Pediatric stroke can be caused by a variety of factors such as cardiac diseases, infections like varicella, sickle cell disease, moyamoy disease, cerebral sinus thrombosis, and genetic conditions like MELAS. The presentation of pediatric stroke depends on the location and size of the lesion in the brain. Diagnosis involves imaging techniques like CT, MRI, MRA and angiography. Early diagnosis and treatment is important to prevent long term neurological deficits in children.
Does it differ from adult stroke?
• Which neuroimaging?
• Which labs?
• If not a stroke, what could it be?
• Can we give rTPA?
• Will it reoccur?
• Do we need secondary prevention?
• What is the prognosis?
Does it differ from adult stroke?
• Which neuroimaging?
• Which labs?
• If not a stroke, what could it be?
• Can we give rTPA?
• Will it reoccur?
• Do we need secondary prevention?
• What is the prognosis?
Definition, classification, epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, prognosis of DCM, HOCM, LVNC
Also review of acute myocarditis in children
R/v of heart failure management
Definition, classification, epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, prognosis of DCM, HOCM, LVNC
Also review of acute myocarditis in children
R/v of heart failure management
Already the leading cause of disability in the US, shocking new information shows incidents of ischemic stroke increasing more than 50% in children from 5 to 14 years old since 1995. In younger patients (under 45 years old) there have been similar leaps among all types of stroke. Despite these increases many of victims go undiagnosed due the mindset that they are simply “too young for stroke”. This program improves our understanding, awareness, assessment, care and coordination to help EMS provide better outcomes for all victims of cerebrovascular accidents. In this session we explain the startling reasons behind these dramatic numbers, what EMS can do about them and the diagnostic approach that catches what others often miss in newborns, very young children and younger victims of stroke.
www.RESCUEDIGEST.com
www.ROMDUCK.com
Although, predominantly a disease of adults, its occurrence in children (0-16 years) is not so rare as once thought due to the advent of more accurate diagnostic techniques.
intracranial hemorrhage- by KEMISA HASSEN ZAINABU IIHS_jinjaUGANDA (2).pptxHASSENZAINABUKEMISA
By the end of this we shall be able to know the following
definition.of intracranial hemorriage
Classification of intracranial hemorriage
Types of intracranial hemorriage.
Causes of intracranial hemorriage.
Signs and symptoms of intracranial hemorriage
Investigations specific management.
Complication.
Ongoing nursing care.
Spontaneous Extradural Hematoma: A Rare Neurological Crisis in Sickle Cell Di...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS
Cutaneous Features
Neurological Features
Retinal Features
Systemic Features
NEUROFIBROMATOSIS
Cutaneous Features of Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Systemic Features of Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Neurological Features in Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Clinical Features of Neurofibromatosis Type 2
STURGE-WEBER SYNDROME
Cutaneous Features
Ocular Features
Neurological Features
Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
VON HIPPEL-LINDAU SYNDROME
Neurological Features
Ocular Features
Systemic Features
Molecular Genetics
Treatment
HEREDITARY HEMORRHAGIC TELANGIECTASIA
Neurological Features
Treatment
HYPOMELANOSIS OF ITO
Cutaneous Features
Neurological Features
Systemic Features
INCONTINENTIA PIGMENTI
Cutaneous Features
Neurological Features
Genetics
ATAXIA-TELANGIECTASIA
Cutaneous Features
Neurological Features
Immunodeficiency and Cancer Risk
Laboratory Diagnosis
EPIDERMAL NEVUS SYNDROME
Cutaneous Features
Neurological Features
Other Features
Neuroimaging
NEUROCUTANEOUS MELANOSIS
Cutaneous Features
Neurological Features
Laboratory Findings
Neuroimaging
EHLERS-DANLOS SYNDROME
Neurovascular Features
CEREBROTENDINOUS XANTHOMATOSIS
Neurological Features
Xanthomas
Other Clinical Features
Treatment
PROGRESSIVE FACIAL HEMIATROPHY
Clinical Features
KINKY HAIR SYNDROME (MENKES DISEASE)
Cutaneous Features
Other Clinical Features
Neurological Features
Neuroimaging
Genetic Studies
Diagnosis and Treatment
XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM
Complementation Groups
Related Syndromes
Cutaneous and Ocular Features
Treatment
OTHER NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS WITH CUTANEOUS
MANIFESTATIONS
Stroke is also known as Cerebrovascular Accident. This results in the sudden death of the brain cells due to the O2 deficiency when the blood flow to the brain is lost by obstruction/rupture of cerebral arteries which supplies to the brain. Stroke prevention requires the management of the many risk factors important to stroke development. It is important to diagnose stroke as early as possible to reduce the risk of more damage and functional loss. Stroke recovery is an inhomogeneous process, therefore, it is challenging to predict the actual post-stroke outcomes which assure a holistic approach. Rehabilitation can be provided in inpatient or outpatient departments to stroke survivors.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
1. Pediatric Stroke
Dr. Priscilla Joshi
MD Radiodiagnosis
Professor & Head
Department of Radio Diagnosis and
Imaging
Bharati Hospital and Research Center,
Pune
2. Definition
Stroke is defined as the sudden onset of focal neurological deficit
due to occlusion of blood supply or hemorrhage in the brain
causing symptoms & signs lasting greater than 24 hours.
Although, predominantly a disease of adults, its occurrence in
children (0-16 years) is not so rare as once thought due to the
advent of more accurate diagnostic techniques.
Also, the incidence of cerebro-vascular lesions has increased in
recent years as more effective treatment for some underlying
conditions causing stroke has allowed much longer life expectancy
during which time they may have a stroke.
3. Epidemiology
• In INDIA the average annual incidence rates are reported to
be 13-33/100,000 /year.
• The reported annual incidence of cerebral infarction in
children, all over the world, varies between 1.2 per 100,000(5)
to 2.7 per 100,000.
• About 20-30% of all infants of less than 35 weeks gestational
age have intra-ventricular or germinal matrix hemorrhage.
Ischemic Stroke Following Mild Head Injury: Is it the Cause? K.S. Rana, M.K. Behera, K.M. Adhikari. Indian
Pediatrics 2006;43:994-997
Cerebrovascular Disease in Children. Dr. Subhash Kaul. Indian Pediatrics 2000;37: 159-171
4. Overview of stroke in children
Venous strokeArterial stroke
Ischemic stroke Hemorrhagic stroke
Hemorrhagic
disease of
newborn
Pediatric stroke
Ruptured brain
Arteriovenous
malformation
Cerebral venous
sinus thrombosis
due to infections,
fever, dehydration
thrombopathies
Transient arteriopathy ( Varicella)
Progressive arteriopathy- Moya Moya disease/ syndrome
Vasculitis disorders (autoimmune)
Metabolic (MELAS) Primary CNS vasculitis
Hemoglobinopathies
Cardiac disease
Infections, trauma,
anemia
5. Sickle Cell Disease
Refers to a group of genetic disorders characterized by the
production of sickle-cell hemoglobin, chronic hemolytic anemia, and
ischemic tissue injury caused by altered blood flow.
Occlusion of large and small vessels, red cell sludging, and distal field
insufficiency (border-zone infarction) have been implicated in the
pathogenesis of brain injury.
6. 14 yr male child, K/C/O sickle cell anemia, Transcranial doppler revealed Rt. MCA
narrowing.
Courtesy : Dr M. M Shroff. Hospital for Sick Children Toronto
9. Cardiac diseases
• Cardiac disorders are the most common cause of ischemic stroke
in children and account for up to 50% of strokes.
• The risk of stroke in children with congenital heart disease is
related to the abnormality, diagnostic and surgical procedures,
and associated genetic or acquired factors that predispose
children to thrombosis.
• Cardiac disorders can lead to the development of intracardiac
thrombi that may embolize to the brain or can lead to
thrombosis in cyanotic patients with anemia
10.
11.
12. Cerebral Embolism From Atrial Myxoma in Pediatric Patients. Majeed Al-Mateen, Margaret Hood, Don
Trippel, Samuel J. Insalaco, Randolph K. Otto and Kari J. Vitikainen. Pediatrics 2003;112;e162.
13. Infections
• Varicella infection has been associated with stroke in children.
•
• The prevalence of stroke among children who have chicken
pox is estimated to be between one in 6,500-15,000 children
in India.
• Varicella virus causes an acute vasculitis of the arterial wall.
14. Other infectious agents responsible for
TCA
• Parvovirus B19
• CMV
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae
• Borrelia burgdorferi
• Enterovirus
• HIV
• Helicobacter pylori.
15. • 7 yr old girl, with sudden onset of severe right sided headache, followed
by left hemiparesis & slurred speech of one day duration.
• H/o Chickenpox 2 months back.
16.
17. 13 yrs male, with history of seizures with cilinical suspicion of febrile
encephalitis.
20. Trauma
• Dissection of the extracranial and intracranial portions of the
carotid and vertebrobasilar arteries is an important risk factor
for stroke in children.
• Occlusion or narrowness of the vesselʼs lumen by the
hematoma created within the arterial wall lead to cerebral
infarction distal to the lesion.
• Narrowing of the arterial lumen for up to several centimeters
“string sign” is diagnostic. However, tapering of the lumen to
complete occlusion is more common.
21. Child Neurology: Stroke due to nontraumatic intracranial dissection in a child. Bernhard Suter and Lisa
Michael El-Hakam. Neurology. 2009;72;e100. DOI 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a55f52.
22. Moya Moya
• Chronic progressive arteriopathy of unknown cause and has
become one of the most common causes of pediatric stroke.
• Suzuki and Kodama classified the evolution of moyamoya disease
using angiographic findings to define six phases of the disease:
Stage 1- Narrowing of carotid fork.
Stage 2- Initiation of basal moyamoya.
Stage 3- Intensification of moyamoya
Stage 4- Minimization of moyamoya.
Stage 5- Reduction of moyamoya .
Stage 6- Disappearance of moyamoya.
23. • Stenosis/occlusion of the distal ICA
• moyamoya vessels with signal voids in the basal ganglia
• ischemia
• infarction
• atrophy, and ventriculomegaly.
• Small abnormal net-like vessels proliferate giving "puff of smoke"
appearance.
• Contrast-enhanced T1WI - marked leptomeningeal enhancement
along the cortical sulci (ivy sign).
often show contrast stagnating in slow-flowing collateral
vessels both in the brain parenchymal and over its surface.
MR imaging
24. 5 yrs male child with history of left sided focal seizures with secondary generalization
25.
26. Vasculitis
The distribution of the lesions is most commonly isolated to the
anterior circulation distribution (76%) and is frequently isolated to
the posterior circulation (16%) or involve both anterior and
posterior circulations (11%).
There is overall involvement of gray and white matter but there is a
strong tendency toward central lesions involving the basal ganglia
or lateral lenticulostriate vasculature territory.
The most frequent MRA finding is a benign appearance with
proximal involvement of the carotid termination and proximal ACA
and MCA segments.
27. Aviv R et al. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006;27:192-199
34. The classic features that indicate CSVT include the
• “Dense triangle” or the “Cord sign,” which describe the
increased density over the thrombosed venous sinus in a plain
CT,
• “Empty triangle” or “Empty delta (δ) ” sign in a contrast-
enhanced CT.
DWI is a sensitive technique for detecting areas of infarction.
Parenchymal changes can be seen within minutes of injury, which
allows for early identification and intervention
35. 15 months old, Fever since 5 days, Right focal seizures, Right hemiparesis, Persistent
irritability.
36.
37. MELAS
(Mitochondrial encephalopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes)
Caused by defects in the mitochondrial genome which is inherited
purely from the female parent.
CT brain –
• Areas of low attenuation that do not correspond to vascular
territories
• predominantly in the temporo-parietal and occipital cortices and
subjacent white matter.
38. MRI –
• Hyperintense T2 lesions predominantly in the gray and
subcortical white matter in the temporal, parietal, and
occipital lobes.
• Lesions spare the deep WM and cross vascular boundaries.
• Basal ganglia calcifications and atrophy is sometimes seen.
• MR spectroscopy- lactic acid levels are increased during the
acute phase of the disease and in chronic lesions.
39. 2 yr male child, vomited while sleeping, unconscious, head drop,
tonic posturing, admitted with respiratory arrest.
40. Vascular malformations
The common risk factors for children with hemorrhagic stroke :
• Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs)
• Aneurysms
• Cavernous malformations