This document discusses the history and principles of medical cyclotrons. It describes how cyclotrons were developed in the early 20th century to accelerate particles for nuclear physics research. Ernest Lawrence invented the cyclotron in 1931, which uses magnetic fields to accelerate charged particles in a circular path. Cyclotrons are now widely used to produce radioactive isotopes for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, which is an important tool for cancer diagnosis and staging. The document outlines the basic principles of cyclotrons and their classification based on energy levels. It also gives examples of medical isotopes produced using different types of cyclotrons for PET and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) procedures.
This was the seminar presentation on my Project report for M.Sc. Degree.
This shows basic and application of Electric propulsion.Which also shows about how electric propulsion is better than chemical propulsion.
This was the seminar presentation on my Project report for M.Sc. Degree.
This shows basic and application of Electric propulsion.Which also shows about how electric propulsion is better than chemical propulsion.
The Ion-propulsion engine or Ion thruster system’s efficient use of fuel and electrical power enables modern spacecraft to travel farther, faster, and cheaper than any other propulsion technology. Chemical rockets have a fuel efficiency up to 35%, but ion thruster have demonstrated fuel efficiencies over 90%. An ion thruster ionizes a neutral gas by extracting some electrons out of atoms, creating a cloud of positive ions. These thrusters rely mainly on electrostatics as ions are accelerated by the Coulomb force along an electric field. Temporarily stored electrons are finally reinjected by a neutralizer in the cloud of ions after it has passed through the electrostatic grid, so the gas becomes neutral again and can freely disperse in space without any further electrical interaction with the thruster.
A particle accelerator
Sends charged particles, which constantly accelerate through a ‘Dee’, through a circular path until they are (most likely) directed towards a designated target for a specific purpose
X ray crystallography to visualize protein structure.Ritam38
This ppt discusses in detail the process of X ray Crystallography.
Made by the following 3rd year Bs-Ms students of IISER Kolkata:
B Sri Sindhu
Rasiwala Hassan Shabbir
Ritam Samanta
Himanshu Gupta
Sakshi Ajay Shrisath
Aditya Borkar
Diana Denzil Fernandez
Neha Kumari
.Sowmya
Anjali Mohan
Debanjana Mondal
Aanandita Gope
Shruti Santosh Sail
A brief history of particle accelerators (Nuclear Physics) Ahmed Mohamed Saad
Presentation of my research of graduated
I tried to describe that "how the particle
Accelerators work?". I spoke about all types of accelerators from the past to the present.
The Ion-propulsion engine or Ion thruster system’s efficient use of fuel and electrical power enables modern spacecraft to travel farther, faster, and cheaper than any other propulsion technology. Chemical rockets have a fuel efficiency up to 35%, but ion thruster have demonstrated fuel efficiencies over 90%. An ion thruster ionizes a neutral gas by extracting some electrons out of atoms, creating a cloud of positive ions. These thrusters rely mainly on electrostatics as ions are accelerated by the Coulomb force along an electric field. Temporarily stored electrons are finally reinjected by a neutralizer in the cloud of ions after it has passed through the electrostatic grid, so the gas becomes neutral again and can freely disperse in space without any further electrical interaction with the thruster.
A particle accelerator
Sends charged particles, which constantly accelerate through a ‘Dee’, through a circular path until they are (most likely) directed towards a designated target for a specific purpose
X ray crystallography to visualize protein structure.Ritam38
This ppt discusses in detail the process of X ray Crystallography.
Made by the following 3rd year Bs-Ms students of IISER Kolkata:
B Sri Sindhu
Rasiwala Hassan Shabbir
Ritam Samanta
Himanshu Gupta
Sakshi Ajay Shrisath
Aditya Borkar
Diana Denzil Fernandez
Neha Kumari
.Sowmya
Anjali Mohan
Debanjana Mondal
Aanandita Gope
Shruti Santosh Sail
A brief history of particle accelerators (Nuclear Physics) Ahmed Mohamed Saad
Presentation of my research of graduated
I tried to describe that "how the particle
Accelerators work?". I spoke about all types of accelerators from the past to the present.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Principles of Medical Cyclotrons and Applications.pptx
1. Principles and Applications of
Medical Cyclotrons
M.R.A. Pillai
Molecular Cyclotrons Pvt. Ltd
Cochin, India
Pillai.m.r.a@gmail.com
Sri Lanka Atomic Energy Board
International Atomic Energy Agency (SRL 6308)
27-31 March 2023
2. Topics
• Genesis of medical cyclotron
• Atomic Physics
• Nuclear Physics
• Accelerator
• Cyclotron
• Classification of Cyclotrons
• Application of Medical Cyclotrons
2
3. Twentieth Century is the Century
of Physics
• Discoveries
• Electron, Proton, Neutron, Positron, Alpha particles and
list goes on
• Theory of relativity
• Matter can be converted to energy
• E= mc2
• Invention of machines
• Particle accelerators
• Cyclotron
3
4. Exploring the atom
• The size of an atom is 10-8 cm (Å )
• The wavelength of X-rays is 0.1 to 1 Å
• X rays could be used for studying atomic structure
• X-ray diffraction
• X-ray crystallography
5. Exploring the Nucleus
• Size of the nucleus is 10-12 cm
• X-rays could not be used to study the nucleus because
the wavelength is too large
• Needed something which has wavelength smaller than
that of the nucleus
• Particles have wavelength smaller than the nucleus
6. Atomic Nucleus
• Discovery of Atomic Nucleus by Rutherford by alpha
scattering
• The alpha particles got deflected when came close to
the nucleus.
7. Discovery of Artificial Radioactivity
Irène Joliot-Curie and Frédéric Joliot
• Alpha particles of Polonium
were impinged to aluminum
• The emission persisted even
after removing Polonium
source
• 27Al + 4He → 30P +1n
• Alchemie became true in
1934
1935 Nobel prize in chemistry
8. Nobel Laureate Family
Five Nobel Prizes among four Individuals out of
the 954 Nobel Laureates
1903 Physics
1911 Chemistry
Marie Curie
1869-1934
Pierre Curie 1859-1906
Irene Curie 1897-1956 Frederic Joliot Curie 1900-1958
9. Charged Particles: The need
• Particles cannot enter the nucleus of an atom unless
the coulomb barrier is overcome
• Hence, higher energy particles were needed
10. A particle Accelerator
A positively charged particle enters a negative electrode and
gets accelerated. The polarity of the electrode is reversed in
order to push the particle to the next electrode.
11. Particle Accelerator
• An accelerator is a machine which can make high
energy particles
• An electron if removed from hydrogen atom it
becomes a proton
• The proton is pulled through a series of electrodes
kept at higher and higher voltages
• The polarity of the electrode keep flipping from
negative to positive to negative
• As the particle passes through the electrodes it
becomes energetic or charged particles
13. Cyclotron
• As the energy of the particle increased the length
of the electrodes increased
• A brilliant idea stuck to one of the physicists, Ernest
Orlando Lawrence
• Can I apply a magnetic field to bend the particle
and keep it in a circular path?
19. Application of Cyclotrons
• Nuclear Physics Studies!!!!
• But the most important use is to make
radioisotopes
• The major application of cyclotrons today is to
make FDG and other PET radiopharmaceuticals
• ~There are over 1500 cyclotron facilities
around the world
• IAEA has a database featuring 1300 of these
cyclotron facilities from 95 countries.
21. Type of Cyclotrons
• Low energy cyclotrons, 11-20 MeV
• For (p,n) reaction
• PET radiopharmaceuticals production
• 11C,13N, 15O, 18F, 68Ga etc.
• Medium Energy Cyclotrons 20-30 MeV
• (p,2n) (p,3n) reactions
• SPECT radiopharmaceuticals
• 67Ga,111In, 123I, 201 Tl, 68Ge etc.
• High Energy 70 MeV and upwards
• (p,xn) reactions
• Spallation reaction for making several isotopes
21
22. Beams available in cyclotrons
• Proton beam (H+)
• Made by ionization of hydrogen
• Deuteron beam (d+)
• Deuterium beam made by ionization of deuterium gas
• Alpha beam (3He+ and 4He+)
• We are happy with a proton beam only when it
comes to most nuclear medicine applications
22
23. PET-CT Imaging is the modern
tool for Cancer Staging
23
a b c
68Ga-PSMA-11
24. Cancer Management
• Diagnosis
• Staging
• Monitoring the Response to Therapy and
• Recurrence Evaluation
Staging cancer is the most crucial as treatment
option is decided based on the stage
• Surgery, Chemotherapy, Targeted Therapy,
Radiation Therapy or a combination of the above?
24
26. 26
PET-CT images
PET and CT Images of a woman with breast
cancer before and after treatment with four
courses of chemotherapy
Whole-body PET-CT imaging of a Prostate
Cancer Patient using Na18F
