The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Drowning and Water Safety for the EMS Provider: Clinical and Practical Implic...bobpratt
Drowning is a leading cause of accidental death in the United States. Many first responders and not trained nor equipped to respond to drowning emergencies. Many are also not aware of recent changes terminology and treatment for the drowning case. This presentation examines the current state of drowning rescue and resuscitation. It also covers special topics like: hypothermia, hyperventilation and spinal injury management using current guidelines and scientifically based data.
Drowning and Water Safety for the EMS Provider: Clinical and Practical Implic...bobpratt
Drowning is a leading cause of accidental death in the United States. Many first responders and not trained nor equipped to respond to drowning emergencies. Many are also not aware of recent changes terminology and treatment for the drowning case. This presentation examines the current state of drowning rescue and resuscitation. It also covers special topics like: hypothermia, hyperventilation and spinal injury management using current guidelines and scientifically based data.
GEMC: Near-Drowning and Drowning: Resident TrainingOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Dr. Jim Holliman from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This word presentation is prepared for DIET Daryaganj ETE trainees while keeping in view their Health and Physical Education curriculum and they are free to use this presentation in anyway as they like.
ALL ABOUT DROWNING AND NEAR DROWNING,
THEIR SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS
HOW TO MANAGE THEM AT SITE OF INCIDENT,EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT,ICU
PEDIATRIC DROWNING ALSO COVERED
Drowning is an inhalation of liquid in respiratory tract leading to suffocation and death. it can be wet or dry drowning depending upon the water entering in trachea. some times water touching the larynx leading to spasm and complete closure leading to dry drowning.
drowning and near drowning are the common type of accident in children. this PPT will aquaint you with the definitions, types and indetail pathophysiology and its management.
Let us lear about managing near drowning or submersion injury in children with PGY3 student , Dr Mohd Zahran Mohamed Zaki.
Your comments and suggestions are welcome and will assist us in continuously improving www.redyellowgreenzone.org.
Follow us at twitter @RYGZinEM and email to us redyellowgreenzones@gmail.com
GEMC: Near-Drowning and Drowning: Resident TrainingOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Dr. Jim Holliman from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This word presentation is prepared for DIET Daryaganj ETE trainees while keeping in view their Health and Physical Education curriculum and they are free to use this presentation in anyway as they like.
ALL ABOUT DROWNING AND NEAR DROWNING,
THEIR SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS
HOW TO MANAGE THEM AT SITE OF INCIDENT,EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT,ICU
PEDIATRIC DROWNING ALSO COVERED
Drowning is an inhalation of liquid in respiratory tract leading to suffocation and death. it can be wet or dry drowning depending upon the water entering in trachea. some times water touching the larynx leading to spasm and complete closure leading to dry drowning.
drowning and near drowning are the common type of accident in children. this PPT will aquaint you with the definitions, types and indetail pathophysiology and its management.
Let us lear about managing near drowning or submersion injury in children with PGY3 student , Dr Mohd Zahran Mohamed Zaki.
Your comments and suggestions are welcome and will assist us in continuously improving www.redyellowgreenzone.org.
Follow us at twitter @RYGZinEM and email to us redyellowgreenzones@gmail.com
Pediatrics notes about "Pediatric Drowning". These notes were published in 2018.
You can download them from
- Telegram: https://t.me/pediatric_notes_2018
- Mediafire: http://www.mediafire.com/folder/u5u60m184t9z7/Pediatric_Notes_2018
Following the success of Cold Water Boot Camp, a sequel was created. Titled Beyond Boot Camp: The 3 “R’s” Rescue, Recover and Rewarm, this production is designed to provide educators with tools to better inform themselves and their students about the risks of cold water immersion. In addition, first responders will learn how to be more successful in recovering and re-warming any persons suffering from cold water immersion or hypothermia. This presentation will highlight a sampling of the DVD and web materials.
Fran Lockie, provides a useful update on paediatric drowning sequalae and outcomes. This talk was recorded at Bedside Critical Care Conference.
For audio for this and similar talks, please visit www.intensivecarenetwork.com
The next BCC will be held in Cairns, 29th September - 3rd of October: http://bedsidecriticalcare.com/
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
4. Drowning vs. Near drowning
Cold water (<20°C) vs. Warm water
(>20°C) vs. “Very-cold-water” (<5°C)
Freshwater vs. salt-water
Terminology – Old Classifications
5. Drowning Process: respiratory
impairment from submersion/immersion
in liquid.
Nonfatal Drowning: drowning process
that is interrupted, and person is rescued.
Fatal Drowning: person dies any time as
a result of drowning.
Terminology–WHO 2002
7. 500,000 deaths each year worldwide
Leading cause of death worldwide in boys
5-14
2nd leading cause of death in US in kids
aged 1-4.
◦ birth defects is the leading cause.
◦ Leading cause of death in some states (CA, AZ)
Epidemiology: Pediatric Drowning
8. 1. What is the leading cause of accidental
death in the U.S. today?
a) Heart attack
b) Diabetes
c) Drowning
d) Car accident
e) Prescription pain medications
Epidemiology: QUIZ
9. 1. What is the leading cause of accidental
death in the U.S. today?
a) Heart attack
b) Diabetes
c) Drowning
d) Car accident
e) Prescription pain medications
Epidemiology: QUIZ
10. Bimodal distribution: toddlers and male
adolescents.
Gender: male (over 1 year)
◦ Males 4x more likely to sustain submersion
injury
◦ Males 12x more likely to be involved in boat-
related drowning
Epidemiology: Gender
11. Ethnicity:
◦ African American: 1.3x drowning rate.
Fatal drowning for age 5-14: 3.2x higher
◦ Am.Indian/Alaska Native: 1.8x drowning rate.
Fatal drowning rate for age 5-14: 2.4x higher
Epidemiology: Cultural
12. 2. Dr. Reyes picked this picture because:
a) It represents the correct way to deliver
mouth-to mouth to a drowning female.
b) I’m culturally sensitive to American-Indians,
even if this actor may not be American-
Indian.
c) I’m secretly with Team Jacob.
d) Robert Pattinson should not have made up
with her
e) All of the above.
Epidemiology: Cultural Quiz
14. For every one pediatric drowning death:
◦ 14 children are treated in emergency dept.
◦ 4 children are hospitalized.
Annual cost of care per year in chronic
facility: $100,000.
Epidemiology - Cost
15. Less than one year:
◦ Bathtubs and buckets
◦ Child abuse/neglect
Ages 1-4:
◦ Home or apartment swimming pools
◦ Child abuse/neglect
Ages 5-19:
◦ Lakes, ponds, rivers and pools.
◦ Child abuse/neglect
Most common access to water <5 years
◦ Pool without a fence
Mechanisms of Injury by Age
16. Bathtubs: location of non-pool drowning
Other injuries:
◦ Slip and fall: Lacerations (most common)
◦ Burns (scald)
◦ Head and facial injuries most common < 4 yrs
Bathtub and shower injuries (Mao,
2009)
17. Aged 10-14 most common to have injury
Head, face, and neck injuries
◦ Children tend to injure head
◦ Adolescents tend to injure neck and extremities
Most common mechanism: hitting diving
board and/or platform
Most common injury: laceration and soft
tissue. (spinal cord injury rare)
Diving injuries (Day, 2006)
21. “Wet drowning” (90%)
◦ Asphyxia relaxation of airway Aspiration
of fluid (<4ml/kg)
Salt water surfactant washout
Fresh water surfactant destroyed
“Dry drowning” (10%)
◦ Laryngospasm aspiration of minimal amt.
Pathophysiology:
Wet vs Dry Drowning
22. Hypoxemia shunts off pulmonary circ.
Hypercarbia acidosis
Pulmonary hypertension ARDS
Electrolyte Disturbances – usually from
ingestion of large amounts of fluid, minor
effect from aspiration of fluid
Pathophysiology:
Effects of Drowning
23. Hypoxia
◦ Loss of consciousness
◦ Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
Cerebral edema (6-12 hours)
Cold-water immersion (<20°C) is
protective time-to-injury is prolonged.
◦ Diving reflex: apnea, bradycardia, and
vasoconstriction of nonessential vascular beds
◦ Decreases metabolic demand
Pathophysiology – CNS Injury
24. Rule out accidental and non-accidental
trauma
◦ Intracranial hemorrhage
◦ Maxillofacial injuries
◦ Cervical injuries
Identify signs of anoxic brain injury
If CT show signs of anoxic injury bad
prognosis
Role of CT in Drownings
25. CT findings (Rafaat
Early: et al., 2008)
◦ cerebral edema; loss
of grey-white matter
diff.
Later:
◦ Injury to hippocampi,
thalami, basal ganglia
29. Loss of consciousness while in water due
to cerebral hypoxia from apnea.
Hyperventilation drives down CO2, which
is responsible for respiratory drive.
Lack of respiratory drive while in water
causes apnea, worsening hypoxia.
Compare to Deep water blackout- seen in
deep sea divers as they approach the
surface and experience rapid
depressurisation.
Shallow Water Blackout
What is it?
33. 3. What is the appropriate sequence in
resuscitation for laypersons after a
drowning?
a) A-B-C
b) C-A-B
c) B-A-C
d) C-B-A
e) None of the above.
Pre-Hospital Care- QUIZ
34. 3. What is the appropriate sequence in
resuscitation for laypersons after a
drowning?
a) A-B-C
b) C-A-B
c) B-A-C
d) C-B-A
e) None of the above.
Pre-Hospital Care- QUIZ
35. Remove from water Pre-Hospital Care
Maintain airway and C
spine precautions
100% FIO2 by mask
BVM;
don’t delay CPR with
intubation
Use traditional ABC
sequence (not CAB)
36. Poor prognostic factors (non-icy waters)
◦ Submersion >25 minutes
◦ PEA on arrival in ED
◦ Unresponsiveness on arrival in ED
◦ Elevated blood glucose
◦ Hypothermia
Two important caveats:
◦ Anecdotal reports of survival after icy water
submersion.
◦ Factors are not to be used clinically at the
scene.
Pre-Hospital Care-
Poor Prognostic Factors
39. 100% FIO2 by facemask if hypoxic
BIPAP if awake and facemask not effective
Intubation/RSI and immobilize neck
Bronchoscopy- consider if hypoxic despite
mechanical ventilation.
ECMO – tertiary care center PICUs may
consider.
Initial Interventions- Airway
40. Fluid resuscitation with NS PRN
Accucheck, Istats, trauma labs
EKG and telemetry
Rewarming if hypothermic.
If Vfib- single defibrillation, then resume CPR and
rewarm
Trauma films: CXR +/- 3 v Cspine
Evacuate gastric contents
Consider Utox, BAL
CT brain, C spine if altered or comatose
Consults: Trauma, Critical Care, Neurology,
Suicidality?
Initial Trauma Interventions
41. Asymptomatic consider 8 hour
observation or discharge.
Symptomatic
◦ After stabilization admit and observe, or
transfer to Tertiary Care with PICU backup.
Unstable, critical care
◦ Transfer to PICU
Appropriate Disposition
42. Traditional method is active rewarming in
the ED, especially in setting of V fib arrest
where heart may be unresponsive due to
hypothermia.
New Research on Therapeutic
Hypothermia ongoing as means of
cerebral protection
◦ Not specifically endorsed by AAP for ED use in
pediatric patients.
Therapeutic Hypothermia
43. Recommended in adult Vfib arrest victims
by AHA (2002)
◦ Adults – V fib most likely due to heart disease
◦ Peds – V fib most likely due to hypoxia/shock
No studies in peds; 38% PICUs use it
Target: 32°C
Initiation: within 6 hours
Duration: 24 hours
Therapeutic Hypothermia
45. Toddlers:
◦ Four-sided fence, 4 ft high, self latching and
opens outward
◦ Remove toys in pool.
◦ Constant supervision.
Children:
◦ Responsible adult present
Adolescents:
◦ Avoid drinking alcohol
◦ Life jackets for recreational boating.
CDC: Preventative Measures
46. Children: Constant supervision of all children
Infants and toddlers:
◦ “Touch supervision”
◦ Four-sided fence
Swimming lessons okay >4 yrs
◦ Doesn’t replace other measures
Resuscitation Education:
◦ Bystander CPR training
◦ EMS Education
◦ ED resuscitation
AAP Preventative Measures
47. Lifeguards present:
◦ 6% of all rescued persons needed medical
attention
◦ 0.5% needed CPR
Bystanders present:
◦ 30% required CPR
Lifeguard v. Bystander Study
48. Terminology and Definitions
Epidemiology
Unique characteristics of the pediatric
drowning patient, including:
◦ Mechanisms of injury.
◦ Physiology and response to injury.
◦ Social and family issues in pediatric trauma.
The Treatment Paradigm
Modes of Prevention
Summary
49. Avarello, J. Pediatric Major Trauma: An Approach to Evaluation and Management. Emerg Med Clin N Am
25 (2007) 803-806.
Day, Coral et al. Diving-Related Injuries in Children <20 Years Old Treated in Emergency Departments in
the United States; 1990-2006.
Shepherd, S.M. and Shoff, W.H. Drowning. Updated June 9, 2009. eMedicine.medscape.com
Fink, E. et al. A tertiary care center’s experience with therapeutic hypothermia after pediatric cardiac
arrest. Pediatr Crit Care Med, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2010.
Hutchison, J.S. et al. Hypothermia Therapy for Cardiac Arrest Patients. Pediatric Clin N Am 55 (2008) 529-
544.
Layon, A.J. and Modell, J. H. Drowning. Update 2009. Anesthesiology 2009; 110: 1390-401.
Mao, Shengyi et al. Injuries Associated with Bathtubs and Showers Among Children in the United States.
Pediatrics 2009; 124; 541-547.
Nelson’s Pediatrics.
Policy Statement: Prevention of Drowning in Infants, Children, and Adolescents. Committee on Injury,
Violence, and Poison Prevention. Pediatrics. 2003; 112; 437-439.
Rafaat, K.T., et al. Cranial computed tomographic findings in a large group of children with drowning:
Diagnostic, prognostic, and forensic implications. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2008, Vol. 9., No. 6.
Swimming Programs for Infants and Toddlers. Committee on Sports Medicine and Fitness and Committee
on Injury and Poison Prevention. Pediatrics 2000; 105; 868-870.
The Pediatric Emergency Medicine Resource. 4th Ed. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2004.
Topjian, A. et al. Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Advances in Science, Techniques, and
outcomes. Pediatrics, 2008; 122; 1086-1098.
Wagner, C. Pediatric Submersion Injuries. Air Medical Journal, Vol. 28, Issue 3 (May 2009).
References
Editor's Notes
AB1195 Requirement
Lethal Injury:50% of submersion victims die at the scene
Adding four sided fence to pool decreases incidence of drowning by 50%
Bathtubs and buckets – high suspicion of child abuse
156 drownings; all patients with abnormal initial CT scans died (28 pts); 23 of 24 patients with abnormal second CT bad outcome (13 died and 10 persistent vegitative)All pts with abn CTs had GCS of 3; All pts with GCS > 4 had normal CTs; abused children with abnormal CT had higher GCS.
This diagram shows the selective areas of hypoxic brain injury in the infant on the right, and the adult and older child, on the left. On the right, the infant’s diencephalon, central part of the brain is most sensitive to hypoxia. This region regulates the autonomic functions of the body, including the blood pressure and heart rate.