The document provides guidance on various aspects of conducting examinations and providing treatment for pediatric dental patients. It discusses examining and recording a patient's medical and dental history, performing clinical and radiographic examinations, developing treatment plans, providing preventive care and treating issues like caries. The goal is to properly diagnose any oral health problems, educate parents, prevent future issues, and promote proper development and maintenance of the primary and permanent dentitions.
Success of any dental procedure is determined by a good isolation. Here is a seminar on how to isolate the oral cavity from fluids and maintain a good dry field while working on a patient
self correcting anomalies in the development of occlusion. this ppt includes the anomalies of a child's developing occlusion which get corrected by itself in some time as the development continues. This includes Retrognathic mandible,infantile swallow,anterior open and deep bite,etc. these topics are important in BDS final examination
Success of any dental procedure is determined by a good isolation. Here is a seminar on how to isolate the oral cavity from fluids and maintain a good dry field while working on a patient
self correcting anomalies in the development of occlusion. this ppt includes the anomalies of a child's developing occlusion which get corrected by itself in some time as the development continues. This includes Retrognathic mandible,infantile swallow,anterior open and deep bite,etc. these topics are important in BDS final examination
Case history is the most important part when we enter clinics , it has a greater impact on the diagnosis and treatment planning . It also helps to maintain a good rapport with the patient . It is most important with concern to medicolegal point of view . Thus, a Dr should always have a detailed case history.
In this talk we will discuss the most common findings associated with scleroderma. We will discuss some of the methods your dental team can utilize to help manage your condition, and also some ways that you can help yourself and your dental team manage your condition. We will discuss some unique methods for maintaining your oral health care and will conclude with an open Q&A session.
Introduction to operative dentistry and Patient assessment.pptxridwana30
Introduction and the scope of operative dentistry with advancement of operative field. The examination procedure for assessing a patient for operative treatment and reaching a comprehensive treatment plan.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
Pedia clinical examination and diagnosis
1. Patient Records
• Health history, signed & dated;
update area
• Examination record
• Treatment plan
• Progress notes
• Parental or guardian consent
Clinical examination
2. Patient Records
• Should include:
– Developmental status and existing pathosis
– Record of each exam or procedure
– Facial and occlusal status
– Oral hygeine and periodontal status
– Prevention
– Charting system
• Primary and permanent dentition
• Developmental profile
3. Diagnosis
• Recognize problem--cc
• Treatment depends upon diagnosis
• Depends upon complete health history,
extraoral and intraoral exam and
additional diagnostic aids
– X-rays
– Lab tests
– Medical consult
4. Medical History
• Completed by parent or legal guardian
• Signed
• Dated
• Update on recall
• Contact physician regarding concerns or unclear
information
• Do not ask child for any confirmation
• Determine need for antibiotic prophylaxis
A thorough knowledge of medical conditions (physical
and psychological) that may predispose the patient
to development of a problem will prevent the majority
of emergency situations.
5. Medical History
• Should include
– Any medical or dental conditions, past or
present
– Allergies
– Hospitalizations
– Medications
– Heart problems
– Familial history
– Etc.
• Interview parent or guardian to clarify any
questions
6. Caries Risk Assessment
• Fluoride History
• Dietary Habits
• Sleep time Habits
• Medications
• Nonnutritive sucking habits
• Family History
• Oral Hygiene Habits
11. New patient 1st visit
• Assessment of child behavior
• Communication with the child
• Assessment of caries risk
• Instructions for home
hygiene care
12. Clinical Examination:
• Visual Inspection – pain source is usually
evident.
• Palpation – sensitivity over apex of tooth
suggests periapical inflammation. Firm or
fluctuant swelling consistent with abscess.
• Percussion – pain/sensitivity consistent with
periapical inflammation. Percussion of each
cusp helps locate incomplete fracture.
13. • Mobility – check horizontal and vertical.
• Periodontal Probing – evaluate periodontal
status. Aids in decision regarding retaining
or extracting.
• Thermal Sensitivity – tests pulpal status.
Cold (ethyl chloride) is test of choice.
– Normal / reversible pulpitis: not prolonged
– Irreversible pulpitis: prolonged response
– Necrotic pulp: no response
– Heat test not usually done, difficult
Clinical Examination:
14. • EPT – pulp is responsive (vital) or it is not
(nonvital). False (+) and false (-).
• Translumination – helps detect enamel and
pulpal floor fractures.
• Radiographs:
– Panorex – overall survey
– PAs – provide definition of PA areas, caries, fxs
– BWs – bone level and interproximal caries
– Occlusal – buccal / lingual and floor of mouth
– Water’s – maxillary sinuses
• Selective Anesthesia – infiltration, blocks,
TPIs
• Test Cavity – prep suspected tooth with no
16. Extraoral Evaluation
• Cranium
– Inspect for sores, flaking, inflammation, swelling &
symmetry
• Neck
– Thyroid gland-palpate/inspect for swelling
– Musculature-inspect/palpate for suppleness
– Lymph nodes-palpate for lymphadenopathy
• Hair
– Inspect for thickness, color, dryness, consistency
• Ears
– Inspect for normal appearance, cartilaginous
defects, pits and cutaneous lesions
17. Extra oral Evaluation
s Eyes
– Eyeball-inspect for inflammation, deviation or exophthalamos
– Eyelid-inspect for ptosis, inflammation
s Nose
– Evaluate potency, note any discharge
s Perioral
– Inspect for inflammation, scarring, eruptions,
ulcerations
18.
19.
20.
21. Soft Tissue Evaluation
s Gingiva
– Inspect for inflammation, bleeding
s Mucosa
– Inspect for inflammation, palate for swelling; inspect parotid duct opening for function
s Pharynx
– Inspect for inflammation, test gag reflex
s Tonsils
– Inspect for size, inflammation
Palate
Inspect for deviation, integrity
Tongue
Inspect for inflammation; coating, observe range of motion, inspect for atrophy
and deviation
Lips
Inspect for chapping, ulcers and cheilitis
Teeth
Inspect for development, morphologic appearance, color, integrity, mobility,
hygiene
22. Occlusion Summary
• Alignment
– Arch categorization--U-shaped or V-shaped
– Ideal arch in primary dentition has spacing between the teeth
• Two types: Primate space and developmental space
– Tooth size-arch length discrepancy
• Anterior segment
• Posterior segment
– Space loss
– Rotations
– Alignment
– Missing or supernumerary teeth
– Eruption abnormalities
– Ankylosis
23. Occlusion Summary
• Anterior-Posterior*
– Relation of mx and md arches to each other
– Primary molar relation--flush terminal plane, mesial step and
distal step
– Permanent molar relation--Class I, II, III
– Primary and permanent canines--Class I, II, III or end-to-end
– OJ (mm)--horizontal overlap of mx and md central incisors
– Lip posture (vertical, everted, tight, loose, mentalis strain
– Tongue thrusting (swallow)
26. Occlusion Summary
• Vertical
– Overbite (%)--vertical overlap of the primary incisors based on
total height of md incisor crown
• Approx. 2 mm or 20% in the primary dentition
– Open bite (mm)--absence of vertical overlap
– Habitual lip posture (closed, open)
– Lip length (mx lip), relation to mx incisors (md lip)
– Tongue size, shape and position
– Skeletal lower face height (55% of total face height)
– Frankfort-md plane angle (approx. 26o
)
29. Treatment plan form
• Indicate sequence of care
• Progress note indicates what was done
• Phase I:-
o Prophylactic treatment
o Oral Hygiene instruction &education
o Fluoride application, fissure sealant
• Phase II:-
o Restorations
o Pulpotomy, St st crown
o Extraction
• Phase III:-
o space maintainer & orthodontic consultation
• Phase IV:-
o Maintenance & recall
31. The process of diagnosis
• Existence of an abnormal state
• Determination of cause
• Alternatives or options to correct the problem
• Anticipated benefits, immediate and long term
• Problems or requirements for accomplishing treatment
• A problem list helps to separate those abnormalities that
are in need of management from those that are simply
identified.
• Identification of the cause of the abnormality is critical to
determine short and long-term treatment.
32. Treatment plan
• No single treatment plan is ideal. A variety of
alternatives must be considered
• TP based on the child's health, cooperation,
parental finances, and the benefits
• The behavioral plan is critical to the success of
the treatment plan to be used must be included
in the treatment plan.
• The sequencing of be behavior management,
consent for medications, and reasonable
alternatives to recommended procedures should
be discussed with the parents.
33. • Acute infection and pain are managed first.
• Hopelessly involved teeth should be extracted
• This "first aid" approach reduces the chance of
decay progression with resultant pain and
reduces the difficulty in cleaning, reducing the
deleterious oral flora.
• The infiltration
• Injections are easiest for the patients to tolerate.
Treatment plan
34. Patients with Special Health Care
Needs
• Knowledge of the medical elements of
conditions , such as congenital heart disease
• Knowledge of oral health implications of
conditions, such as precocious periodontal
disease in Down syndrome or gingival
overgrowth in transplantation patients
• Essential management skills to communicate
with, stabilize, and manage patients in the care
setting
• Awareness of the social, therapeutic, and
cultural milieu of those with special healthcare
needs
35. Problem of special need pt
• Fear or difficulty in connection.
• Chronic or short-term medical problems that
are acquired during their life
1. Accessibility
2. Psychosocial
3. Financial
4. Communication
5. Medical
6. Mobility and stability
7. Preventive
8. Treatment planning
9. Continuity of core
36. Early caries detection techniques
• Electrical conductivity measurements (ECM)
• Laser fluorescence using the Diagnodent unit
(KaVo-IR)
• Ultrasound measurements (UM)
• Quantitative light fluorescence (QLF)
• Optical coherence tomography (OCT)
• Fiberoptic transillumination (FOTI)
• Digital imaging fiberoptic transillumination
(DIFOTI)
• Direct digital radiography (DDR)
37. • Birth-12 Months
• 12-24 Months
• 2 - 6 Years
• 6 - 1 2 Years
• 12-18 Years
Examination and Oral Treatment
for Children
38. Examination and Oral Treatment
for Children
Birth-12 Months
• Complete the clinical oral assessment and
appropriate diagnostic tests to assess oral growth
and development and/or pathology.
• Provide oral hygiene counseling for parents,
guardians& caregivers.
• Remove supra- and subgingival stains or deposits.
• Assess the child's systemic and topical fluoride
status (type of infant formula used, fluoridated
toothpaste). Prescribe systemic fluoride supplements
if indicate after assessment of total fluoride intake.
• Assess appropriateness of feeding practices (bottle
feeding and breast-feeding).
• Provide dietary counseling related to oral health.
39. Birth-12 Months
• Provide age-appropriate injury prevention counseling for
orofacial trauma.
• Provide counseling for non-nutritive oral habits (e.g., digit,
pacifiers).
• Provide diagnosis and required treatment and/or appropriate
referral for any oral diseases or injuries.
• Provide anticipatory guidance for parent/guardian.
• Consult with the child's physician as indicated.
• Based on evaluation and history, assess the patient's risk
for oral disease.
• Determine interval for periodic reevaluation.
Examination and Oral Treatment
for Children
40. 12-24 Months
1. Repeat birth to 12-month procedures every 6
months or as indicated by patient's needs/
susceptibility to disease.
2. Review patient's fluoride status, including any
child care arrangements that may affect
systemic fluoride intake and provide parental
counseling.
3. Provide topical fluoride treatments every 6
months or as indicated by the individual
patient's needs.
Examination and Oral Treatment
for Children
41.
42. 2 - 6 Years
1. Repeat 12- to 24-month procedures every 6 months or
as indicated by patient's needs/susceptibility to disease.
Provide age-appropriate oral hygiene instructions.
2. Complete a radiographic assessment of pathology
and/or abnormal growth and development.
3. Scale and clean the teeth every 6 months or as
indicated by the individual patient's needs.
4. Provide topical fluoride treatments every 6 months or as
indicated by patient's needs.
Examination and Oral Treatment
for Children
43. 2 - 6 Years
5. Provide pit and fissure sealants for primary and
permanent teeth as indicated by patient's needs.
6. Provide counseling and services (athletic mouth guards)
as needed for or orofacial trauma prevention.
7. Provide assessment/treatment or referral of developing
malocclusion as indicated by patient's needs.
8. Provide diagnosis and required treatment and/or
appropriate referral for any oral disease, habits, or
injuries as indicated.
9. Assess speech and language development, and provide
appropriate referral as indicated.
Examination and Oral Treatment
for Children
44. 6 - 1 2 Years
• Repeat 2- to 6-year procedures every 6
months or as indicated by patient's
needs/susceptibility to disease.
• Provide substance abuse counseling
(e.g., smoking, smokeless tobacco).
Examination and Oral Treatment
for Children
45. 12-18 Years
1. Repeat 6- to 12-year procedures every 6
months or as indicated by patient's
needs/susceptibility to disease.
2. At an age determined by the patient,
parent, and dentist, refer the patient to a
general dentist for continuing oral care.
Examination and Oral Treatment
for Children
46. Examination and Oral
Treatment for Children
• A thorough medical history (questions
about medications, current illnesses,
hepatitis, weight loss, lymphadenopathy,
oral soft tissue lesions, or other infections.
• Clean all reusable instruments in an
ultrasonic cleaner or washer/disinfector.
Wear heavy rubber gloves, mask, and
protective clothing and eyewear to protect
against puncture injuries and splashing.
47. E M E R G E N C Y D E N T A L
T R E A T M E N T
• The emergency appointment tends to
focus on and resolve a single problem or a
single set of related problems rather than
provide a comprehensive oral diagnosis
and management plan for the patient.
48. Early examination
To prevent oral pain and infection,
To prevent the occurrence and progress of
dental caries,
To prevent the premature loss of primary
teeth, the loss of arch length, and
To prevent the development of an
association between fear and dental care.