May's existential analytic position
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Rollo May was an American existential psychologist who developed an existential-analytic approach. He was influenced by Kierkegaard, Heidegger, and Freud. May's existential-analytic position combines existential philosophy with psychoanalytic concepts. It focuses on a person's attempts to make sense of their existence and take responsibility for their actions as they live according to their values. May believed that anxiety stems from feelings of loneliness and emptiness when people's values become disintegrated in modern society. The expansion of consciousness allows people to be more creative and in control of their lives as they progress through stages of personality development from innocence to an ordinary to creative consciousness of self. May's techniques focused more on a
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Hans Eysenck was a psychologist who developed a theory of personality consisting of three types: introversion/extraversion, stability/neuroticism, and impulse control/psychoticism. He believed these types were biologically based and could be measured using statistical analyses of personality data. Eysenck proposed that extraverts have weaker inhibitory processes, making them more stimulation-seeking, while introverts have stronger processes, causing them to prefer more solitary activities. He also advocated for behavior therapy techniques like systematic desensitization to treat neurotic behaviors and disorders.
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Rollo may
Rollo May was an American psychologist who helped develop existential psychology. Some key aspects of May's work include:
- He combined existentialist philosophy with psychoanalytic traditions to explain his view of psychology.
- May believed that anxiety, feelings of threat and powerlessness are essential to human growth and development as they give people the freedom to act courageously.
- He outlined four stages of consciousness of self: innocence, rebellion, ordinary consciousness, and creative consciousness.
- May emphasized the importance of integrating motives called "daimons" and balancing love and will.
- He criticized views of love and sex that had become separated in society during the 1960s sexual revolution.
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- Adler asserted that both genders are capable of "masculine protest" as children but what they protest is shaped by societal expectations of gender roles.
- Horney developed the concept of "basic anxiety" which results from unsatisfied childhood needs for love and affection and a sense of hostility toward parents. She believed this drives the development of protective strategies and neurotic needs in personality.
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• Feist, J. & Feist, G. (2009). Theories of personality (7th ed.). USA: McGraw−Hill Companies
• Tria, D. & Limpingco. (2007). Personality (3rd ed.). Quezon City, Philippines: Ken Inc.
• Daniel, V. Object relations theory. Retrieved as of 2016 from https://www.sonoma.edu/users/d/daniels/objectrelations.html
Other references:
• Cervone, D. & Pervine, L. (2013). Personality: Theory and research (12th ed.). USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Cloninger, S. (2004). Theories of personality: Understanding persons (4th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
• Ryckman, R. (2008).Theories of personality (9th ed.). USA: Thomson Wadsworth
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11 existential analytic psychology
If you find this useful, don't forget to hit 'love.'
• Feist, J. & Feist, G. (2009). Theories of personality (7th ed.). USA: McGraw−Hill Companies
• Tria, D. & Limpingco. (2007). Personality (3rd ed.). Quezon City, Philippines: Ken Inc.
• Daniel, V. Object relations theory. Retrieved as of 2016 from https://www.sonoma.edu/users/d/daniels/objectrelations.html
Other references:
• Cervone, D. & Pervine, L. (2013). Personality: Theory and research (12th ed.). USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Cloninger, S. (2004). Theories of personality: Understanding persons (4th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
• Ryckman, R. (2008).Theories of personality (9th ed.). USA: Thomson Wadsworth
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If you find this useful, don't forget to hit 'love.'
• Feist, J. & Feist, G. (2009). Theories of personality (7th ed.). USA: McGraw−Hill Companies
• Tria, D. & Limpingco. (2007). Personality (3rd ed.). Quezon City, Philippines: Ken Inc.
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• Ryckman, R. (2008).Theories of personality (9th ed.). USA: Thomson Wadsworth
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Alfred Adler developed Individual Psychology, which viewed human motivation as striving for perfection and superiority. He believed people develop styles of life early in childhood based on feelings of inferiority and their way of compensating. Adler emphasized social interest and saw neurosis as a lack of concern for others. Key concepts included masculine protest, birth order influences, and understanding people holistically rather than by internal traits. Adler assessed personalities through early memories, dreams, and expression styles.
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Raymond Cattell (1905-1998) broke personality traits into 16 categories using a statistical measure known as factor analysis to calculate the relationships among traits. Cattell hoped to determine how each trait influenced other traits in the same individual. For each of the 16 categories, Cattell measured a high end and a low end along a spectrum. For example, you might measure high on the cheerful - serious spectrum and low on the practical - imaginative spectrum.
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If you find this useful, don't forget to hit 'love.'
• Feist, J. & Feist, G. (2009). Theories of personality (7th ed.). USA: McGraw−Hill Companies
• Tria, D. & Limpingco. (2007). Personality (3rd ed.). Quezon City, Philippines: Ken Inc.
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Other references:
• Cervone, D. & Pervine, L. (2013). Personality: Theory and research (12th ed.). USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Cloninger, S. (2004). Theories of personality: Understanding persons (4th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
• Ryckman, R. (2008).Theories of personality (9th ed.). USA: Thomson Wadsworth
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- 1. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT, THEORIES, AND CONCEPTS RICHARD M. BAÑEZ Presenter JENNY LYN B. CASANO, Ph.D. Cand. Professor Existential-Analytic Position ROLLO REESE MAY
- 2. May's Existential-Analytic PositionCoverage Biography Concepts and Principles What Is Existentialism? Existentialism and Psychoanalysis Values Disintegration in Modern Society and the Loss of Our Moral Compass Emptiness and Loneliness The Emergence of Anxiety The Expansion of Consciousness Personality Development Assessment Techniques
- 3. ROLLO REESE MAY • born in Ada, Ohio, in 1909, and raised into a family characterized by intense marital conflicts • exposed to the existentialism of Kierkegaard and Heidegger • studied Kierkegaard’s and Freud’s views on anxiety • obtained Bachelor of Arts degree from Oberlin College in Ohio in 1930 • earned his Bachelor of Divinity degree Cum Laude in 1938 from Union Theological Seminary in New York • studied Psychoanalysis at the William Alanson White Institute of Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis, and Psychology in New York. • was awarded the Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology in Columbia University • The Meaning of Anxiety
- 4. ROLLO REESE MAY • He served as a faculty member at the New School for Social Research, New York University, Harvard, Yale, and Princeton. • He also published a number of books, including Man’s Search for Himself (1953), Psychology and the Human Dilemma (1967), Love and Will (1969), Power and Innocence (1972), Paulus: Reminiscences of a Friendship (1973), The Courage to Create (1975), Freedom and Destiny (1981), The Discovery of Being: Writings in Existential Psychology (1983), My Quest for Beauty (1985), The Cry for Myth (1991), and his last major work, published posthumously, The Psychology of Existence: An Integrative, Clinical Experience (1995), coauthored with Kirk Schneider.
- 5. Concepts and Principles What Is Existentialism? • Existentialism: philosophy that focuses on people’s attempts to make sense of their existence • People assign meaning to life and take responsibility for their actions as they try to live in accordance with their chosen values • Dasein: a person exists in a particular place at a particular time • A person can be conscious of, and responsible for, his or her existence, and can therefore choose the direction his or her life will take
- 6. Concepts and Principles What Is Existentialism? • Being: developmental process whereby the individual seeks to realize his or her unique set of potentials • Ontology: branch of philosophy that seeks to understand the nature of being • May disapproved of the existentialists’ use of the term “being” because it connotes a substance that is static and unchanging • He preferred the term becoming: process in which we ourselves are the source of change, as we struggle as individuals to realize our potential
- 7. Concepts and Principles Existentialism and Psychoanalysis • Existential-analytic perspective: theoretical approach to understanding human personality that combines elements of existential philosophy with Freudian concepts • Three modes of being-in-the-world: 1. Umwelt: biological or natural environment in which human beings exist 2. Mitwelt: world of interrelationships 3. Eigenwelt: unique presence in human beings of self-awareness and self-relatedness
- 9. Concepts and Principles Values Disintegration in Modern Society and the Loss of Our Moral Compass Healthy INDIVIDUALISM Unhealthy INDIVIDUALISM The Emergence of Anxiety Normal ANXIETY Neurotic ANXIETY Emptiness and Loneliness Healthy communal ORIENTATION Unhealthy communal ORIENTATION Living in an age of transition makes us question our values and goals. Disintegration leads to negative consequences. Feelings of anxiety stem from loneliness and emptiness. Anxiety signals an internal conflict.
- 10. Concepts and Principles The Expansion of Consciousness • The more conscious of our being we are, the more spontaneous and creative we will be • Allows us to be more capable of choosing our plans and reaching our goals
- 11. Concepts and Principles Personality Development Innocence: no consciousness of self Rebellion: we seek to establish our inner strength Ordinary consciousness of self: some awareness of prejudices and limitations Creative consciousness of self: transcendence of the usual or ordinary limits of consciousness
- 12. Concepts and Principles Assessment Techniques • No primary focus on techniques; focus instead on the person's attitudes, the special meanings of his or her existence
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