less nical man does not take the job too seri- reviewed, and see if it could cover
and less appropriate. Many of them are ously. Sometimes the employees had to the actual operational cost. In sim-
leaking or even broken altogether. spend their own money to mend a leak- ple terms a calculation must be
Frequently the upper part of the system ing pipe. Maintenance cost is not made on benefit over cost in order to
is clogged. The system did not install air budgeted. This condition became worse prevent loss, if necessary to make
vent so to release entrained air the pipe when the financial management was some gain for expansion in the
has to be punctured or cut. taken over by the village headman. future. The HIPAM financial man-
Improvement program was first Another reason not the least impor- agement must also be improved.
conducted in 1990 in which water mater tant is the shrinking of water discharge Fund allocation for salaries, mainte-
was installed in each HIPAM consumer. in the spring probably due to deforesta- nance and further improvement
The program was repeated in 1997. This tion. From time to time the discharge must be taken into consideration.
is intended to have a more controllable gets smaller. This can be seen after ille- 5. It is necessary to undertake social-
water use and distribution system. gal logging around the water source. In ization to the population because the
Unfortunately, there are many who addition, some of the villagers use elec- community awareness is the key to
refuse to install water meter. As a re- tric pump to suck water directly from successful water management.
sult, the contribution system does not the pipe and some pipes leak due the vil- Tolerance among community mem-
work. They choose to dig pit wells. The lagers' carelessness. bers is of the utmost importance
water meter system was only applicable because water is the prime need for
for 1-3 years. Recommendation all.
Water supply facility of Bleberan is
Failure still recoverable. It needs management Acknowledgements
Why was it that the community improvement, though. It is estimated This study was performed as a part
reluctant to participate in the HIPAM? that a discharge of 40 l/sec is sufficient of the project “Innovative decision ma-
According to the members, the service is to provide water to 10 thousand families king for a sustainable management
not evenly distributed, it is getting or 40.000 people. This is far in excess of water in developing countries”
smaller day after day, sometimes it of the 980 families or 3460 people, the (www.project-dimsum.net) which is
stopped, many leaking pipes un- village inhabitants. Several improve- supported by the European Commission
attended, the management does not ments that must take place are among DG RTD-FP6-International Coopera-
work properly including tranparenncy others: tion (INCO).
in financial matters. 1. Evaluation of the existing pipe net- *) Lecturer of ITS
(Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
This condition is a consequence that work and then a study on the possi-
Surabaya), members of Regional
from the beginning the HIPAM organi- bility of network expansion to Potential Study Group
zation was not sufficiently prepared, enable to serve more people. (UP3D-LPPM-ITS)


S TO RY

CHILD SCAVENGER
of Bantar Gebang
T
he sun has just awakened from Otong has to be willing to become a tificate so the graduates cannot conti-
its night sleep. Otong, a second scavenger, a job that does not require nue to higher education.
grade pupil is ready with his any specific skill and it happens that it is On holidays, Otong together with his
work gear. A bamboo basket one side located not very far from home. brother and elder sister leaves for TPA
tied with cord is ready to accompany In TPA Bantar Gebang Otong at 7.00 AM and be back from there at
him. The sea of waste in Bantar Gebang scratches for plastic wastes and other 15.00 or even 16.00. They don't have to
has been waiting for him. sellable materials. He has to compete go home for lunch because their mother
He still has time to play with his with other scavengers mostly older than would send their lunch to TPA.
younger brother, Oman (6 yrs.). At himself. Once the basket if full Otong Sometimes these children miss lunch
around 7.00 he takes off. He is not carries it to the edge of the field. There because nothing comes from home.
alone but together with his elder sister the "money material" is kept for a while. They ususally drink water they bring
Embi (14 yrs) and also Oman. Their He goes back to the scrathing area for from home.
parents tell Otong and Embi to take care more material until it is time for him to Otong tells his story that one day he
of Oman. And thus their day is filled return. The plastic material is then put and his brother was waiting for the rice
with working while playing. into a bag and brought home. sent by their mother from home. But
Actually Otong was not born to On school days Oong returns from the long awaited did not come. Hunger
eking out waste field for a living. It was his operation around midday. Upon was unbearable. Otong decided to go
fate that drove him to be a child sca- arrival at home he takes a bath and home around 14.00. Upon arrival he
venger. One day his mother had to give takes his lunch. Then he goes to school asked his mother, why she didn't send
birth to his brother through cesarian at Blok Kaum of the village of Sumur their lunch. His mother lightly
operation. This cost the family Rp 7 Batu. At this semiformal school he answered:"Why do you return before 3
million. The familiy with 6 children did studies in the same manner as other PM". Otong was silent in wonder.
not have as much money. The only children of his age. The only difference The hardship of Bantar Gebang has
property they have was a motorcycle. is that this school does not issue any cer- taught the children to look for ways in
They had to sell it for Rp 8 million. The SOURCE: BAGONG S

cost for opration was well covered. The
balance of Rp 1 million was used for
down payment of new motor cycle cre-
dit. The problem now is to cover the Rp
460 thousand monthly installments.
Thus every one of the family has to work
hard to earn the amount of money for
installment.
Otong's eldest brother is working at
a store selling constructon materials,
but his salary is barely enough for him-
self. An elder sister is helping mother
selling vegetables in the market. What
they make is not enough to cover the
family's needs. The consequence is, Otong is scraping the waste in Bantar Gebang.


S TO RY

order to survive. This condition stimulates Jumbo to week. Most of the income is given to his
In addition to plastic they also look join the waste scratching at the TPA. He mother.
for materials that are readily does the job as if he is a mature man. There are many children of the age
exchangable to money. The exchange- Every day, leaving home in the morning, of Otong, Embi and Jumbo who have to
able items are for instance spoon and back at midday, and leave again to help their parents just to survive.
water tap made from brass. "One spoon "bulok" -nickname for TPA- back home Hundreds of child scavengers scratch-
can be changed with iced drink at the late afternoon carrying the the days' ing waste heaps at TPA Bantar Gebang
Pak Bule stall," said Otong [pointing to result. After the waste has reached and Sumur Batu. Up to now there is no
an iced drink stall at the end of the field. about 2 - 300 kg it is sorted out, each is indepth study, valid data, how many
Three spoons worth Rp 2.000, brass tap put into the specific bag. The waste is child scavengers there are here and for
Rp 500 per piece. usually sorted based toys category, LD, what reason? The opportunity for child
One day Otong was very happy when pail, glass, zinc, and other metal. scavenger to develop himself is
he found a piece of Rp 10.00 banknote Sometimes when he feels rather lazy, deterred, because his life is under the
in the heap of waste. At that time he was Jumbo let the waste mixed as it is. Each pressure of poor family. They have to
scatching the wastes a piece of bank week Jumbo weighed his material and work that hard. The money is for the
note appeared from among the dirty sells it to the nearest middleman's stall. family. MJ/BS
materials. He felt like he was flying in On average he collects Rp 50 - 60.000 a
the moon.
Each week Otong collects 25-30 kg
mixed waste. The price for such waste is
Rp 500-700 per kg. At least Otong
earns Rp 17.500 - 21.000 a week. Waste
Role Played by Volunteer Educator
SOURCE: BAGONG S
is usually not sold weekly but monthly.
The waste is sold to Boss Harun. The
earning is directly held by his mother.
T here are only
few institu-
tions that care to
at Andi Alim
(37) and Rudi
Samanhudi
Each of the three children is given Rp these children of (35) they are
10.000 for snacks and educational cost. the marginalized of Sumur Batu
In the new education year 2006 families. One origin. With
Otong at 12 years old was enrolled to that endures the all the limita-
stench is TPA tion they work
Sumur Batu II primary school. Because
Bantar Gebang hard their
he is already too old for his class often
Voluntary Team mission.
he is subject to fun by his classmates.
with its Tunas Therefore the
But he doesn't mind. The most impor- Muslim (Muslim eduction isti-
tant is that he is studying in a school. Bud) school. The tution is cur-
Otong's fate for being able to go to team teaches the rently in dire
school is better than that of Jumbo who children who have been strayed need for textbooks on religious
is now 13 years old. After several years away from formal schooling, to teaching, such as Tajwid, Juz
he has been a drop out from primary get some general and religious Amma, Arabic Dictionary and
school. His mother is a poor widow sell- education. More than 60 children other Islamic reading materials.
ing rice at a stall by the edge of the TPA. are taken in at Tunas Muslim 3 "It would be quite unfortunate
No long ago the stall operating at Rp alone. The number doesw not to let the children as they used to
200 thousand capital went bankrupt include children in Tunas Muslim 1 be. Who will take the responsi-
because the money was used to pay for at Ciketing Udik and Tunas Muslim bility for the poor child sca-
medicare for his mother's illness. Then 2 at Blok Abah Bewok at Sumur vengers' education?" Andi said.
Batu village. The educators hope they could
his mother becomes entrapped within a
The volunteers are mostly improve the children's dignity, if
money lender's entanglement. She bor-
from the local population. Look possible also their family's. MJ/BS
rowed Rp 200.000 she has to pay back
Rp 12.000 per day for one month.


R E P O R TA G E

Communal Composting
Alternative to Handling Domestic Waste
P
opulation growth in urban areas BEST offered a system and the rela-
brings with it new problems and ted facilities for the waste management.
From the beginning the
issues. The available land does BEST is ready to treat all domestic
developer had set aside a
not have sufficient carrying capacity wastes by picking them right from the
waste dump site at a corner
with the increasing burden of the popu- place every day. As a compensastion
lation growth. On the one hand each
of the complex. Bit by bit each family is required to pay a monthly
family is certainly producing waste. the waste became a moun- contribution of Rp 10.000. But the
This material needs the right place to tain. Once it was burned. community is still difficult with the
dump in order to prevent it from pro- There was no big problem.. amount suggested by BEST. "The
ducing adverse effect to health, scenic But with new houses being amount is too high, considering each of
beauty, and comfort of life. Therefore built and more people are us has many other contributions to
waste must be handled immediately and coming in the mountain of pay," said Imam who has relinquished
accordingly. waste becomes a problem his office as RW chief.
This condition is faced by the com- The discussion did not stop there.
munity of the housing complex of Negotiation continued. While the pro-
Mustika Tigaraksa, Kabupaten Ta- cess was continuing there was an offer
ngerang, Banten, inhabited by 1.687 for half the price at two weekly pick up
families. The whole community is Cooperation with an NGO schedule. There is also another figure at
divided into 8 RWs and 45 RTs. The condition compelled the local a different pickup arrangement. Finally,
From the beginning the developer RW chiefs to find a way out. Imam BEST offered Rp 4.000 per household
had set aside a waste dumping site at a Sutopo, one of RW chiefs coordinated to compesnsate the provision of loca-
corner of the complex. Bit by bit the his fellow chiefs to contact Bina tion, sanction, pickup schedule, and
waste became a hill. Once it was Ekonomi Sumberdaya Terpadu (BEST, other related regulations. After further
burned. There was no big problem. But Integrated Economic Resources Deve- deliberation, it was agreed the contribu-
with new houses being built and more lopment) of Tangerang whose office is tion at Rp 3.700/month.
people are coming in the waste hill located not too far from the housing All RTs agree, except RT3 of RW 7
becomes a problem. The waste hill is area. He requested the NGO's help to for reason that they are going to build
growing again. It is made worse with find solution to their problem. There their own incinerator to handle their
someone who dumped his waste care- was a favourable response because the own waste. Though the smoke pro-
lessly. A lot of waste scattered all over NGO has had experience in the area of duced by the incinerator pollutes the
the place. Then comes the nauseating waste material and sanitation manage- neighbouring RT 1 and RT2 but they
odour. Worst of all a mosque is located ment. just close their eyes. The cooperation
nearby. Imagine how upset the prayers BEST then conducted a survey of the with the NGO is going on till today.
are with the dumphill. local condition. Then a presentation
The RW and RT chiefs once con- was made before the RT and RW chiefs Management System
tacted the local government cleaners and community leaders including the The management starts with pick up
service. They asked the government to recommendation and proposed waste from the household waste bins. BEST
take care of the waste. To compensate it management in the housing complex. provides a fleet of tricycle carriers -
the community pays Rp 150.000 for one "This is a preliminary attempt to see the motorcycle with freight compartment.
haul. Unfortunately the pick up sche- community response to the proposal we These motorcycles go around from
dule was undependable. Finally the offered them," said Lubis, a BEST house to house twice a week to collect
waste remained a problem. activist. waste. The households have just to put


R E P O R TA G E

all their waste in a waste bin in front of ed construction serve as garbage dum- him. The proceed is an additional fund
the house. All the waste is trasfered to a ping area collected from the communi- for salary. The organic material is
temporary collecting area. ty, separation of organic from inorganic processed into compost.
It has been agreed, BEST personnel materials, compost processing area, Composting is conducted by putting
only collect domestic waste from compost storage, and inorganic material the garbage into a wooden box of 1 m x 1
kitchen. They are not responsible to storage area for sale. The facility is com- m x 1 m dimension. Except for mixing
remove building debris or tree branches plemented with a guard sentry and there is no specific treatment made to
from pruning. They may, though, be house. The operating cost is paid from this garbage. The compost is ready for
asked to take care of such waste upon the community contribution. "harvest' in 40 days. Before it is put to
specific price negotiation. MRF is handled by 5 workers opera- market the compost must be screened
In the beginning the accumulated ting from 8.00 - 16.00 daily. They con- and put into packages.
waste was hauled with truck to TPS. But sist of one coordinator and four wor- All the garbage that enters MRF has
this system met a natural constraint. kers. They are paid by BEST. Some of an economic value and nothing is use-
Very often the waste truck was mired in the workers move around the communi- less. Besides, with this facility the
soft ground. Finally the system was ty to collect garbage, the others are pro- garbage does not look filthy and smells
changed into local waste treatment cessing the garbage already collected. bad, here it is well managed to produce
using a facility called Material Row The newly arrived garbage is filled something new and beneficial.
Facilities (MRF). into several bamboo baskets. Fromm
there the garbage is then selected. Response from the Community
About MRF Plastic and inorganic materials in- In general the community consider
MRF is a 18 m by 27 m steel concluding zinc, bottles, etc. are separated. he new waste management system very
struction covered with zinc coated sheet These inorganic materials are then helpful. "This is quite helpful. We don't
roof. It is provided with 2 m high con- cleaned and stored. Every month buyer have to take pains taking our garbage to
crete walls and a gate. The Borda fund- will come to take those materials with the public facility," said Nuryati, a com-
SOURCE: BORDA munity member. They also admit that
with the system cleanliness is more
guaranteed because there are no more
waste hills producing unpleasant smell
and swarming flies. "Cleanliness makes
life more pleasant," said Ibu Eni another
member of the community.
The two community members admit
that the amount of contribution was not
too much. "It's just allright," said Ibu
Eni. This contribution is slightly bigger
than the usual RT contribution of Rp
3.000, and is much less than the
mushalla contribution of Rp 10.000.
Community contribution is relative-
ly big, 90 percent of the total cost. Now
the families living near MRF facilities do
not have to wait until their waste collec-
ted by the garbage man. They would
voluntarily take their waste to the nea-
rest facility. Eventually, the waste is
now properly handled and at the same
time a source of income. MJ


I N N O VAT I O N

Urinoir
without Flush
I
t has been our habit to cleanse and gravity is bigger than oil, will automati- to 40 thousand gallons a year! The-
flush after urinating. If we do not cally sink below the oil. This oil pre- refore, the green building of American
flush unpleasant smell will spread vents urine from floating and rather it consulate has also used the new con-
all over the place. In this case water will directly flow down without produc- struction of this product.
serves to neutralize the smell of ammo- ing bad odour. Unfortunately the com- Randall Goble, Falcon WaterFree
nia from the urine. If the room still pany does not describe what kind of oil Technologies Marketing Director says
smells it can be neutralized by deodo- used to filter the urine. that this technology is obviously sup-
rizing substance. According to the company, waterless porting industries. According to him, if
We can imagine how much water urinal can replace the existing conven- we can save water use by 10 percent we
and room deodorant is needed every tional urinoirs. The country that has certainly save 200 billion gallons of
day to flush and neutralize urine smell. tested is India, ie in the Taj Mahal toilet. water per year.
This fact has stimulated However this does
an American company, not mean this inven-
Falcon WaterFree Tech- tion will pass the mar-
nologies to find a way to keting gate smoothly.
resolve the problem. The invention meets
Through a series of ex- with challenges. "We
periments, the company are against this water-
introduces a technology less urinoir. Why? It
called Waterless Urinal, will lead to health draw-
a urinoir that needs no back by the habit of uri-
flushing. nating without flush-
The underlying con- ing," says Mike Arndt
cept behind this water- Director of American
less unrinoir is very sim- Pipe and Sanitation
ple. According to Klaus Association. According
Reichardt, the inventor, to him, it is true that we
the devise is like an S save water, but what
form. When somebody about the negative effect
urinates, the liquid will behind it.
enter a cartridge screen. On the other hand,
This cartridge replaces Chuck Gerba, ecologist
the function of flush water. The urine The same test has been tried at a public of the University of Arizone says that
flows down through the bend into the school in California. from microbiological point of view the
centre of the cartridge then to the end This technology, by its inventor, can invention is acceptable. According to
pipe. The cartridge is made from a fluid save water and energy, the Waterless him, waterless urinal is well tested from
somewhat like alcohol and oil so that it Urinal sophistication has won it a world its sanitation aspect. Therefore, the
must be replaced after several uses. The class Certification for Design Excellence problem of unpleasant smell in public
technology is based on the principle of Platinum Award 2006. The reason is, toilet can hopefully be resolved. Who
specific gravity. When urine, its specific the product is claimed to save water up will be next to try? MJ


ABSTRACT

r
The Impact of Water Supply Investment
to Economic Growth and Income
Distribution in DKI Jakarta
nd
nt

T
he government is still unable to Therefore, the following questions increase in DKI Jakarta produce an
sufficiently provide infrastruc- demand appropriate answer (i) does the impact to the economic growth but no
nt tures and facilities for public piped water supply investment in Ja- significant influence to reducing income
service, such as for water supply. karta trigger pro-poor economic growth, gap, which means that water supply de-
cy
Provision of water supply to the popula- (ii) does the non piping water supply velopment in Jakarta cannot be catego-
tion particularly piped water for urban investment trigger pro-poor economic rized as pro-poor. Besides, in order to
poor indicates a tendency of declining growth; (iii) does the government sub- create a pro-poor growth investment for
amount of expenditures for water and sidy for water supply provision in piped water should be complemented
of medical treatment for water related di- Jakarta trigger pro-poor economic with provision of subsidy from the cen-
es seases, and on the other hand an growth? tral government. The bigger the invest-
y, increasing number of productive days. To answer the questions this disser- ment, the bigger is the subsidy needed.
nd
This condition will improve productivity tation applies a computation model Several important recommenda-
s and increase saving within the poor called computable general equilibrium tiosn to include (i) the regional govern-
families that lead to an increase of per (CGE). CGE model is a non-linear si- ment should make access to water sup-
nt
capita income and filling of income gap, multaneous equation system for simula- ply for poor families as a target and indi-
s that eventually affect the overall eco- tion of optimum habit of all consumers cator of devlopment performance in
nomic condition. and producers within an economic sys- DKI Jakarta, (ii) provision of subsidy for
Investment in water supply, from tem. poor families is still needed if the pro-
theoretical and empirical points of view, Three simulation scenarios are portion of such families without access
o, provides impetus to economic growth. applied in this study using SNSE data of to piped water is still relatively very
nto In the meantime, water supply for DKI Jakarta 2000 to see water supply high. One of the potential sources of the
urban population, especially the poor, development as it relates to pro-poor subsidy fund we may cite e.g corporate
will increase community welfare and growth, they are (i) investment simula- social responsibility (CSR) from big cor-
consequently an improvement in in- tion in relation to investment increase porations, (iii) development of commu-
to, come distribution. The combination of for pipe and non pipe system water sup- nity based water supply system, (iv) non
water supply investment and fulfillment ply system, (ii) investment simulation piped water supply can still be conside-
of drinking water demand of the urban subsidy provision for water supply for red as alternative if some improvement
poor will result in pro-poor growth eco- poor families obtained from piped water be made regarding its regulation, sub-
nomic growth, an economic growth that tax increase and from the central go- sidy for investment, and construction of
reduces income gap and poverty rate. vernment, investment simulation and additional public water taps so that the
As far as DKI Jakarta is concerned a subsidy obtained from pipe water tax price of non piped water is affordable,
pro-poor water supply investment is increase combined with water subsidy and (v) resolution of the various con-
compulsory for a number of reasons, for poor families, both from water tax straints for the poor to access the service
among others (i) the high urbanization increase and from the central govern- such as affordable cost for connection.
rate, and (ii) proportion of population ment. Dissertation by Oswar Mungkasa
Economic Studies Program
without piped water supply is quite The result of the simulation indi-
Postgraduate School Faculty of
high. cates that water supply investment Economics University of Indonesia,
2006


R E G U L AT I O N

Regional Regulation of Malang Municipal Government No. 10/2001 on

Sludge Treatment
Installation
S
ludge treatment installation is With regard legal ruling, Perda sti-
something foreign to Indone- pulates that each individual or legal
The Perda serves as legal
sian cities. Only few of them body who undertake any activity in
umbrella for water source pro-
have such a facility. One of the reasons relation to black water and sludge ma-
is lack of the officials' interest to seri-
tection from any kind of pollu- nagement is prohibited to dispose of
ously consider the importance of this
tion such as chemical, biologi- the black water or sludge to places
"dirty" sector. In reality, however, this cal, radoactive, or any other other than the government provided
facility significantly influences the pollutant and as an effort facility. The contribution payer who
community health in general. towards sustaining water fails to contribute that causes a finacial
Malang as a medium size city has availability loss to the government shall be sen-
taken one step forward. This city has a tenced to jail up to three month impri-
sludge treatment facility. To sustain sonment or a fine at a maximum amo-
this facility the municipal government on law is obliged to contribute to the unt ten times the amount due. The
formulated the necessary regulation. regional revenue office, including con- sanction is also good for black water of
And thus the Perda (Regional Go- tribution collector. sludge transport that leaked and
vernment Regulation) No. 10 of 2001 Black water or sludge to be treated polluted the environment.
was decreed. This regulation intends to in the facility is collected and trans- To supervise the Perda implemen-
invite the community participation to ported from the collector tank by a spe- tation, the Municipal Government has
contribute to the black water manage- cial truck managed by the municipal alerted the police force, pamong praja
ment because the cost incurred for this government or by a private company. (government bureau), Cleaning Agen-
purpose is relatively very high. In addi- The treatment facility can only be used cy, and regional environmental affairs
tion to covering the costs, the fund is for processing of black water or sludge. each to peform their task and function
also used to expansion of the service The service, research, and collection of to the best they can.
and the related environmetal manage- contribution can only be conducted by The Perda serves as legal umbrella
ment. the Dinas Kebersihan (City Cleaning for water source protection from any
The Perda stipulates the directives Agency). kind of pollution such as chemical, bio-
for using the services of the sludge The Perda also stipulates matters logical, radoactive, or any other pollu-
treatment facility, contribution, legal related to contribution. Contribution is tant and as an effort towards sustaining
sanction, and control. The Perda con- collected from contribution payer. water availability. The Perda is also
sists of 7 chapters and 11 articles. Collection of contribution is made by intended to prevent water pollution.
The Perda stipulates that the obli- issuance of a ticket at the time the truck Domestic wastewater may cause de-
gation to contribute for the user to con- carrying the sludge enters the treat- clining water quality to such a level that
tribute. Contribution payer is defined ment facility. The amount of contribu- it is no longer suitable for what it
as individual of legal body who based tion is Rp 6.000 per m3. worths.


ISSDP CORNER

Choice Model
C
hoice model is a method frequ- order of most prefered type of facility Banjarmasin do not like communal sys-
ently used for marketing studi- and the paying capacity of the commu- tem because the existing facility they
es to see consumers' preference nity. are using is better than the communal
and paying capacity for various kinds of Analysis of the data collected from system being offered. On the other
product being offered. In this study, the application of Choice Model may hand respondents of Blitar, consider
this method is modified in such a way result in the choice of facilities from that of the three alternatives only the
as it can be used for public goods and among MCK Plus, communal system communal system represents an
services such as sanitation facilities and and urban sewerage system that vary in improvement to the present system
services. each of the survey cities, as can be seen they are using. They choose to stay
The application of this model is in the table below: where they are than to shift to urban
conducted by integrating Choice Model
Module into the survey tool (question- City Choise I Choise II Choise III Choise IV
Bandung Sewerage MCK Plus Status Quo Sewerage
aire). In the module, explanation is gi- Banjarmasin MCK Plus Sewerage Status Quo Sewerage
ven to the respondents about the vari- Blitar Communal System Status Quo MCK Plus Sewerage
Jambi Communal System Sewerage MCK Plus Status Quo
ous alternatives of wastewater treat- Denpasar Sewerage Communal System MCK Plus Status Quo
Payakumbuh Communal System Sewerage MCK Plus Status Quo
ment facility to improve their sanitati-
Surabaya Communal System MCK Plus Sewerage Status Quo
on condition. The offer consists of 3 al- Surakarta MCK Plus Sewerage Communal System Status Quo
8 cities combined Communal System Sewerage MCK Plus Status Quo
ternatives, urban pipe wastewater net-
work (sewerage) system, small bore sewerage network or MCK Plus.
communal sewer system, and MCK The application of this model As for the order of alternative choi-
(bath, wash and latrine) Plus. The ces, the most to the least prefered only
is conducted by integrating
three alternatives are offered with tech- Denpasar choose an order of alterna-
Choice Model Module into the
nical specifications that meet the stan- tives in agreement with what is sug-
dard of health and environmental pro-
survey tool (questionaire). gested in literature. Rural sewerage
tection. The respondents may than In the module, explanation is system places one followed by commu-
compare each of the three alternatives given to the respondents nal and lastly the MCK Plus. This order
and with the system they have at pre- about the various alternatives of preference is in agreement with the
sent (status quo). For the three alterna- of wastewater treatment quality of service provided by the three
tives, respondents are also given alter- facility to improve their alternatives. Urban sewerage system
native with regard capital contribution sanitation condition. provides the highest sanitation service
for construction, labour contribution to capacity, because wastewater is trans-
help the construction, and the compul- ported away from home that makes the
sory daily or monthly contribution to In general the respondents feel that family free from the risk of contamina-
run the operation and maintenance. the three alternatives offered to them tion. With sewerage system wastewater
Through offering several combination represent an improvement from the is treated in a centralized treatment
of examples of the facility, amount of existing facility they are using present- installation so that it does not contami-
contribution required, and amount of ly, such as illustrated with the choice nate the environment. The communal
O&M cost, studies can be made about pattern of Jambi, Denpasar, Pa- system is basically comparable to small
the choice pattern of each respondent yakumbuh, Surabaya and Surakarta. scale urban sewerage system, it serves
that later can be used to estimate the Wile respondents of Bandung and the demand of a few scores to several


ISSDP CORNER

hundreds of homes. This system is It is the knowledge and experience
also provided with similar wastewater Bandung has had about the system being offered that
treatment facility, though technically it sewerage system since makes communal system the most
is not as sophisticated as with the one long time ago, though prefered, this is because the system is
in the centralized urban system. In its the coverage is widely used (through SANIMAS pro-
development stage several communal gram) with a suffciently successful
relatively small, yet
systems can be combined to a more level. It seems that the communities
the facility is well
extensive wastewater treatment net- are sufficiently convinced that this sys-
known to most of the
work, so that communal system can be tem will succeed and it has been
population
applied as an interim solution before it proven that it is relatively easy to put it
is converted into urban sewerage sys- into reality. Blitar community have
migrant population and those living in
tem. MCK Plus is an MCK provided known very well the communal system,
rented house with poorly provided
with wastewater treatment facility. If for them the expected is none other
sanitation facility.
it is properly managed, this system is that the communal system, as is evi-
The abovementioned choice pat-
sufficiently safe for health and envi- denced from their choice pattern in
tern represents an aggregate house-
ronment and convenient although the which urban sewerage and MCK Plus
hold choice pattern of the survey sites.
service is not a home connection. are placed below the rank of their
Although in the survey the respon-
In general communal system is the presently used system (status quo).
dents had had sufficient explanation
most prefered system, as indicated as Similar case is seemingly the way to
about the characteristics of the three
the first choice in 4 cities, Blitar, explain why MCK Plus is placed as the
alternatives, their knowledge and
Jambi, Payakumbuh and Surabaya. It first choice in Surakarta. In the survey
experience about the alternatives obvi-
is interesting to note that while com- sites within this city, public MCK is
ously put some colour to the choice
munal system is the most favoured in generally in excellent condition, the
pattern. From 8 surveyed cities, only
four of the cities suveyed, on the other community has been quite used to
in Denpasar and Bandung the respon-
hand there are two cities, Bandung and MCK, and most of the respondents are
dents place urban sewerage as the first
Banjarmasin that are entirely against migrants living in rented house with no
choice. Actually, there are 3 cities pre-
communal system because they say right to decide what kind of sanitation
sently have sewerage system, Ban-
this system is worse than the existing facility is to build so that home connec-
dung, Denpasar and Surakarta. Se-
system they are currently using. Urban tion is not an attractive choice.
werage system of Denpasar is current-
sewerage is the first choice of two The choice pattern that has been
ly under construction and it can be said
cities, Bandung and Denpasar, while successfully explored from this study
that most its inhabitants are informed
Banjarmasin and Surakarta choose also indicates priority problem solu-
about this. Bandung has had sewerage
MCK Plus as the most prefered system. tion within their own surrounding.
system since long time ago, though the
Another interesting thing is that only Before being asked about the prefered
coverage is relatively small, the facility
in one city, Blitar, the respondents alternative, the respondents have been
is well known to most of the popula-
consider that MCK Plus as a choice is given explanation about the advantage
tion. While in Surakarta, the coverage
worse than the system they are of urban sewerage to other systems is
of the system is quite limited and it
presently using. This is quite consis- that it makes the general environmen-
happens that there is none in the vici-
tent with the condition of the respon- tal condition and issues of the city
nity of the sampling area. Direct expe-
dents who are mostly poor with access could be better taken care of. The fact
rience with sewerage system seems to
to private latrine that generally is in that the communal system is more
influence the repondents' choice.
broken down condition, so that from prefered than the centralized urban
Respondents of Surakarta place sewe-
day to day they use to go to public system indicates that for the respon-
rage system as second choice under
MCK. This is a general condition of dents the utmost important concern is
MCK Plus.


ISSDP CORNER

solution to problem within their own who are willing to pay dues to shift from 53.000 per HH per month (in Surabaya).
surrounding. Although the study has the presently used facility to to one of For communal system, the willingness to
elaborated further the reasons behind the three alternatives offered. In so pay varies between Rp 28.400 (Surakarta)
the respondents' choice, this symptom doing, for alternatives that they consi- up to Rp 67.000 (Payakumbuh). While for
is consistent with the tendency of low der not better than the status quo condi- sewerage system the lowest is Rp 4.700 per
HH per month (Banjarmasin) and the
Graphic: Household willingness to pay monthly for sanitation facility
highest is Rp 54.000 per HH per month
80 (Payakumbuh).
The above mentioned willingness to
70 pay illustrates the existing reality. Ex-
komunal
communal perience with SANIMAS program indi-
Willingness Membayar

60
komunal
communal cates that on average the user communi-
Keinginan Untuk to Pay

ty spend between Rp 15.000 up to
sewer m ckplus
50 35.000 per HH per month for MCK
(ribuan Rp.)
(Rp. 000)

mckplus
Plus. While for communal system SA-
komunal
communal sewer
40
s ewer
NIMAS up to now each HH connected
sewer
m ckplus komunal
communal to the system pays Rp 20.000 up to Rp
30 komunal
communal
s ewer
s ewer mckplus 40.000 per month. The estimation of
mckplus komunal
communal
the willingness to pay indicates that the
20 mckplus
SANIMAS system up to now is used as
alternative problem solving for poor
10
communities in urban areas that is quite
mckplus
sewer promising for application in other cities
0
throughout Indonesia.
Payakumbuh
Jambi

Surabaya
Bandung

Blitar
Banjarmasin

Denpasar

Surakarta

With regard willingness to pay for
urban sewerage system varies between
Survey Site Rp 30.000 up to Rp 60.000 per HH per
Lokasi Studi
month, this amount also indicates a re-
income communities to pressing pro- tion, the estimated willingness to pay is latively good potential though still not
blems of their immediate surroundings. negative, or in other words they don't enough to guarantee as a sewerage sys-
For them, the large scale environment is want to shift to the offered alternative. tem payment that according to the lite-
something too "luxurious" when com- In short the illustration of willingness to rature would cost Rp 50 to 100.000 per
pared to their own life's demand that is pay monthly per household for the three HH per month, on average. However,
dominated by daily needs, the daily alternatives offered in 8 cities is illus- the figure in this finding is sufficiently
wage income pattern, plus the fact that trated in the graphic below: promising. The combination of govern-
they have no gurantee for continuous The above graphic indicates that ment subsidy, cross subsidy pattern for
and stable employment. poor families of the survey sites are will- wastewater service tariff, and enforce-
In addition to choice pattern, this ing to pay for one of the offered alterna- ment of strict and consistent regulation
study also measures the wilingness of tives between Rp 4.700 to Rp 67.000 that compels the high and middle inco-
poor communities in 8 cities to pay to per HH per month. The lowest is for me communities to get connected to se-
improve their sanitation condition. The wastewater network in Banjarmasin and werage system, it is believed that it can
level of willingness to pay certainly is in the highest is for a communal system in open a passage to urban sewerage deve-
line with their prefence level to the Payakumbuh. Willingness to pay for lopment towards which most cities in
choice being offered. What is measured MCK Plus is around Rp 8.300 per HH Indonesia are compelled to implement
in this study is how many respondents per month (in Bandung) up to Rp in the future.

40 Percik Oktober 2006

ABOUT PLAN INDONESIA

Plan Indonesia in Water and
Environmental Sanitation Program
D
uring the time span between care) Centres provided with clean water main component of the approach.
2004-2005 Plan Indonesia has supply and MCK for children. Beside The FRESH program was launched
launched significant efforts in that, health care education is also prior- in 2000 by WHO and is intended to sti-
relations to Water Supply and Envi- itized to school children, who eventually mulate policy formulation in school he-
ronmental Sanitation. Plan mobilizes will influence their family and the com- alth, provision of healthcare services in
resources to improve environmental sa- munity around them. School cleanliness schools, skill based health education,
nitation and water supply provision that and health care education is treated as and access to health care facilities. As
is conducted through development of key component in the FRESH (Focusing such, Plan also supports hygiene beha-
water supply service in 80 remotely Resource on Effective School Health) viour information dissemination chan-
located villages especially in those com- program implemented in 70 schools nels: from children-to-parents-to-com-
munities who suffer from difficulties in involving 3.500 pupils. Water use and munity. School children play an impor-
getting drinkable water supply. The wa- facilitation in health represents the tant role in improving health in schools.
ter supply and sanitation project has be-
nefited at least 15.000 families in In-
donesia.
In October 2005, Plan Indonesia "It's now easier for us to get water"
signed an MoU with Bappenas as a for-
mal background for Plan assistance to
the Indonesian government in imple-
menting water supply and environmen-
A bdullah, 43, could not conceal his
happiness when he saw a boy taking
wudhu (cleaning before praying) at a wa-
nity was succesful in constructing a reser-
voir to hold water from the spring for dis-
tribution to consumers. The community
tal sanitation program. The related ter tap in front of his house before he has elected water user committee for
went to the mosque to join midday prayer. O&M of the facility. Each famility is obli-
workshop was held and attended by offi-
According to Abdullah, before the Plan fa- ged to pay a contribution of Rp 1.000 a
cials representing Bappenas, Dept. cilitated water supply facility, it was very month.
Public Works, Dept. Health, Dept. Ho- difficult for us to get water In the hamlets Tenga and Madawa of
me Affairs, who provided inputs for the "As with other people, my wife, chil- the same village Plan needs to put the
dren and myself used to take water from community's expection into reality. From
development of mutual action plan bet-
the spring some three km away from home several organizations that visited the vil-
ween Plan and Government of Indo- before daybreak. We took a bath and had lage it is only Plan that actually responds
nesia (GOI). our breakfast over there. But now, every- the community demand.
Today other activities related to he- thing has changed entirely," said Abdullah "However, that was not easy. Plan put a
last February. number of requirements to be met, among
alth care are being undertaken in 12
In the village of Daha, Kabupaten others willingness to contribute. The proj-
Plan program offices and have impro- Dompu Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB) where ect must involve everyone of the communi-
ved community knowledge on the im- Abdullah and his family live there are mo- ty including children in planning, design, up
pact of lack of cleanliness and thus im- re than 300 households connected with to the maintenance," Abdullah added.
proves hygiene behaviour among the water supply system. The number will in- According to him, the pipe installation
crease along with the water committee's took 4 days to complete. The work is 3
community members. This is con- plan together with Plan to expand service days faster than the plan. "Because water
ducted through: (a) training of 500 vo- coverage to several other villages. demand is so pressing we worked harder
lunteers/teachers for health care This pipe network was laid in May and to the utmost capability," said Ab-
promotion, (b) training of pregnant 2005. The local community worked toge- dullah. Today many children take bath
ther digging ditches to lay the pipeline, three times a day. "Now we have time to
mothers and cadres, (c) hygiene educa- while Plan made available other mate- tend our garden." And one more thing,
tion for school children. rials, such as cement and technical assis- they have an experience in planning up to
The health care education has tance. Through this project, the commu- maintenance. (Plan)
reached 50 Adituka (Asuh Dini Tumbuh
Kembang Anak, Child growth early


BOOK INFO

Channel Reservoir, Solution to Flood and Drought
Drought can be taken as misfortune, culture system that since long time ago
but at times, if properly managed, it can Title: has been practised as an ideal natural
be a blessing. The author of this book COLLECTION OF IDEAS: method for water collector, storage and
suggests two philosophical grounds to FLOOD AND DROUGHT- distribution system. The channel is
turn drought into blessing, first how to CAUSE, ANTICIPATION, AND built by damming waterway so that the
save excess rainwater and distribute it RESOLUTION running water is intercepted to fill a
during dry season. Second, selection of Author: Gatot Irianto reservoir and flow sideways to fill
the right commodities, horizontally and Publisher: CV Universal Pustaka Media, 2003 underground water reserve.
vertically, suitable for the various levels Pages: xiii + 135 pp (Indonesian) There are three advantages of chan-
of water availability. To save water du- nel reservoir. First, storing the greater
ring wet season and distribute it during selection of commodities can be done by part of rainwater and surface runoff so
dry season is something very simple. changing plant species, such rice with that it can minimize flood occurences in
Using satellite imagery and air photo- other annual food crop. While horizon- the downstream areas. Second, reduce
graphs at proportional scale, the loca- tal selection is directed to several rice surface runoff velocity, rate of erosion
tion, quantity and dimension of water cultivars which one has a deeper root and sedimentation so that the flow
reservoir can be plotted into a map. system and which one has a shorter life downwrd takes longer time with a less
There is already a pilot project conduct- cycle. sediment load. Third, increase in
ed since 2000 to determine the location Beside that, drought can also mini- groundwater reserve during the wet sea-
criteria covering soil type, slope, mized by using channel reservoir that son that will provide relatively sufficient
rock/parent material. function as surface runoff and rainwater water during dry season. More ideally if
The selection of the right commodi- collector and improve land productivity. the channel reservoir is built steplike
ties that minimize drought risk and Conceptually, channel reservoir is an that is commonly known as channel
increase farmers' income. Vertical improvement of terraced wetland agri- reservoir linear in cascade. MJ

Defecation, No More a Private Matter

T
here is a prevailing notion up to Title: werage system. This system was built in
now that domestic wastewater, URBAN SANITATION: Bandung, Cirebon, Solo, and Yogya-
especially blackwater treatment PORTRAIT, HOPE AND karta during the Dutch colonial timess.
is the sole responsibility of the respec- OPPORTUNITY. IT'S NO But its was abandoned after indepen-
tive household. As long as a household MORE A PRIVATE MATTER dence. This model in now developed in
Authors: Bappenas Team,
has its own toilet, wastewater handling Balikpapan, Banjarmasin, Bandung,
WSP-EAP World Bank, Academics,
is considered safely done. But data indi- PT Waseso Tirta and BaliFokus Jakarta, Medan, Prapat, Surakarta,
cate that the frequency of diarrhoea Publisher: Bappenas and WSP-EAP World Bank Tangerang and Yogyakarta. Unfortu-
incidence is so high and groundwater is Year of Publication: 2006 nately its performance is unsatisfactory
contaminated. This is the currently pre- Pages: iv + 31 pp and it covers only 10 percent of the po-
vailing problem of the cities. pulation.
On the other hand, the government Indonesia has no regulation on septic Therefore, improvement is immedi-
budget allocation is only US$820 mil- tank. Septic tank can be built anywhere. ately needed. The municipality and
lion for sanitation sector for the last 30 It is estimated that there are 100 thou- kabupaten governments must put this
years. This means, each Indonesian ci- sand septic tanks in Jakarta. In addition matter a mandatory. According to
tizen is given Rp 200. This is of course to the absence of a regulation that obli- WHO for every dollar invested in sanita-
too far below the ideal amount of Rp ges every HH to regularly empty the tion it will produce economic benefit
47.000 per year. It is not a surprise, tank. Worst of all there is no one held equivalent to $8. To put it into reality
therefore, there are many problems responsible to septic tank control. the municipal and district governments
coming up. Data indicate that 100 thou- The fact is obviously different from must invite the participation all stake-
sand children died of diarrhoea. many other cities of the world. There holders and the communities. And it
Most apprehensive of all is that domestic wastewater is treated in se- must start from now! MJ

42 Percik Oktober 2006

WEBSITE INFO

Reuse being managed and assistance provided you the one in need for them. Please
http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/reuse/ by the council in waste material re- visit the website.
duction.
Reuse vs Recycle
R
euse is defined as using something
outside its initial use without Used Electronic Devices http://www.care2.com/channels/solu-
doing any siginificant structural change Collector and Distributor tions/home/106
to it. Reuse constitutes a very simple http://www.recycles.org/index.htm
idea, to save money, energy, resources

T
and room in the TPA (final disposal here might be no NGO as yet that
ground), and it can be practised by any- deals with reusing and recycling of
one. Reuse is the second stage of a used computers in Indonesia. But in
staged waste reducing process consis- industrialized countries there are many
ting of reduce, reuse and recycle as an such institutions because it is the habit
important program in reducing the of the developed communities to use a
amount of waste material before its product just within the limit of its effec-
transport to TPA. In the state of
California waste material reduction is

T
already programmed through a regional here are many who cannot dis-
government decree. tinguish between reuse and recy-
Reuse has many advantages. One of cle. Actually they are quite distinctively
different. Reuse does not need any
reproduction process, while recycle is an
effort to create a new product from a
used product/material. Reuse main-
tains efective use of a product for a
longer period of time.
tive age. In Indonesia the product is Why is it that reuse is so important?
used for a much longer period of time, Because at this very time there is a press-
i.e until it is completely broken down. ing demand to reduce waste. Reuse will
Recycle.org attempts to gather used maintain the quality of a product within
them is creation of employment oppor- computers to be distributed to those in the range of economically valuable.
tunity. According to Institute for Local need for them. And for this purpose, all Therefore, reuse is more effective than
Self-Reliance, there is a big potential the services are given free. Whoever in recycle. The reason is reuse prevents
through reuse efforts. "If one half of nesd for one he is just to contact the goods from being a waste, reducing it
25,5 million tons of long lasting goods NGO describing a clear identification from the source, saving energy because no
such as furniture, clothing, and ma- and authenticity. production process is taking place, etc.
chinery currently not used in US are With this service the NGO attempts In addition to a long discussion
reused, more than 110 thousand job to reduce waste computers and other about reuse, this website presents many
vacancies are created." electonic devices from being dumped articles about health especially as it re-
The website maintained by Council uselessly, whereas actually the techno- lates to waste handling. There are also
for Integrated Waste Management pro- logy contained in them is still valid and related waste material programs mana-
vides illustrations of many things re- beneficial. Are you interested in do- ged by various organizations and uni-
lated to reuse. It contains programs nating your used electronic device or are versities. MJ


CD INFO

WASPOLA Publication

Y
ou might have heard something Bangka Selatan, Bangka Barat, Solok, Sa-
about WASPOLA. Speaking of wahlunto Sijunjung, Kebumen and Pang-
WSS policy one must remember kajene.
WASPOLA. Water Supply and Sanitation In Policy Reform component, there is a
Policy Formulation and Action Planning is report of visit to Ho Chi Minh City, Viet-
a project designed to formulate the nation- nam. The study visits was intended to take
al WSS development policy. The project a look at the small scale water supply pro-
collaboratively managed by Bappenas, vision in the city. The other report contains
AusAID and the World Bank has been run- visit to Australia in relations to Australian
ning for several years. institutionally based WSS development.
Beside policy formulation this project The third component contains policy
also conducted field trials to translate the documents, among others proceedings of
policy into regional application. In this several workshops, communication strate-
connection, WASPOLA secretariate pro- gy formulation, Sanimas Outcome
duced CD about their activities for the Monitoring Study (SOMS), training activi-
priod between January-June 2006. The ten/provincial levels. The report contains ties such as facilitation, communication
CD labelled "WASPOLA Publication" con- implementation in NTB, Sumatra Barat, synergy, MPA-PHAST, CLTS, and so on.
tains four components, they are policy Sulawesi Selatan, Jawa Tengah, Gorontalo, In the last component the CD tells us
implementation, policy reform, manage- and Banten also Bangka Belitung that was ablout WASPOLA monthly report January
ment knowledge, and project management conducted in January - February, inclu- till July and English version of the report.
and coordination. ding its final report that was prepared in Included also report for the previous of
The first component contains imple- March - April. In addition, there is some July till December 2005 and WASPOLA
mentation of national policy for communi- mention about strategy plan for WSS deve- workplan 2006 that was officially
ty based WSS development at kabupa- lopment in several kabupatens such as approved in April 2006. MJ

The Break-down of Chain Link of Life
D
evelopment is mandatory. Yet film shows us how many families have
it is not infrequent that a de- to suffer from various kinds of disease
velopment is followed by di- after using polluted water from the
saster. This happens when those doing river. Besides, it is also shown in here
the activity neglect the aspects that the pollution does not only causes suf-
should have been the bases upon which fering in human beings but it also
one steps. When profit is the prime tar- affects other living creatures. Nature is
get, quite often other people around him ecologically damaged. This condition is
must allow themselves suffer from mi- not recoverable in short time, it needs a
sery. long period of time. The impact of the
The video CD produced by Wahana damage will also last long.
Lingkungan Hidup (WALHI) discusses The VCD is suitable to be shown for
a theme on pollution of rivers. The very environmental education. It is hoped
river is the main water source for the that through the show men will be
community living around it. The pulp lity. But fact indicates the waste dis- moved to be sensitive to environment
industry is accused for the river pollu- posed into the river has not met the and eventually will join in environmen-
tion. At a glance it seems the company standard quality and that's how the pol- tal conservation. MJ
has constructed a waste treatment faci- lution enters the river. The 30 minute


A R O U N D WA S P O L A

Interpretation of National Policy
into Local Context
SOURCE: WIWIT HERIS
A flash of smile from
Pekalongan
"Wow…..after such a long time,
finally we have PDAM in our village",
says one villager of Desa Kesesi,
Njagung one night during the communi-
ty meeting with Pekalongan Regional
WSS Working Group. It was concluded
with an agreement for water supply
development through establishment of
water supply management institution
from within the local community. Each
HH is willing to contribute Rp 50.000
for home connection, while the govern-
ment subsidy will come in the form of
water cathment structure. The village of
Kesesi is one of several hundred of vil-
lages in 19 kecamatans of Kabupaten
Pekalongan, Jawa Tengah that is using
its Special Allocation Fund (DAK) for
water supply development.
Slamet, Budi and Umar were smiling sucesses in understanding the natonal Policy in four kabupatens during
while contemplating the fruit of their policy at local level. They do not simply September 2006. Take for instance in
hard work. These three people are WSS follow the directions from above, rather Kabupaten Purbalingga, also in Jawa
Working Group champions who realize they take courage to critically and con- Tengah, the recorded field data indicate
that "if the project is implemented sim- textually think in accordance with the a significant increase in patterns of
ply to follow the central government actual demand of the community. It damages to the Water Supply and
direction it would certainly fall into the was quite probable, that if the Rp 1,3 bil- Environmental Sanitation systems built
same fate as the previous projects". On lion DAK allocated by national budget by the government. Damage escalation
the other hand, if one needs the susta- for Kab. Pekalongan is let to be used for during the last 15 years has come to a
nability there must be a serious effort the improvement of PDAM technical cumulative figure of 77 percent of the
though it should be admitted that such facilities, it won't benefit so significantly available facilities. This means, the user
an effort is not easy. Triggered from this the village community whom so far communities can no longer make use
awareness the three people with support haven't had the opportunity to have the remaining 23 percent facilities. This
from the other Working Group mem- clean water supply directly flowing into indicates the Regional Government has
bers developed an idea to use the coun- their homes. no WSS development concept.
terpart budget for community prepara- An evaluation suggested during the
tion and at the same time dissemination Reflection from facilitator workshop in Kabupaten Wajo was no
of the national policy to other potential The success story of Pekalongan is less apprehensive. The data revealed
DAK recipient villages. not necessarily the same with that of showed that approximately 50 percent
The experience is an example of other places. This was revealed in the of the kecamatans in the kabupaten do
workshop for Operationalization of the not have WSS service. When dry season



comes the communities would be in dif- development movement, application of in several projects, such as WSLIC-2 in
ficulty to get water for their daily needs. Public Health Service Guarantee and several provinces in Indonesia. On 29
If only the raw water from Lake Tempe matters related to WSS development. August-1 September 2006 MPA-PHAST
could be made to flow, the community Other roadshows were conducted in the training was conducted in two regions
wouldn't be suffering like that again. kabupatens of Wajo, Bima, and Dompu, namely in Pujut, Lombok Tengah for 5
Similarly in Kabupatens Bima and all of which have led to Workshop for provinces of the eastern part of
Dompu, the origin of WSS related pro- Operationalization of National Policy at Indonesia attended by 33 participants.
blems come from the shrinking amount the Regional Level. Similar activities at During the workshop all the partici-
of raw water source for several reasons, Province of NTT, Kabupatens Brebes pants directly applied the methods
namely uncontrolled forest clearing and and Pemalang and Province of Banten together with the local communities of
other reasons related to poor spatial have taken place the month before. The two villages in Lombok Tengah. Most
planning and improperly designed land WSS Working Group of Province particiapnts commented that the trai-
utilization. In addition, there is another Banten reported that the roadshow they ning was very interesting and important
"chronic disease" namely slow bu- initiated was also a success. There are to change the way of thinking of the
reaucracy and lack of inter office coordi- 17 other kabupatens are scheduled to regional government about community
nation, that directly influence the avai- embark on a roadshow this year. based approach, unfortunately though, the
lability of accurate data and maps, on time was too short. Similar worksop was
population, and on the potential com- Strengthening regional capacity in conducted by PMD of Dept Home Affairs
munity that strongly demand the supply MPA-PHAST in Semarang on 19-22 September 2006
and the existing WSS service con- MPA (Methodology for Participatory attended by 32 participants representing
sumers. Assessments) is one of the approaches western part of Indonesia.
The fact and data triggered the WSS that is continuously employed by
stakeholders to move ahead. This was WASPOLA to involving the communi- Provisioning regional implementors
made as the stepping stone for WASPO- ties in effective planning and develop- with basic facilitation training
LA team to continue to take forward ment so that they participate in decision For the purpose of improving the
steps. The essence of WASPOLA facili- making. MPA-PHAST has been applied capacity of regional working groups
tation this year is to increase the regio-
nal capacity to develop a planning in SOURCE: WIWIT HERIS

accordance with the national policy.
One of the indicators is that "the region
has the courage to bargain a program"
or in other words to have courage to find
a breakthrough to adapt the national
policy into the regional context in terms
of the local situation and condition and
the actual demand.

Continuation of roadshow and
regional level workshops
The regional implementation facili-
tation process indicates that roadshow
to the chiefs of regional government and
people's representatives is a first rate
method in obtaining political support.
Last September, a roadshow experience
in Purbalingga indicated a success. The
kabupaten administration gave its sup-
port by making availabe regional budget
through the Bupati's Instruction letter
No. 546.2/4 of 2006 for infiltration well



Facilitation Skill Training was held in policy implementation
July and August 2006. There were two Up to September 2006 WASPOLA
batches of participants, the first was there were several iden- has completed facilitation activities in
held in Yogyakarta by PMD of Dept tifiable barriers that 49 kabupatens. To enable to cover the
Home Affairs attended by 32 partici- constrained policy facili- activities in such a big number of kabu-
pants, while the second batch was tation, one of them is patens it is required to develop effective
organized by WASPOLA in Bali at- strategy breakthroughs to speed up
lack of comprehensive
tended by 33 participants representing adoption process and policy implemen-
several provinces. This meeting is con-
knowledge in the part of tation in the field. From observation
sidered very important by the partici- the decision makers made by WASPOLA communication
pants because facilitation skill is a basic team both at the central and at regional
requirement for policy implementor to levels some time ago, there were several
enable him to change towards accept- identifiable barriers that constrained
able attitude and at the same time policy facilitation, one of them is lack of
improving his capacity in the applica- Water Sources". Similar workshop was comprehensive knowledge in the part of
tion of participatory methods as starting also held in the Provinces of Jawa the decision makers that leads to insuf-
point for community based approaches. Tengah and NTB. A pioneer model that ficient support, in addition to poor
Several kabupatens, for example Pan- was produced therefrom will be dis- advocacy skill especially with lack of
deglang, expressed their interest to con- cussed in more detail at national level support from communication media.
duct similar training in their respective meeting, in order to obtain more inputs The general public do not pay enough
regions. for a continuing policy improvement. attention to sanitation issues because
such issues are rarely brought to their
Mainstreaming upper-lower wa- National coordination meeting attention by mass media. Another con-
tershed issue to sustain raw water The National coordination meeting straint of note is the prevailing inter-
availability was facilitated by Directorate General agency sectoral egoism that adversely
The availibility of raw water that (DG) Bangda Dept Home Affairs and affects the motivation to formulation of
meets standard quality is a prerequisite was flowing intensively and in participa- regional WSS development strategy.
for water supply service. While some tory manner. To overcome this issue, WASPOLA
region may have very limited water All the WASPOLA facilitated team formulated six Communication
source is a deviation from the concept of provinces, kabupatens and cities during Strategies that have been revised and
regional autonomy wherein regional 2003-2006 were present and have con- improved based on inputs from Central
authority is divided but does not include cluded important agreements related to WSS Working Group internal workshop
ownership of raw water source. This policy implementation. There are at and from other involved parties. The
has been calculated as one aspect that present 4 WASPOLA facilitated regions communication strategy is a communi-
may triggers inter-regional conflict of of 2004 that have completed its WSS cation intervention method to various
interest and conflict between regional development strategy and is now fol- key elements for policy implementation
users. It is necessary to find effective lowed with operational program. Five in order to develop it into a sustainable
raw water management models to gua- other regions facilitated in 2005 are in program. Through an internal work-
rantee sustainable water supply provi- the final stage of the strategy formula- shop held on 28 September 2006 the
sion. It would be ideal if there were a tion. One of the meeting agenda was a Central WSS Working Group has
model that could reflect involvement of discussion on "Communication Strategy accepted the role and responsibility and
all stakeholders, a just environmental to support WSS development in the the funding will be included in WSS
service and improving welfare of all regions" and this was followed with gro- Working Group FY 2007 Budget. This
especially the community. up discussion. At the end of the work- document will serve as guideline for the
The first upper-lower watershed shop they were asked to present to the implementation of communication stra-
workshop was held in August 2006 in group the action plan to be implemnted tegy in the future, hence it be distrib-
Padang with a theme that reads in their respective regions including uted accordingly. (Wiwit Heris)
"Optimizing Regional Involvement in communication aspect integrated in it.
the Management of Inter-regional Raw Communication strategy to support


AROUND WSS

CWSH Health Promotion Training

C
ommunity Water Services and Promotion Development, Organization
Health Project (CWSHP) con- of UKS, Sanitation Clinic, CLTS as an
ducted Health Promotion train- alternative for Resolution of Sanitation
ing in Surabaya on 20-24 September Problem, MPA-PHAST, Commu-
2006. The training was intended to nication and Media Development, and
coordinate health promotion programs Self Reflection.
of CWSH and Desa Siaga considering The training produced an agree-
both programs are working on similar ment of a set of duties and responsibi-
approach. lities in accordance with their own pro-
This training was attended by gram. The program comprises four
Environmetal Health and Health aspects, they are empowerment,
Promotion of four provinces and 20 hygiene behaviour, health promotion,
kabupatens, consisting of Provinces gram approach between Environmental and UKS. In addition to the agreement
Kalimantan Barat (5 kabupatens), Health and Health Promotion with concluding the training also produced
Kalimantan Tngah (7 kabupatens), School Health Unit (UKS). several recommendations, among oth-
Bengkulu (3 kabupatens) and Jambi (5 The subject matters discussed in the ers the need for involvement of Dept.of
kabupatens). The training was officially training included introduction of National Education in UKS program,
opened by Director of Environmetal CWSH, National Policy for Community maintaining a specific website, pus-
Health, Dept Health. He urged the par- Based WSS Development, National kesmas sanitarian training. Mahmud
ticipants to develop an integrated pro- Policy and Strategy for Health Yunus/MJ

Methodology for Participatory Assessment - Participatory Hygiene
and Sanitation Transformation (MPA-PHAST) Orientation Training

O
n 19-23 September 2006 the Siagian (Section Head, Facilities institutional support and policy sup-
Directorate General for Com- and Infrastrures, DG PMD) on behalf port.
munity Development (PMD) of the DG PMD, and Oswar Mungkasa The activity that was attended by 36
Dept Home Affairs organized orienta- (Head of Subdirectorate Solid participants was filled with MPA-
tion training on Methodology for Waste & Drainage, Bappenas), and PHAST related subject matters and
Participatory Assessment - Participato- Gary Swisher (WASPOLA Leader). The other aspects related to sustainable
ry Hygiene and Sanitation Trans- orientation was facilitated by Amin WSS service development and field
formation (MPA-PHAST) in Semarang. Robianto and Herry Setyadi from Citra practice in the application of MPA-
The activity was intended to improve Darani Jakarta and Nur Khamid from PHAST softwares. The participants we-
understanding and facilitation skill of Meda Parahita Lumajang. re divided into three groups each group
the individuals directly involved in the MPA-PHAST methodology compris- was sent to different village, Gondoriyo,
application of MPA-PHAST methodolo- es several stages, i.e preparatory, plan- Genting, and Bedono. The three villages
gy. With this capacity it is hoped that ning, implementation and monev, each are in Ambarawa area, in Kecamatan
the participants will increase the effica- influences the others and operates on 7 Jambu Kabupaten Semarang.
cy of planning, monitoring and evalua- variables: sustainable efficacy, effective After completion of field practice
tion processes in the WSS sector deve- use, community demand reponsiveness, the participants began to realize that it
lopment. participation in management, commu- is not easy to deal with the community.
The event was opened by Togap nity empowerment and participation, rie


AROUND WSS

Socialization of SPAM Care to School Children
"H ari why do you still use too
much water?? …Please dech!!"
That reads the opening slogan brought
Dharma Praja and 90 from Public High
School 8 enthusiastically took part in
the program. Using educational tool kit
Denpasar. Before that they were intro-
duced to government policies related to
Water Supply Provision System and
to Dharma Praja, Denpasar high school the students took water quality mea- Decision of Minister of Health
students in an event called Socialization surement in the river near their school. No.907/MENKES/2002 on Standard
of SPAM (Water Supply Provision Based on the masurement the water Requirements for Drinking Water and
System) Care for High School Students from Badung river is within the normal Drinking Water Quality Control. It is
2006, held on 22 September 2006. This range. The collected data read: pH is hoped that with this activity the stu-
event was conducted in collaboration somewhere around 8, turbidity above dents would become SPAM representa-
between Directorate of Water Supply 100 JTU (Jackson Turbitity Unit), dis- tives who are aware of and willing to
Development Dept Public Works and solved oxygen 4 mg/l on average. With influence their friends and families how
PDAM Kota Denpasar. The purpose such a condition river Badung is catego- to behave with regard to water.
was to explain the system in water sup- rized as moderate, although turbidity is in They were also instilled to develop
ply provision and to build an awareness poor condition. While analysis of Tukad a creative proposal in connection
how important water resource conser- Ayung river by SMUN 8 students con- with water campaign in any possible
vation is. cludes that the river is still worthy for raw form. Radio CDBS Bali that also took
The program was targeted to two water source for PDAM Kota Denpasar. part in this occasion is willing to
high schools, the Dharma Praja High The students were guided to tour the become the media for environment
School and Public High School No. 8 raw water source and its treatment at care youth of Bali, particularly in
Denpasar. There were 55 students from the facility in Blusung PDAM Kota relations to water. MJ

Workshop Moderation and Visualization for
Group Event (MOVE)
C onsidering the complexity of pro-
blems related to water supply and
sanitation sector to be submitted to the
vide highly required moderation and
visualization skill by PR practitioners to
summarize the actual problems and
co-moderator.
MOVE methodology has been tried
in many countries including Indonesia.
government, the community and mass issues or constraints to be presented to This methodology is recommended by
media by the pulic relations of WSS the government, community and media GTZ, USAID, World Bank, and many
related institutions, Water and Sani- in well packaged information so that the other international organizations.
tation Network in collaboration with actual and critical issues are clearly MOVE applies the principles of coope-
Water Supply Communication Forum transmitted. ration, visualization, and evaluation and
(RORKAMI) organized MOVE (Mode- This activity was attended by thirty orientation to problem.
ration and Visualization for Group participants from WSS Working Group Manfred Oepen and Frans Tugiman
Event) Workshop in Yogyakarta 4-7 (Pokja AMPL), Regulatory Body, PDAM reminded the participants that to
September 2006. MOVE is an interna- Kota Bogor, PDAM Kabupaten Bogor, become MOVE moderator one must be
tional guidance for public relations and and Yayasan Satunama. The event was able to guide an audience without do-
adult education in improving modera- opened by Drs. Abdul Muthalib. Man- minating them. They have to be able to
tion and visualization skill. fred Oepen from Water and Sanitation respect each one's idea and experience
This workshop was intended to pro- Network and Frans Tugiman acted as brought forward by the audience. rie


f
W S S L I B R A RY

GENERAL BOOK FINAL REPORT IMPLEMENTATION OF ECONOMIC
IMPACT OF WATER SUPPLY INVESTMENT TO
NATIONAL PROFILES ON CHILDREN'S HEALTH AND INDONESIAN ECONOMY
THE ENVIRONMENT: ASSESSING READINESS FOR
IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROTEC- BASIC FACILITATION SKILL TRANING REPORT: WITHIN THE
TION AND CHEMICAL SAFETY FOR CHILDREN FRAMEWORK OF IMPL3MENTATION OF NATIONAL POLICY FOR
Publisher: World Health Organization COMMUNITY BASED WSS DEVELOPMENT
Publisher: DG PMD Dept Home Affairs, Jakarta 2006
ECO HYDRAULICS OF RIVER CONSTRUCTION: MITIGATION OF
FLOOD AND DAMAGES OF RIVER BASIN ENVIRONMENT. SECOND
EDITION
Author: Maryono, Agus. Yogyakarta
Publisher: Postgraduate Program, UGM, 2005 G U I D E L I N E
PICTURE BOOK THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE : ROAD STANDARD LIST IN CIVIL CONSTRUCTION AND ENGINEERING:
& BRIDGE (VOL.1). STANDAR NASIONAL INDONESIA (SNI), TECHNICAL GUIDELINE AND
Authors: Hartmann, Ekart & Unger, Heinz MANUAL
Publisher: World Bank, Jakarta, 2006 Publisher: Dept. Public Works Agency for Research and
Development Jakarta, 2004

L AW A N D R E G U L AT I O N
DECISION OF MINISTER OF FINANCE NO. TECHNICAL GUIDELINE AND MANUAL, FIRST EDITION,
518/KMK.01/2005 ON THE FORMATION OF RISK DECEMBER 2002; PART 6 (VOLS II & III) URBAN WATER
MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE FOR INFRASTRUC- SUPPLY SYSTEM
TURE PROVISION IN INDONESIA Publisher: Dept Kimpraswil
Author: Water Supply Provision System Agency for Research and Development, Jakarta 2002
Development Support Agency Ept. Publ Works,
2005 TECHNICAL GUIDELINE AND MANUAL, FIRST EDI-
TION, DECEMBER 2002; PART 5 (VOL II) RURAL
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
PRESIDENT REGULATION NO. 67 YEAR OF 2005 Publisher: Dept Kimpraswil
REGARDING ON GOVERNMENT COOPERATION WITH PUBLIC Agency for Research and Development, Jakarta 2002
BUSINESS UNIT ON INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT.
Author: Support Agency for Water Supply Provider TECHNICAL & MANUAL GUIDELINE, FIRST EDITION,
System, Public Works Departement, Jakarta 2005 DECEMBER 2002: SECTION 6 (VOL. 1) URBAN DRINK
WATER (URBAN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM).
Publisher: Development and Research, Departement of Public
WATERS ACT 1920 (ACT 416) & WATER SUPPLY (FEDERAL TERRITORY Works, Jakarta, 2002
OF KUALA LUMPUR) ACT 1998 (ACT 581)
Author: International Law Book Services, 2001
Publisher: International Law Book Services, Malaysia

MAGAZINE
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENTAL DECREE NO.48/1996 REGARDING
DECREE OF THE STATE MINISTER OF ENVIRONMENT ACCESS
NUMBER: KEP-48/MENLH/II/1996 REGARDING NOISE LEVEL STANDARD 8th edition July/August 2006. Australian
Publisher: State Minister of Environment Indonesia Community Development and Civil Society
Strengthening Scheme

JOURNAL ON GLOBAL ISSUES USA:
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 30 YEARS PROGRESS
PROJECT REPORT IN THE UNITED STATES
Washington DC eJournal USA. 2005
FINAL REPORT IMPLEMENTATION OF ECONOMIC IMPACT OF WATER
SUPPLY INVESTMENT TO INDONESIAN ECONOMY CIPTA KARYA BULLETIN
Jakarta, Basic Village Infrastructure and Facility Development and No. 8/4th YEAR/2006
Control Independent Unit, 2006


A G E N DA

D AT E MONTH ACTIVITY
30 August - 1 September Coord Meeting WSS Policy Implementation in Bandung
28 August - 1 September MPA-PHAST Training in Mataram
01 September Meeting on Operationalization of National Policy for WSS Development in Lombok NTB
30 August - 1 September Coord Meeting on National Policy for WSS Development in Makassar
01 September ISSDP Inception Report Pre-Workshop in Jakarta
4-7 September Workshop Moderation and Visualization of Group Event - MOVE (FORKAMI) in Yogyakarta
4-6 September WSS Technical Training for Provinces of Jabar, Sulsel, and Sulbar (WSLIC) in Surabaya
04 September Meeting on WASPOLA 2 Project and Sustainable Exit Strategy in Jakarta
5-7 September Coord Meeting WSS Policy Implementation in Makassar
06 September Presentation of Innovative Decision Making for a Sustainable Management of
Water (DIMSUM) in Jakarta
07 September Training on WSS/SUSENAS 2006 Data Processing in Jakarta
08 September Workshop ISSDP Inception Report in Jakarta
9-13 September ProAir Workshop for Sumba Barat, Sumba Timur and NTT in Kupang
14 September Socialization of Strategy Plan in Solok
18 September Workshop on WSS-BM in Dompu
19-23 September MPA-PHAST Orientation in Semarang
19-21 September Workshop Operationalization of National Policy for WSS Development in Bima
19 September Roadshow and Workshop Operationalization of National Policy for
WSS Development in Purbalingga
20-23 September CWSH Health Promotion Training in Surabaya
19-20 September Socialization of Strategy Plan for National Policy for WSS Development in Banten
21 September Workshop Operationalization of National Policy for WSS Development in Wajo
21 September Water Supply Facility Development (ProAir) Meeting in Sumba barat
28 September Communication Strategy WASPOLA 2 Meeting in Jakarta
29 September Coord Meeting WSS Development in Jakarta
30 September Roadshow and Workshop Operationalization of National Policy for WSS Development in NTT
2-4 October Workshop Water Resources Management Instrument in Jakarta
2-7 October Field Tests of SUSENAS Data in Palembang, Semarang, Minahasa, Kupang ,
Lombok Barat, Ternate
03 October Seminar on Local Community Access and Role in Water Supply Service in Jakarta
06 October Regional Meeting on Initiatives on Environment and Health in Jakarta
9-13 October Workshop on Strategy Plan for National Policy for WSS Development in
Bukittinggi, Sumatra Barat
11 October Preparation for Regional TOT and National Meeting on Scaling Up CLTS in Jakarta
12 October Roadshow and Workshop Operationalization of National Policy for WSS Development in Kupang
12 October Meeting for Strategy Paper "Financing Piped Water Service" in Jakarta
13 October ProAir Meeting in Jakarta
16 October Meeting on Speeding up the Formation of BPAL in Bali
17 October Preparatory for Appraisal of Western Java Environmental (WJEMP) in Jakarta
17 October Meeting on Policy for Subsidy and Public Service Obligation in Jakarta
18 October Meeting on Trial for BPS Questionaire in Jakarta
19 October Coordination Meeting on WASPOLA - WSS Working Group Workplan in Jakarta
19 October Coordination Meeting on WSS Communication Network in Jakarta


I AT P I C L I N I C Contributor: Sandhi Eko Bramono (Sandhieb@yahoo.com)
Lina Damayanti (Ldamayanti@yahoo.com)

Percik Magazine in cooperation with Sanitation Engineer and and Environmental Engineer Association maintain Clinic column.
This column deals with questions and answers on water supply and environmental sanitation

Protecting Water Source
around TPA
Question: But if they have to consume the For the second question, it is quite
First I wish to know the applicable groundwater and if it is found that the possible that intrusion of salt water
technology or method in an area loca- groundwater is polluted, then the soil has entered the groundwater immedi-
ted somewhere around 10 m from a and the water must be properly reme- ately along the coastline. This can be
TPA (final disposal site) in order to died. This a very expensive technolo- resolved by preventive measure, i.e
protect the clean groundwater from gy, because in the US to cleanse a site not to exploit groundwater in excess
leachate intrusion. Secondly, how from landfill pollution would cost of the prescribed discharge rate.
can a community living along the US$125 million per site. This is the Otherwise, salt water intrusion will
coastline turn the raw brackish curative measure. begin and the fresh water will turn
groundwater into drinkable water. brackish.
What technology is applicable for this If one has to use the brackish
It is quite possible that
purpose? Thank you in advance. water as raw water source, one may
intrusion of salt water has
use a technology called Reverse
entered the groundwater
chris tinto Osmosis (RO). This techology is
immediately along the
<tintochris@yahoo.cu.id> based on the principle of membrane
coastline. This can be
with minute pores subjected to high
Answer:
resolved by preventive pressure to repel salt compounds
For areas with high probability of
measure, i.e not to exploit from the solution. It is a relatively
pollution contamination (such as one groundwater in excess of the costly method, somewhere around
near TPA), one should admit, that it prescribed discharge rate. US$2 per cu. metre. As a comparison
will be difficult to access water sup- the average cost for surface water in
ply, if the source is groundwater. Indonesia costs US$.25 per cu. metre.
Measures for soil and groundwater The technology commonly used If one decides not to use this tech-
protection from pollution must have for this purpose is called Passive nology the alternative is to use piped
been taken before the TPA was to Reactive Barriers. This techology uti- water supplied from a source other
start operation. This is called preven- lized concrete barriers in the ground- than the coastline.
tive measure. water flow. The barriers are coated If that is still not possible, the
In case any of these measures can- with some kind of chelator and oxida- government can subsidize the use
not be undertaken, naturally the com- tor to bind and oxidize toxic sub- of RO technology for this kind of
munity have to find access to water stances in the waste leachate. By so areas so that the investment and
supply from other sources (such as doing, preventive measure is still O&M are affordable. The essence
piped water from water treatment preferable to curative. Or we have to is the tehnology chosen must be
facility that takes its raw water from go back to using water from a service dependable and at the same time
sources other than groundwater taken from a source other than a pol- also affordable. Sandhi
around the TPA). luted site.


G L O S S A RY

Piezometric head line
Also called Hydraulic Grade Line of open channel. In practice it is also called flow surface line

Pit Latrine
One of pit latrine types with crouching plate over a vertical bore 1,25 m2 pit 3-6 m deep vertical, but not lower than
ground water table. It consists of concrete plate construction and is provided with non permanent cover. When the pit is
almost full its is filled with soild and cover till ca. 60 cm, before a new pit is excavated at another place.

Pit Privy
One of latrine types consisting of cover plate for crouching mounted over 1,25 m2 pit hole and depth 1,5 m. Around the
pit is covered with wood. Provided with ventilation as an outlet for gasses produced inside. The pit hole is not designed to
receive flush water.

Plain aeration
Waste water aeration without the involvement of active mud. With air bubles touching the waste coagulation is expect-
ed between colloids and waxy materials. It is commonly conducted at the beginning of treatment as pre-aeration.

Plain chlorination
Treatment of physically and chemically good quality raw water taken from surface water source (e.g water spring, arte-
sian well) simply by chlorination.

Plain concrete pipe
Concrete pipe without reinforcement usually at a diameter of less than 24 in. and is not intended to withstand a very big
burden

Plain sedimentation
Water treatment facility consisting of a basin for large sediment to settle by gravity force

Plant
An integrated system consisting of components or units that are working supporting each other towards processing/pro-
ducing a result

Plant layout
Arrangement pattern of units or components of an installation on an area or site plan.

Plate settler
Plates fixed in the sediment unit in such a position so as to minimize turbulence in the flow treated water in order to
maximize sedimentation capacity of the unit.

Plug-flow
One of oval shaped flow models in water treatment plant, in which the comparison of tube length with its width is so big.
Treated water flows in and out from the same part. In this flow the most influential dimension is length of detention time.

from Dictionary of Foreign Language Terms and Abbreviation in Sanitation and Environment Engineering
Publisher: Trisakti University

Indonesia Water and Sanitation Magazine. October 2006. When Drought's Gone It's Time for Floods

Indonesia Water and Sanitation Magazine. October 2006. When Drought's Gone It's Time for Floods

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