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![Radiation Therapy
Involving Cyclotrons
• Accelerates [cyclotron] protons to high energies
• Proton beam is then sent down a beam line and into
a gantry
• Then directed to eradicate a portion of the
patient
Pros:
• Targets specific areas of the body
Cons:
• Range of protons of dependent on depth of body
– If body moves beams will miss targeted portion
• Can only be used on brain tumors
• Cost is 150 million](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/thecyclotron-120604120911-phpapp02/85/Pence-Cyclotron-55-320.jpg)
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Pence: Cyclotron
- 1. The Cyclotron By:Andrea Pence
- 2. Research Question: How didthe development of the cyclotron influence and develop the scientific environment in which we live today?
- 3. Cyclo:Circular What is a Cyclotron? Tron:Across Cyclotron Diagram
- 4. A cyclotron is… •A particle accelerator – Sends charged particles, which constantly accelerate through a ‘Dee’, through a circular path until they are (most likely) directed towards a designated target for a specific purpose
- 5. How it works… •Electrons enter a vacuum in the device – Vacuum is suspended between two magnetic poles • High frequency, alternating voltage is then applied to the ‘Dee’ electrodes • The particles increase speed and energy as they travel along a spiral path • With each turn on the spiral path they gain more speed, frequency, and energy • Particles will continue on this path until they reach their target – This creates secondary particles • These can be measured by instruments les artic at ed P cc eler
- 7. Uses of theCyclotron • For decades best source of high energy beams for physics experiments • Treatment for Cancer – Proton Therapy • PET imaging
- 8. Cyclotron Experiments • Element113 (Uut) recently discovered • Element 115 (Uup) also recently discovered • Dr. James Meadows used cyclotrons in an experiment on radionuclide production • Resonance in silicon and germanium
- 9. Advantages • Utilizes asingle, electrical driver – This saves energy and $ • High power due to continuous stream of particles • Compact design
- 10. Limitations • Spiral beamof a cyclotron means it will only be efficient and work with Klystron type voltage
- 11. Problems Solved • Untilthe cyclotron, the linear accelerator was the only way to produce high-frequency radio waves – Pretty crappy • The cyclotron has better waves than the linear accelerator <
- 12. Related Technology • Amagnetron is a accelerator based off of the cyclotron – You all know what a magnetron is, you have one in your kitchen • Magnetron = microwave
- 13. More Related Technology: Cyclotron Radiation What is it: Electromagnetic radiation emitted by charged particles • Cyclotron radiation, found around black holes, is an excellent source of information about distant magnetic fields
- 14. … • Cyclotron radiationwould likely be produced in a high- altitude nuclear explosion • Gamma rays produced by this explosion would ionize atoms in the upper atmosphere • These free electrons would interact with Earth’s magnetic feild
- 15. • Produceing cyclotronradiation in the form of a electromagnetic pulse • EMP is a current concern of the military because it could damage solid, state equipment
- 16. The History ofthe Cyclotron is not some easily untangled web…
- 17. Leo Lzilard • Inventedthe Cyclotron • Other inventions – Nuclear Chain reaction – Electron microscope – Linear accelerator
- 18. Leo’s History • Cyclotron:Szilard conceived this idea somewhere in the 1900-1930 • Nuclear Chain Reaction: – 1933 Ernest Rutherford gives a speech proclaiming that atomic energy will never be useful – Shocked, Szilard comes up with N.C.R. that very day – Helped achieve atomic bomb with collaboration from Einstein and various other scientists – Later in life he reported regretting having created the atomic bomb and hoped it wouldn’t be used on the public
- 19. Continued • 1960,Szilard is diagnosed with bladder cancer • He is treated using his own treatment regime (radiation therapy (this therapy involves the use of cyclotrons)) • Put into remission
- 20. Going On… • 1960,after being ‘cured’, he helped found Council for a Livable World • C.L.W.- organization dedicated to protecting society from everything radioactive and atomic
- 21. Council for aLivable World • Helps elect congressional candidates who support them – 120 U.S arms control advocates – 203 House of Representatives • Raised 1.3 million in 2010
- 22. Who Else didThey Endorse??? October 3, 2007 C.L.W. praised senator Obama for his pledge to improve Russian relations C.L.W. backed B. Obama in his presidential
- 23. What Specifically has C.L.W. Done? • Ratified Chemical Weapons Convention – Outlaws production/ stockpiling of chemical weapons • Ratified Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces treaty – Eliminated nuclear and conventional ground launched ballistic and cruise missiles between the USA and Soviet Union
- 24. Continuing On • RatifiedStrategic Arms Reduction Treaty – Barred the USA and Soviet Union from deploying more than 6,000 nuclear warheads • Treaty expired 12-5-09, the New START was signed by President Obama and went into effect 1-26-11 • Banned biological weapons, and eliminated chemical weapons programs
- 25. … • Ensured limiteddeployment of MX missile and B2 bomber • Blocking deployment of National Missile Defense • Stopped funding for Bunker Buster and Reliable Replacement Warhead
- 26. It’s slightly ironicthat C.L.W. stands to ban basically everything the cyclotron stands for + without the cyclotron C.L.W wouldn’t really exist
- 27. =ing It AllUp Leo Szilard created the cyclotron He also invented N.C.R. Helped create the atomic bomb Remorseful Bladder Cancer Cured using invented treatment C.L.W Greatly influences the world we live in today * His remorsefulness of N.C.R., and his invention of the cyclotron all helped fuel the C.L.W insanity!!!
- 28. Ernest Lawrence • August8, 1901- August 27, 1958 • He built, utilized, and improved the cyclotron • 1939 Won Nobel Peace Prize in physics, for the cyclotron • Helped with Nuclear Fission • Found a way to smash atoms and paved the way for nuclear weapons
- 29. Going On… • LawrenceLiberty Conventional Library • Founded Lawrence Berkley Lab
- 30. Continued :) • 1958,the last year of his life, Eisenhower sent Lawrence to Geneva Switzerland • Propose treaty • Ban nuclear war testing with the Soviet Union • Chronic Colitis
- 31. Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory • Contributions: – Manhattan Project: Develop first atomic bomb in WW2 – Applied Physics Laboratory at John Hopkins: Proximity Fuse – MIT Radiation Laboratory: Radar • 3 most useful war technologies
- 32. Princeton and the Cyclotron • 2-23-1950 • Oil fire destroyed Princeton’s $400,000 cyclotron – Cause of blaze unknown – Smoldered for 11 hours – Only magnets were salvageable – Approx. 6 months to rebuild • Built in 1936 • One of America’s first ‘atom smashers’
- 33. … • Device hadbeen shipped to Los Almos, New Mexico in WW2 • Had large role in creating the atomic bomb • Was currently being used for research in Office of Naval research
- 34. The Science ofthe Cyclotron
- 35. Radionuclide • What isa radionuclide: – Atom w/ unstable nucleus – Also known as radioisotopes – Undergo radio active decay – Occur naturally or artificially – Emit gamma rays
- 36. Radionuclide's and Cyclotrons • Cyclotrons accelerate atomic particles to hit a target which produce radionuclide's • Cyclotrons accelerate protons at a target to make positron emitting radioisotopes – Ex Fluorine 18
- 37. Nuclear Medicine • Usedfor diagnoses, research, and treatment • Also used in single-proton emission computed tomography and PET imaging • In genetics, radioisotopes attach themselves to molecules and allow tracing. They can show DNA replication and amino acid transport
- 38. … • Can beused in food preservation • Industry and mining • Geology, archaeology, and paleontology
- 39. Why do Icare about radioisotopes??? • Because: – Americium 241 is a radioisotope found in smoke detectors – Gadolinium 153 is a a radioisotope used in X-ray fluorescence and osteoporosis screening
- 40. Fluorine 18 • Radioisotope •Important source of positrons (+) • Generally they’re produced by cyclotrons • Used in the radiopharmaceutical industry • Synthesized into fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) for use in PET scans
- 41. PET imaging • PositronEmission Tomography – Nuclear Medicine • Use trace amount of radioactive material (radiopharmaceuticals or radiotracers) to diagnose and depict a disease – Cancer – Heart Disease – Gastrointestinal diseases • Nuclear medicine accurately pinpoints molecular activity within the body
- 42. How it Works •Radiotracers are injected, swallowed, or inhaled as a gas • Accumulate in the organ/area being examined • Radiotracers give off energy called a gamma ray • Then a gamma camera, PET scanner, or probe detects this energy and converts it into a picture with the assistance of a computer
- 44. Cyclotrons and PETImaging • Cyclotrons are needed to generate the radiotracers needed for PET • Cyclotrons produce many different kinds of radioactive isotopes – These must emit positrons when decaying
- 45. … • Most PETinstallations have cyclotrons by the PET machine – Radiotracers can be synthesized quickly • Radioisotopes decay very quickly and need to be administered to the patient as quickly as possible
- 46. The Cyclotron in Astrophysics: More Specifically MSU • Leading isotope research facility • Built 1963 • Biggest nuclear science facility on a university campus • Operates 2 superconducting cyclotrons • Currently investigating properties of rare isotopes and nuclear reactions – Reactions that take place in stars • Novae + supernovae
- 47. … • K1200 isthe biggest accelerator in the world • Primary goal is currently to understand atomic nuclei • Isotope research taking place at MSU is key to understanding how elements, and the universe were formed
- 48. Cassiopeia A supernova remnant Remnants of a star that exploded in a supernova about 1000 years ago
- 49. The Cyclotron inParticle Physics • The cyclotron smashes particles together • Snap shots are taken of these particles when they collide • Shots capture ‘fundamental particles’ • Piece together what happened when the universe was created
- 52. • Opened upnew avenues to particle physics and astrophysics – Allowed physicists to accelerate particles they wouldn’t have been able to otherwise • Allows medical physicists and radiochemists better access to positron emitting radionuclide's • Radiation therapy
- 54. Conventional Radiation therapy • Uses linear accelerator • Accelerates electrons and smashes them into a target, producing gamma rays • Gamma rays are then collimated into a beam and used to irritate a patients tumor Cons: • G-rays also irritate the tissue surrounding the tumor – Radiation oncologists can use different ‘angles’ of r-therapy to seemingly ‘spare’ tissue
- 55. Radiation Therapy Involving Cyclotrons • Accelerates [cyclotron] protons to high energies • Proton beam is then sent down a beam line and into a gantry • Then directed to eradicate a portion of the patient Pros: • Targets specific areas of the body Cons: • Range of protons of dependent on depth of body – If body moves beams will miss targeted portion • Can only be used on brain tumors • Cost is 150 million
- 57. • PET imaging •Sends radioisotopes into the body attached to a molecule, and then looks for decay • Build ‘maps’ of where isotopes accumulate • Helps physicians gain information about a patients disease
- 58. Answering the Research Question • How did the development of the cyclotron influence and develop the scientific environment in which we live today? ◙ Indirectly linked to CLW ◙ Improved Radiation Therapy ◙ Indirectly linked to many household items ◙ Smoke Detector ◙ Microwave ◙ PET imaging ◙ Radiopharmaceuticals ◙ Benefits and brings together many types of sciences
- 59.