cyclotron that accelerate the charge particles prior their bombardment to the target nuclei. it is developed by E.O.Lawrence & he was awarded by nobel prize in this work. it accelerate the particle from 1MeV to the more than 100 MeV. it contains the electric & magnetic system to accelerate the charge particles. electric field acts horizontally & magnetic field act vertically. particle moves in spiral path and its energy , radius & velocity increases. after that it moves out of window ( diflactor plate) n hit the target. n then the nuclear reaction starts. it is used to treat cancer. produce positrons emission isotopes for PET imaging. it do not accelerate the neutrons, electrons & positive charge with higher mass.

1. CYCLOTRON
BY :-
WISHAL BUTT

2. INTRODUCTION:-
Device used to accelerate
the charged particles to
high energies without the
use of high voltage.
It is capable of generating
particles energies between
1MeV to more than 100
MeV.
Accelerate charged
particles e.g. proton,
deuterons etc., using
electric & magnetic fields.

3. :-
Developed by
E.O.Lawrence
in 1933 & was
awarded Nobel
prize in this
work.

4. PRINCIPLE:-
it is cross magnetic and
electric field which
combinedly increases the
velocity of a charge particle.
 Cyclotron works on the
principle that a charged
particle moving normal to a
magnetic field experiences
magnetic Lorentz force due
to which the particle moves
in a circular path.
the force which is exerted by
a magnetic & electric field on
a moving charge particle.

5. CONSTRUCTION:-
Components of cyclotrons
are :
1. Vacuum system
2. Ion source
3. Dees
4. Magnetic system
5. Radiofrequency system
6. Beam extraction
7. Target

7. VACUUM
SYSTEM:-
Electrical insulation
of Dees.
High vacuum (10⁻⁶ –
10⁻⁸ ) reduce the
interaction of
accelerated particles
with air molecules.
Prevent the
formation of other
unwanted nuclides.

8. ION SOURSE:-
Provide ions ( proton , deuterons)
which have to be accelerated.
PIG ( penning ion gauge) generate
ions to be accelerated.
Inject ions in the center of Dees.

9. DEES:-
Two flat hollow
semicircular ,electrodes
made up of highly
conductive metals.
Electrodes inside the
cyclotrons.
Fluttering positive &
negative charges.
Increase the velocity of
ion.

10. SYSTEM:-
Provides
magnetic field.
Make ion travel in
circular orbit.
Keeps the beam
of ions focused &
compact.

11. RF OSCILLATOR:-
Radiofrequency oscillator
pulls the ions out the ionic
source.
It is connected to the Dees
at high frequency &
voltage.
Push & pull the ion around
the cyclotron.
Accelerate the particles to
the specified energy
before its bombardment.

12. TARGET:-
Targets are located
outside the cyclotrons.
High energy particle ,
beam of proton hit the
nucleus & cause
nuclear reaction.
Target material can be
a gas , liquid or solid.
Target
Ionic beam

13. WORKING:-
a positive ion of charge q and mass m is emitted
from the source, accelerated towards the Dee
having a negative potential at that instant of time.
Due to the normal magnetic field, the ion
experiences magnetic Lorentz force and moves in
a circular path.
By the time the ion arrives at the gap between the
Dees, the polarity of the Dees gets reversed.
 Hence the particle is once again accelerated and
moves into the other Dee with a greater velocity
along a circle of greater radius.

14. Thus the particle moves in a spiral path of
increasing radius and when it comes near the
edge, it is taken out with the help of a deflector
plate (D.P).
The particle with high energy is now allowed to
hit the target T.

16. CALCULATIONS:-
Mass of ion = m
Charge of ion = e
Velocity = V
 magnetic field = H
Centripetal force = HeV
Centrifugal force = mV²/ r

19. APPLICATIONS:-
 high-energy beams used for
experiment in nuclear
physics, where high energy
collisions are required.
 Cyclotrons can be used in
particle therapy to treat
cancer.
Cyclotron beams can be
used to bombard other
atoms to produce short-lived
positron emitting isotopes
suitable for PET imaging .

20. LIMITATIONS:-
Maintaining a uniform
magnetic field over a large
area of the Dees is difficult.
Cyclotron cannot accelerate
electrons because electrons
are of very small mass.
A cyclotron cannot be used to
accelerate neutral particles.
It cannot accelerate positively
charged particles with large
mass due to the relativistic
effect.