PEDI GU REVIEW embryology i
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- The pronephros is the first transient nonfunctional kidney that develops in the embryo during the 3rd week and degenerates by the 5th week. - The mesonephros is the second kidney that develops and serves as the excretory organ while the definitive metanephros develops. It is also transient. - The adrenal cortex develops from primitive mesoderm medial to the urogenital ridge during the 4th week, while the adrenal medulla develops from migrating neural crest cells.
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Embryology and congenital anomalies of female reproductive system for underg...
Embryology and congenital anomalies of female reproductive system for underg...Faculty of Medicine,Zagazig University,EGYPT
The document discusses the embryology and development of the female genital system. It notes that the basic components include the gonads (ovaries), genital duct systems (mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts), and external genitalia. It describes the development of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina from the undifferentiated embryonic stage through fetal development. Common abnormalities are also summarized, including anomalies of the ovaries, uterus, and vagina that can result from disruptions during development.Embryology urogenital system
This document discusses the embryological development of the urinary and genital systems from the mesoderm. It describes the formation and regression of the three kidney systems - pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. The metanephros (permanent kidney) develops from the ureteric bud and metanephric mesoderm. Molecular signals between the bud and mesoderm regulate nephron formation. Genes involved and some clinical correlates of kidney defects are also mentioned.
Development of male and female reproductive system
The document describes the development of the male and female reproductive systems from the indifferent stage through sexual differentiation. It covers the development of the gonads (testes and ovaries), genital ducts, and external genitalia. Some key points include:
- The gonads initially develop as indifferent gonads before differentiating into testes or ovaries depending on the presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome.
- The genital ducts also initially develop in an indifferent stage before the mesonephric ducts develop into male structures like the epididymis and vas deferens, while the paramesonephric ducts develop into female structures like the uterus and fallopian tubes.
- External
Development of testis & cryptorchidism presentation
Cryptorchidism, or undescended testes, is a common birth defect where one or both testes fail to descend into the scrotum. It results from complex interactions between hormonal and mechanical factors during fetal development. The condition affects 1-4% of full-term and up to 45% of preterm male infants. Risk factors include low birth weight, prematurity, and genetic susceptibility. While often isolated, cryptorchidism can also be associated with syndromes involving reduced androgen production or action. Spontaneous descent is more likely in premature infants and may occur later in the first year of life.
4 -reproductive_system
This document summarizes the development of the reproductive system from the indifferent stage through the formation of male and female external genitalia. It describes how the gonads initially develop from the urogenital ridge as indifferent structures before sex determination occurs. In males, the SRY gene causes testes to form which secrete testosterone and AMH to develop the male duct system and external genitalia. In females, the absence of SRY and testicular hormones allows the Müllerian ducts to form the female reproductive tract while the gonads become ovaries. Common birth defects affecting the reproductive system are also listed.
Normal and abnormal genital tract
This document discusses normal and abnormal development of the female genital tract. It begins with an overview of embryology, including how genetic sex is determined at fertilization and how the indifferent gonad develops into either an ovary or testis. It then focuses on ovarian development and function. It describes several congenital uterine anomalies and their clinical presentations and treatment approaches. It also discusses Mullerian agenesis, vaginal agenesis, transverse vaginal septum, and imperforated hymen.
Embryology
The female genital tract develops from the mesoderm and urogenital sinus. The Mullerian ducts form the fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper vagina, while the urogenital sinus forms the lower vagina. Congenital anomalies can occur if the Mullerian ducts fail to develop, fuse, or canalize properly, resulting in abnormalities such as bicornuate or septate uteri. The ovaries, cervix, and external genitalia also develop through defined embryological processes that can be disrupted, leading to conditions like cervical agenesis or ambiguous genitalia.
Anomalies By DR ASAD
This document discusses sexual differentiation and developmental anomalies in humans. It covers chromosomal sex, gonadal sex, internal and external genital development, sex assignment, and gender identity. It then focuses on gonadal development driven by the SRY gene and hormones. Finally, it classifies and describes mullerian anomalies, including Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome, vertical fusion defects like imperforate hymen and transverse vaginal septum, and lateral fusion defects like didelphic uterus with obstructed hemivagina. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding these anomalies for conception issues, pregnancy complications, and accurate diagnosis.
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Embryology and congenital anomalies of female reproductive system for underg...
Embryology and congenital anomalies of female reproductive system for underg...Faculty of Medicine,Zagazig University,EGYPT
The document discusses the embryology and development of the female genital system. It notes that the basic components include the gonads (ovaries), genital duct systems (mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts), and external genitalia. It describes the development of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina from the undifferentiated embryonic stage through fetal development. Common abnormalities are also summarized, including anomalies of the ovaries, uterus, and vagina that can result from disruptions during development.Embryology urogenital system
This document discusses the embryological development of the urinary and genital systems from the mesoderm. It describes the formation and regression of the three kidney systems - pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. The metanephros (permanent kidney) develops from the ureteric bud and metanephric mesoderm. Molecular signals between the bud and mesoderm regulate nephron formation. Genes involved and some clinical correlates of kidney defects are also mentioned.
Development of male and female reproductive system
The document describes the development of the male and female reproductive systems from the indifferent stage through sexual differentiation. It covers the development of the gonads (testes and ovaries), genital ducts, and external genitalia. Some key points include:
- The gonads initially develop as indifferent gonads before differentiating into testes or ovaries depending on the presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome.
- The genital ducts also initially develop in an indifferent stage before the mesonephric ducts develop into male structures like the epididymis and vas deferens, while the paramesonephric ducts develop into female structures like the uterus and fallopian tubes.
- External
Development of testis & cryptorchidism presentation
Cryptorchidism, or undescended testes, is a common birth defect where one or both testes fail to descend into the scrotum. It results from complex interactions between hormonal and mechanical factors during fetal development. The condition affects 1-4% of full-term and up to 45% of preterm male infants. Risk factors include low birth weight, prematurity, and genetic susceptibility. While often isolated, cryptorchidism can also be associated with syndromes involving reduced androgen production or action. Spontaneous descent is more likely in premature infants and may occur later in the first year of life.
4 -reproductive_system
This document summarizes the development of the reproductive system from the indifferent stage through the formation of male and female external genitalia. It describes how the gonads initially develop from the urogenital ridge as indifferent structures before sex determination occurs. In males, the SRY gene causes testes to form which secrete testosterone and AMH to develop the male duct system and external genitalia. In females, the absence of SRY and testicular hormones allows the Müllerian ducts to form the female reproductive tract while the gonads become ovaries. Common birth defects affecting the reproductive system are also listed.
Normal and abnormal genital tract
This document discusses normal and abnormal development of the female genital tract. It begins with an overview of embryology, including how genetic sex is determined at fertilization and how the indifferent gonad develops into either an ovary or testis. It then focuses on ovarian development and function. It describes several congenital uterine anomalies and their clinical presentations and treatment approaches. It also discusses Mullerian agenesis, vaginal agenesis, transverse vaginal septum, and imperforated hymen.
Embryology
The female genital tract develops from the mesoderm and urogenital sinus. The Mullerian ducts form the fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper vagina, while the urogenital sinus forms the lower vagina. Congenital anomalies can occur if the Mullerian ducts fail to develop, fuse, or canalize properly, resulting in abnormalities such as bicornuate or septate uteri. The ovaries, cervix, and external genitalia also develop through defined embryological processes that can be disrupted, leading to conditions like cervical agenesis or ambiguous genitalia.
Anomalies By DR ASAD
This document discusses sexual differentiation and developmental anomalies in humans. It covers chromosomal sex, gonadal sex, internal and external genital development, sex assignment, and gender identity. It then focuses on gonadal development driven by the SRY gene and hormones. Finally, it classifies and describes mullerian anomalies, including Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome, vertical fusion defects like imperforate hymen and transverse vaginal septum, and lateral fusion defects like didelphic uterus with obstructed hemivagina. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding these anomalies for conception issues, pregnancy complications, and accurate diagnosis.
Undescended testicle
1) Cryptorchidism, or undescended testes, occurs when the testes fail to descend into the scrotum. This can be due to abnormalities in testicular descent during embryonic development between 5-9 months of gestation.
2) The incidence of cryptorchidism is about 3-5% in full term infants but higher in premature infants. By age 1, about 1-1.5% of boys will have undescended testes.
3) Cryptorchidism increases the risk of testicular cancer. About 10% of all testicular cancers occur in undescended testes. The risk is higher for intra-abdominal versus inguinal undesc
Development of the male reproductive system
This lecture is giving a detailed overview of the step by step development of the human reproductive system during the intrauterine life.
Development of external & internal genitalia by Dr.Preksha
1) The document discusses the development of the urogenital system and external and internal genitalia in humans from the intermediate mesoderm and cloaca.
2) Key structures that develop include the nephrogenic cord, paramesonephric duct, mesonephric duct, mesonephros, and gonad in both male and female embryos.
3) The fate of the gonad, paramesonephric duct, and external genitalia depends on the presence or absence of genes like SRY and hormones like testosterone.
Reproductive tract anomalies
Developmental anomalies of the reproductive system can occur when the mullerian duct system is disrupted during development in the embryo. The mullerian ducts normally differentiate to form the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper vagina. A wide range of anomalies are possible, from complete absence of the uterus and vagina to minor uterine abnormalities. The classification system from the American Fertility Society categorizes mullerian duct anomalies into classes based on dysgenesis of the ducts or disorders involving vertical fusion of the ducts.
The developmental anatomy of reproductive system
This lecture encompasses the pertinent structural details of the sequence of embryological development of the male and female reproductive tracts. Focusing over the detail of differentiation of gonadal ridges into male & female gonads and development of the duct systems in both sexes during the first few weeks intrauterine life.
Embryology of the urogenital system
The document discusses the embryology of the urogenital system and development of the genital system. It covers topics like:
- The indifferent stage of development before sexual differentiation occurs.
- Formation of the gonads from mesoderm and primordial germ cells.
- Role of the SRY gene in triggering testis development in males.
- Development of the ovaries, testes, genital ducts, and external genitalia in both sexes.
MULLERIAN ANOMALIES
The document provides an overview of Mullerian anomalies, which occur due to maldevelopment of the Mullerian ducts during embryonic development. It discusses the embryology of the female reproductive system and classifies Mullerian anomalies according to the American Fertility Society system. Common anomalies include septate uterus, bicornuate uterus, and uterine didelphys. Clinical features vary depending on the specific anomaly and whether it causes obstruction. Imaging can help identify the anomaly and determine appropriate surgical management when needed.
Embryology for anesthesia
1) This document discusses the embryonic development of the female genital tract. It describes how the müllerian ducts and urogenital sinus form the structures of the female reproductive system between 6-12 weeks of gestation.
2) It also discusses common malformations that can occur when development goes awry, such as vaginal agenesis, uterine anomalies, and ambiguous genitalia in newborns.
3) Genital ambiguity in newborns can be caused by excess androgen exposure leading to pseudohermaphroditism, dysgenetic gonads, or in rare cases true hermaphroditism. The document provides examples of each condition.
Urogenial sinus and vagial atresias
This document discusses abnormalities of the female urogenital tract, including their embryological development and classification. It notes that the urinary and genital systems develop from a common intermediate mesoderm and cloaca. Abnormalities can include defects in the development of the uterus, vagina, or urogenital sinus. Evaluation involves history, physical exam, imaging like ultrasound and MRI, and hormonal/genetic testing. Classification systems relate to the level of confluence between the urethra and vagina. Treatment is multidisciplinary and involves gender assignment and surgical reconstruction if needed.
Development of male genital system
The document discusses the development of the male genital system from the early indifferent stage through differentiation and formation of the testes, internal genital ducts, and external genitalia. It describes the roles of genes and hormones like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in directing the development. Potential anomalies are also outlined, including undescended testes.
Development of the male and female genital tracts
The document discusses the development of the male and female genital tracts. It begins with an overview that the gonads arise from mesoderm and the genital ducts arise from paired mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts. The mesonephric ducts develop into male genital ducts if the SRY gene is present, while the paramesonephric ducts develop into female genital ducts if SRY is absent. It then goes into detail about the development of the testes, ovaries, and genital ducts in both sexes.
EMBRYOLOGY AND CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF FEMALE GENITAL TRACT
Genetic sex determined at fertilization .
Gender become apparent in normal fetus by the 12th week of development
Undescended testis
1. Undescended testis occurs when the testis follows the normal path of descent but fails to reach the scrotum. Retractile testis involves a hyperreflexic cremaster muscle. Ectopic testis deviates from the normal path of descent.
2. Testicular descent normally begins at 8 weeks in the abdomen and reaches the scrotum by 9 months. A combination of mechanical and hormonal factors drive descent through the abdominal and inguinal phases.
3. Undescended testis can cause alterations to testicular structure and function, leading to infertility, hernia, torsion and malignancy risks if uncorrected. Orchidopexy surgery is usually performed by
Anomalies of descent of testis
This document discusses cryptorchidism, or undescended testes. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to understand the abnormalities in testes descent, the causes of cryptorchidism, its symptoms, diagnosis, treatments, and complications. It then explains normal testes development and defines cryptorchidism as failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. Cryptorchidism occurs in 3-4% of boys and may resolve on its own in the first 3 months, but after 3 months surgery is usually needed. Risks of cryptorchidism include higher chances of testicular cancer, torsion, and infertility. Treatments include hormone injections and surgery to bring the
Female pelvis(content)
The document discusses the embryology and histology of the female pelvis. It describes the development of the paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts and how they form the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper vagina. The development of the ovaries, urinary system, and common congenital anomalies are also outlined. On histology, it examines the layers of the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, ureters, bladder, and urethra. References are provided for further reading.
Congenital anomalies of female reproductive system
1) The most common congenital anomalies of the female reproductive system result from incomplete fusion or dissolution of the paramesonephric ducts during development.
2) Uterine anomalies can cause issues like infertility, miscarriages, and pain. While many require no treatment, some may be corrected through procedures like operative hysteroscopy.
3) Congenital anomalies of the external genitalia in females include ambiguous genitalia, which can resemble male or ambiguous characteristics. These are often investigated through exams, imaging, and genetics to determine the underlying condition.
Cryptochordism - Rivin
1. Undescended Testis : Along the normal path, but not reached scrotum.
2. Retractile Testis : Hyperreflexic Cremaster
3. Ectopic Testis : Deviation from normal path of descent
Absence of testis in scrotum since birth
Hemiscrotum empty, hypoplastic
Male Reproductive System
This document provides an overview of the male reproductive system including:
- The anatomy and functions of the penis, scrotum, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, prostate gland, and urethra.
- Common congenital disorders like phimosis, paraphimosis, hypospadias, and epispadias along with their symptoms, medical and nursing management.
- Sperm cell production, structure, and function.
Anomalies of Female Reproductive System (Embryology-uterus, uterine tube, ova...
This document describes anomalies of the female reproductive system that can occur due to abnormal development. It begins by outlining the normal development of the female reproductive system from the paramesonephric ducts and mesonephros. It then describes potential anomalies in the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and external genitalia. These include absence or duplication of organs, septated or obstructed lumens, ectopic placement like ovaries in the inguinal canal, and teratomas containing tissues not normally found in the ovaries. Diagrams are provided to illustrate some uterine anomalies like didelphys, unicornuate, and septate variations. The learning outcomes are to understand normal female reproductive development and be aware of potential
Development of female genitalia
The document summarizes the development of the female genital system from indifferent gonads to internal and external structures. It describes how in the absence of the SRY gene, the gonads develop into ovaries through proliferation of surface epithelium into cortical cords containing primordial follicles. The paramesonephric ducts fuse to form the uterovaginal canal and give rise to the uterus and upper vagina. The lower vagina develops from sinovaginal bulbs. External structures like the labia, clitoris and vestibule form from the genital tubercle and urogenital folds. Anomalies can occur if fusion of ducts is incomplete.
Congenital anomalies ppt
This document provides an overview of common congenital anomalies of the genitourinary system. It discusses abnormalities of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, and genitals. For each anomaly, it describes the presentation, evaluation, and typical treatment approaches. Common anomalies covered include horseshoe kidney, pelviureteric junction obstruction, vesicoureteric reflux, duplication of the urinary system, ectopic ureter, uretrocele, undescended testis, hypospadias, epispadias, bladder extrophy, and posterior urethral valves.
PEDI GU REVIEW-perinatal emergencies i
The document discusses various perinatal emergencies involving the urinary tract including obstruction, neural tube defects, solid masses, and intersex disorders. It outlines evaluation and treatment approaches for conditions diagnosed during the antenatal period such as bladder exstrophy, prune belly syndrome, and myelodysplasia. The document also covers evaluation and management of scrotal masses, pediatric scrotal tumors, and various intersex disorders including congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
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Undescended testicle
1) Cryptorchidism, or undescended testes, occurs when the testes fail to descend into the scrotum. This can be due to abnormalities in testicular descent during embryonic development between 5-9 months of gestation.
2) The incidence of cryptorchidism is about 3-5% in full term infants but higher in premature infants. By age 1, about 1-1.5% of boys will have undescended testes.
3) Cryptorchidism increases the risk of testicular cancer. About 10% of all testicular cancers occur in undescended testes. The risk is higher for intra-abdominal versus inguinal undesc
Development of the male reproductive system
This lecture is giving a detailed overview of the step by step development of the human reproductive system during the intrauterine life.
Development of external & internal genitalia by Dr.Preksha
1) The document discusses the development of the urogenital system and external and internal genitalia in humans from the intermediate mesoderm and cloaca.
2) Key structures that develop include the nephrogenic cord, paramesonephric duct, mesonephric duct, mesonephros, and gonad in both male and female embryos.
3) The fate of the gonad, paramesonephric duct, and external genitalia depends on the presence or absence of genes like SRY and hormones like testosterone.
Reproductive tract anomalies
Developmental anomalies of the reproductive system can occur when the mullerian duct system is disrupted during development in the embryo. The mullerian ducts normally differentiate to form the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper vagina. A wide range of anomalies are possible, from complete absence of the uterus and vagina to minor uterine abnormalities. The classification system from the American Fertility Society categorizes mullerian duct anomalies into classes based on dysgenesis of the ducts or disorders involving vertical fusion of the ducts.
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This lecture encompasses the pertinent structural details of the sequence of embryological development of the male and female reproductive tracts. Focusing over the detail of differentiation of gonadal ridges into male & female gonads and development of the duct systems in both sexes during the first few weeks intrauterine life.
Embryology of the urogenital system
The document discusses the embryology of the urogenital system and development of the genital system. It covers topics like:
- The indifferent stage of development before sexual differentiation occurs.
- Formation of the gonads from mesoderm and primordial germ cells.
- Role of the SRY gene in triggering testis development in males.
- Development of the ovaries, testes, genital ducts, and external genitalia in both sexes.
MULLERIAN ANOMALIES
The document provides an overview of Mullerian anomalies, which occur due to maldevelopment of the Mullerian ducts during embryonic development. It discusses the embryology of the female reproductive system and classifies Mullerian anomalies according to the American Fertility Society system. Common anomalies include septate uterus, bicornuate uterus, and uterine didelphys. Clinical features vary depending on the specific anomaly and whether it causes obstruction. Imaging can help identify the anomaly and determine appropriate surgical management when needed.
Embryology for anesthesia
1) This document discusses the embryonic development of the female genital tract. It describes how the müllerian ducts and urogenital sinus form the structures of the female reproductive system between 6-12 weeks of gestation.
2) It also discusses common malformations that can occur when development goes awry, such as vaginal agenesis, uterine anomalies, and ambiguous genitalia in newborns.
3) Genital ambiguity in newborns can be caused by excess androgen exposure leading to pseudohermaphroditism, dysgenetic gonads, or in rare cases true hermaphroditism. The document provides examples of each condition.
Urogenial sinus and vagial atresias
This document discusses abnormalities of the female urogenital tract, including their embryological development and classification. It notes that the urinary and genital systems develop from a common intermediate mesoderm and cloaca. Abnormalities can include defects in the development of the uterus, vagina, or urogenital sinus. Evaluation involves history, physical exam, imaging like ultrasound and MRI, and hormonal/genetic testing. Classification systems relate to the level of confluence between the urethra and vagina. Treatment is multidisciplinary and involves gender assignment and surgical reconstruction if needed.
Development of male genital system
The document discusses the development of the male genital system from the early indifferent stage through differentiation and formation of the testes, internal genital ducts, and external genitalia. It describes the roles of genes and hormones like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in directing the development. Potential anomalies are also outlined, including undescended testes.
Development of the male and female genital tracts
The document discusses the development of the male and female genital tracts. It begins with an overview that the gonads arise from mesoderm and the genital ducts arise from paired mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts. The mesonephric ducts develop into male genital ducts if the SRY gene is present, while the paramesonephric ducts develop into female genital ducts if SRY is absent. It then goes into detail about the development of the testes, ovaries, and genital ducts in both sexes.
EMBRYOLOGY AND CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF FEMALE GENITAL TRACT
Genetic sex determined at fertilization .
Gender become apparent in normal fetus by the 12th week of development
Undescended testis
1. Undescended testis occurs when the testis follows the normal path of descent but fails to reach the scrotum. Retractile testis involves a hyperreflexic cremaster muscle. Ectopic testis deviates from the normal path of descent.
2. Testicular descent normally begins at 8 weeks in the abdomen and reaches the scrotum by 9 months. A combination of mechanical and hormonal factors drive descent through the abdominal and inguinal phases.
3. Undescended testis can cause alterations to testicular structure and function, leading to infertility, hernia, torsion and malignancy risks if uncorrected. Orchidopexy surgery is usually performed by
Anomalies of descent of testis
This document discusses cryptorchidism, or undescended testes. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to understand the abnormalities in testes descent, the causes of cryptorchidism, its symptoms, diagnosis, treatments, and complications. It then explains normal testes development and defines cryptorchidism as failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. Cryptorchidism occurs in 3-4% of boys and may resolve on its own in the first 3 months, but after 3 months surgery is usually needed. Risks of cryptorchidism include higher chances of testicular cancer, torsion, and infertility. Treatments include hormone injections and surgery to bring the
Female pelvis(content)
The document discusses the embryology and histology of the female pelvis. It describes the development of the paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts and how they form the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper vagina. The development of the ovaries, urinary system, and common congenital anomalies are also outlined. On histology, it examines the layers of the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, ureters, bladder, and urethra. References are provided for further reading.
Congenital anomalies of female reproductive system
1) The most common congenital anomalies of the female reproductive system result from incomplete fusion or dissolution of the paramesonephric ducts during development.
2) Uterine anomalies can cause issues like infertility, miscarriages, and pain. While many require no treatment, some may be corrected through procedures like operative hysteroscopy.
3) Congenital anomalies of the external genitalia in females include ambiguous genitalia, which can resemble male or ambiguous characteristics. These are often investigated through exams, imaging, and genetics to determine the underlying condition.
Cryptochordism - Rivin
1. Undescended Testis : Along the normal path, but not reached scrotum.
2. Retractile Testis : Hyperreflexic Cremaster
3. Ectopic Testis : Deviation from normal path of descent
Absence of testis in scrotum since birth
Hemiscrotum empty, hypoplastic
Male Reproductive System
This document provides an overview of the male reproductive system including:
- The anatomy and functions of the penis, scrotum, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, prostate gland, and urethra.
- Common congenital disorders like phimosis, paraphimosis, hypospadias, and epispadias along with their symptoms, medical and nursing management.
- Sperm cell production, structure, and function.
Anomalies of Female Reproductive System (Embryology-uterus, uterine tube, ova...
This document describes anomalies of the female reproductive system that can occur due to abnormal development. It begins by outlining the normal development of the female reproductive system from the paramesonephric ducts and mesonephros. It then describes potential anomalies in the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and external genitalia. These include absence or duplication of organs, septated or obstructed lumens, ectopic placement like ovaries in the inguinal canal, and teratomas containing tissues not normally found in the ovaries. Diagrams are provided to illustrate some uterine anomalies like didelphys, unicornuate, and septate variations. The learning outcomes are to understand normal female reproductive development and be aware of potential
Development of female genitalia
The document summarizes the development of the female genital system from indifferent gonads to internal and external structures. It describes how in the absence of the SRY gene, the gonads develop into ovaries through proliferation of surface epithelium into cortical cords containing primordial follicles. The paramesonephric ducts fuse to form the uterovaginal canal and give rise to the uterus and upper vagina. The lower vagina develops from sinovaginal bulbs. External structures like the labia, clitoris and vestibule form from the genital tubercle and urogenital folds. Anomalies can occur if fusion of ducts is incomplete.
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Development of external & internal genitalia by Dr.Preksha
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Congenital anomalies of female reproductive system
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Anorectal malformations (ARMs) occur in 1 in 4,000 to 5,000 births and can range from stenosis to imperforate anus. Cloacal anomalies are even rarer, occurring in 1 in 50,000 births. ARMs are associated with urogenital abnormalities in about 35% of cases as well as spinal defects. Treatment involves surgical repair of the ARM and management of any associated issues like urinary tract defects. Long term management may include bowel management, urinary reconstruction like CIC, and treatment of complications such as incontinence.
PEDI GU REVIEW lower tract i
This document provides an overview of congenital disorders of the lower urinary tract, with a focus on vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). It discusses the anatomy and causes of VUR, risk factors for urinary tract infections, and non-surgical management approaches like antibiotic prophylaxis, bladder training, and treatment of voiding dysfunction. Expectant management may be appropriate for some cases, with periodic screening and assessment of reflux and kidney health over time.
Pedi gu review nephrolithiasis
This document discusses the classification, pathophysiology, presentation, imaging, laboratory evaluation and treatment of nephrolithiasis in pediatric patients. The main types of stones include calcium, uric acid, cystine and struvite. Important risk factors are hypercalciuria, hypocitraturia, hyperoxaluria and low urine volume. Treatment depends on stone size and location but may include extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy or open surgery. Diet and medical management target the underlying metabolic abnormalities promoting stone formation.
Pedi gu review ureteral anomalies i
The document discusses various ureteral anomalies in children, including ureteroceles and megaureters. It covers the demographics, diagnosis, and treatment options for these conditions. Treatment goals are preservation of renal function, elimination of infection/obstruction, and maintenance of continence, with minimization of surgical morbidity. Options discussed include observation, endoscopic versus open surgical procedures, and complete reconstruction depending on factors like severity of reflux and hydronephrosis. Outcomes of different surgical techniques are compared based on studies.
PEDI GU REVIEW voiding dysfunction i
1. The document discusses various types of pediatric voiding dysfunction including neurogenic and non-neurogenic causes. Common neurogenic causes include myelomeningocele, sacral agenesis, and cerebral palsy.
2. Evaluation of patients may involve urodynamic studies to assess detrusor and sphincter function. Management depends on the etiology and may include clean intermittent catheterization, anticholinergic medications, or surgical interventions.
3. Long-term follow up is important to monitor for issues like urinary tract infections, vesicoureteral reflux, incontinence, and secondary complications.
Pedi gu review renal trauma
1) Pediatric renal trauma is most commonly caused by blunt trauma from accidents like falls or motor vehicle collisions. The kidneys are more susceptible to injury in children due to their fetal lobulations and less protection by the rib cage.
2) There is debate around when imaging is needed for pediatric renal trauma patients. Some recommend imaging all children with microscopic hematuria, while others suggest observation for stable patients with less than 50 red blood cells per high-powered field and mild trauma.
3) Pre-existing kidney abnormalities increase the risk of hematuria out of proportion with the trauma in pediatric patients. Imaging may be needed to identify injuries or abnormalities that could require treatment.
PEDI GU REVIEW intersex
The document discusses disorders of sexual differentiation, including chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic sex development. It outlines various conditions that can result in intersex traits, such as disorders of testicular differentiation, ovarian differentiation, and disorders of gonadal development. Treatment approaches aim to avoid unnecessary genital surgery and allow for informed consent, while addressing physical health and comfort.
Urology
Urology is the branch of medicine that focuses on the urinary tract and male reproductive system. It covers conditions of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, and male genitals. Common diseases treated in urology include benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), urinary tract infections (UTIs), kidney stones, incontinence, and cancers of the urinary system. Urology departments are staffed by urologists, nurses, and have various equipment like cystoscopes, uretroscopes, and holmium lasers. NABH standards for urology focus on communication between staff, respecting patient privacy, and informing patients of critical test results
Case presentation -group-14--20160520
This 71-year-old man presented with gross hematuria and a bladder mass. He had a history of asbestos exposure and other medical issues. Evaluation revealed a large fungating bladder lesion, and biopsies confirmed adenocarcinoma. Further testing found prostate cancer involving 30% of tissue with a Gleason score of 7. The tentative diagnosis was urothelial carcinoma of the bladder neck, prostate urethra, or both, but immunohistochemical staining was positive for PSA, suggesting the final diagnosis was prostate adenocarcinoma with invasion into the bladder.
Evaluation of the urologic patient
This document summarizes a seminar on hematuria that included a discussion of:
- How to characterize hematuria based on whether it is gross or microscopic, when during urination it occurs, and if it is associated with pain.
- The importance of obtaining a thorough history including the chief complaint, history of present illness, past medical history, medication history, and family/social history.
- How to perform a physical examination with focus on vital signs, examination of the head/ears/eyes/lymph nodes, abdominal/rectal examination, and genitourinary examination.
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Embryology of the female reproductive system
The female internal genital organs develop during week 12 of pregnancy and include the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and vagina. At birth, the newborn girl is born with all of her internal female reproductive organs formed but non-functional until puberty, consisting of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and vagina.
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Foregut
The foregut gives rise to the esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder and bile ducts, pancreas, and upper duodenum. The esophagus develops from the foregut just caudal to the lung buds. Errors in formation of septa can lead to tracheoesophageal fistulas or esophageal atresia. The stomach develops through rotation such that the left side moves ventrally and the right dorsally. Differential growth forms the greater and lesser curvatures. The pyloric sphincter separates the stomach and duodenum; errors can cause pyloric stenosis. The liver and pancreas arise from the foregut endoderm induced by nearby mesoderm.
Foregut
The foregut gives rise to the esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder and bile ducts, pancreas, and upper duodenum. The esophagus develops from the foregut just caudal to the lung buds. Errors in formation of septa can lead to tracheoesophageal fistulas or esophageal atresia. The stomach develops through rotation such that the left side moves ventrally and the right dorsally. Differential growth forms the greater and lesser curvatures. The pancreas has dorsal and ventral components that fuse together. Rotation of the duodenum brings the pancreas into a retroperitoneal position and can cause annular pancreas if fusion is abnormal.
Undescended Testis
Undescended testis, or cryptorchidism, is a common condition in infants where one or both testes fail to descend into the scrotum. It occurs in approximately 3% of term male infants and is more common in premature infants. Left untreated, undescended testis can lead to infertility and an increased risk of testicular cancer. The standard treatment is orchidopexy surgery to bring the testis into the scrotum, which is usually performed between 6-12 months of age. For intra-abdominal undescended testes, a two-stage surgical approach may be used.
Embryology_and_Anatomy_of_the_Gastrointestinal_Tract_NASPGHAN.pdf
The skin is divided into two parts: the superficial part, the
epidermis; and the deep part, the dermis (Fig. 1.4). The
epidermis is a stratified epithelium whose cells become flat
tened as they mature and rise to the surface. On the palms of
the hands and the soles of the feet, the epidermis is extremely
thick, to withstand the wear and tear that occurs in these
regions. In other areas of the body, for example, on the ante
rior surface of the arm and forearm, it is thin. The dermis is
composed of dense connective tissue containing many blood
vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. It shows considerable
variation in thickness in different parts of the body, tending
to be thinner on the anterior than on the posterior surface.
It is thinner in women than in men. The dermis of the skin
is connected to the underlying deep fascia or bones by the
superficial fascia, otherwise known as subcutaneous tissue.
The skin over joints always folds in the same place, the
SKIN CREASES (Fig. 1.5). At these sites, the skin is thinner
than elsewhere and is firmly tethered to underlying struc
tures by strong bands of fibrous tissue.
The appendages of the skin are the nails, hair follicles,
sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
The nails are keratinized plates on the dorsal surfaces of
the tips of the fingers and toes. The proximal edge of the
plate is the root of the nail (see Fig. 1.5). With the exception
of the distal edge of the plate, the nail is surrounded and
overlapped by folds of skin known as nail folds. The sur
face of skin covered by the nail is the nail bed (see Fig. 1.5).
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of the epidermis into the dermis (see Fig. 1.4). The folli
cles lie obliquely to the skin surface, and their expanded
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Anatomy of kidney nd ureter copy
This document provides an overview of kidney and ureter embryology and surgical anatomy. It discusses the development of the pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros. The mesonephric duct gives rise to the ureteric bud which develops into the collecting system. Congenital anomalies including renal agenesis, horseshoe kidney and duplex collecting system are described. The surgical anatomy of the kidneys and their blood supply from the renal arteries is summarized. The relationships of the kidneys to surrounding structures and fascial layers including Gerota's fascia are also outlined.
Anorectal malformations in children
Anorectal malformations are congenital defects that occur during gestation when the rectum fails to descend and connect to the anal opening. They range from mild defects like anal stenosis to more severe ones like rectal atresia. Treatment involves surgical correction like colostomy followed by anoplasty. Nursing care focuses on wound, stoma and postoperative bowel care to support healing and prevent complications.
Bladder Extrophy and Epispadias Complex BEEC - Dr. ESIRU-2.pptx
University of Nairobi, Department of Surgery, Plastics surgery.
Paediatric urology Bladder Exstrophy Epispadias Complex.
Oesophagealatresia
Esophageal atresia is a birth defect where the esophagus fails to develop properly, resulting in an abnormal connection or closure. It occurs in about 1 in 3,000-4,500 births. Types include atresia without a fistula, or with a proximal or distal fistula. Associated anomalies are present in 25% of cases. Prenatal ultrasound may detect polyhydramnios or an absence of stomach bubbles. After birth, signs include frothy mucus in the mouth or nose and coughing/choking during feeding. Treatment involves stabilizing the infant, then surgical repair of the esophagus. Long term follow up is needed to monitor for complications.
Male reproductive system
The document provides information on the male reproductive system including anatomy and common disorders. It describes the structures of the penis, scrotum, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, prostate gland and urethra. Common congenital disorders discussed include phimosis, paraphimosis, epispadias, hypospadias, cryptorchidism, and hydrocele. Surgical and non-surgical treatment options are provided for each condition.
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Sexual Development
Obstetric and gynecologic anatomy
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The document discusses the development of the abdominal cavity and its contents from an embryological perspective. It covers topics like:
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- Embryological basis of congenital anomalies resulting from abnormal rotation of the midgut like intestinal malrotation.
- Development of structures like the liver, stomach and intestines and their blood supply.
- Derivatives of the hindgut and development of the anorectal canal from the cloaca.
Umbilical cord.pptx
The umbilical cord forms between 5-12 weeks of gestation and is usually 50-60cm long. It contains vessels embedded in Wharton's jelly and transfers nutrients and metabolites between the fetus and placenta. Abnormal cord lengths or structures can impact fetal development. Umbilical cord anomalies seen on ultrasound include cysts, tumors, hematomas, and variations in coiling that may cause growth issues. Other fetal anomalies like omphalocele involve abdominal organs protruding in the umbilical cord. The urachus is a remnant of early development that can rarely cause infections if patent.
Umbilical cord.pptx
The umbilical cord forms between 5-12 weeks of gestation and is usually 50-60cm long. It contains vessels embedded in Wharton's jelly and transfers nutrients and water between the fetus and placenta. Abnormal cord lengths or structures can impact fetal development. Umbilical cord anomalies seen on ultrasound include cysts, tumors, hematomas, and variations in coiling that may cause growth issues. Other fetal anomalies like omphalocele involve abdominal organs protruding in the umbilical cord. The urachus is a remnant of early development that can rarely cause infections if patent.
Kidney developmentprint
The kidneys develop through three successive stages - the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. The pronephros appears early in development but degenerates. The mesonephros functions until week 10 and its duct develops into parts of the reproductive and urinary systems. The metanephros is the definitive kidney, developing from the ureteric bud inducing nephron formation in week 5. The kidneys ascend from the pelvis to the abdomen during development. In adults, each kidney contains segments supplied by arterial branches and lobes that drain into minor calyces.
USMLE GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY 013 Fourth week development B embryo .pdf
uring the fourth week of embryonic development, significant changes occur as the developing embryo undergoes crucial stages in its formation.
It's important to note that the exact timing of these events can vary among individual embryos, and the descriptions provided are generalizations.
The fourth week represents a critical period in embryonic development, setting the foundation for the formation of various organ systems and body structures.
Fetal genitourinary
The document describes the sonographic appearance of the fetal kidneys, bladder, and urinary tract. It discusses how the kidneys appear hyper-echoic and oval shaped in the first trimester, becoming less echogenic over time with corticomedullary differentiation appearing at 14-15 weeks. The bladder is first seen at 9 weeks gestation and empties every 25-30 minutes in the second and third trimester. Various urinary tract abnormalities are described such as renal agenesis, ectopic or fused kidneys, renal cystic diseases, hydronephrosis, and lower urinary tract obstruction. Causes, appearances, and characteristics of different abnormalities are provided.
Anorectal_malformations_(1).pptx
This document summarizes the case of a newborn baby born via elective C-section with anorectal malformations. Key details include:
- Baby was born at term with normal APGAR scores and weight of 2.83kg.
- During birth it was noted the baby had no patent anal opening and a single umbilical artery, so the baby was referred for further management.
- Investigations found the baby had an anorectal malformation, ASD, and L5 hemivertebrae, consistent with VACTERL association.
- A colostomy was performed on the baby. No growth was found on cultures and antibiotics were stopped. The baby was being managed for the
Surgery Small Intestine And Appendix T G
The document provides information about the small intestine and appendix. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the small intestine, covering its segments, blood supply, lymphatic tissues, and functions like digestion and absorption. It also describes common surgical emergencies like acute appendicitis. Other topics include Meckel's diverticulum, Crohn's disease, and small bowel tumors.
Uterovaginal prolapse by Dr zarkaish
A 58-year-old woman presents with pelvic heaviness and sensation of something protruding from her vagina that worsens with exertion. She sometimes feels and sees a bulge from her vagina and needs to push it back in to empty her bladder fully. The most likely diagnosis is pelvic organ prolapse. The doctor will examine her with a speculum while straining to determine the degree of prolapse. Conservative management with pelvic floor exercises and potentially a pessary will be recommended initially, with surgery as an option if symptoms persist or worsen.
Group 5 Reproductive Disorder2
The document discusses various reproductive system disorders including phimosis, hypospadias, epispadias, cryptorchidism, hydrocele, and prostate cancer. Phimosis is a tight foreskin that prevents retraction over the glans. Hypospadias is a birth defect where the urethra opens on the underside of the penis. Epispadias is an opening of the urethra on the upper surface of the penis. Cryptorchidism is undescended testes. Hydrocele is a fluid collection around a testis. Prostate cancer is a common cancer in men that is typically diagnosed via digital rectal exam and PSA testing.
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PEDI GU REVIEW embryology i
- 1. EMBRYOLOGY Pediatric GU Review UCSD Pediatric Urology George Chiang MD Sara Marietti MD Outlined from The Kelalis-King-Belman Textbook of Clinical Pediatric Urology 2007 (not for reproduction, distribution, or sale without consent)
- 2. Timeline Quiz I Anterior Abdominal Wall Renal Vasculature Pronephros Mesonephros Kidney Ureter Calices 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
- 5. Timeline Quiz II Cloaca UG Sinus Bladder Primitive Gonads Gonadal Ridge Ovary/Testes 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
- 7. Timeline Quiz III Phallus Vagina/Uterus/Fallopian tubes Prostate, SVs, Vas Deferens 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
- 8. Match the Teratogen Rubella Virus Cocaine Oral Contraceptives ACE Inhibitors Anticonvulsants Maternal Hyperthermia Ethanol Progestational Agents Eagle-Barrett Syndrome,hypospadias, hydronephrosis Micropenis Hypospadias, cryptorchidism Hypospadias,hydronephrosis Renal Dysplasia Hypospadias, ambiguous genitalia, cryptorchidism Ambiguous genitalia Hypospadias
- 13. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis Placental Estrogens Fetal Cortisol Inactive Cortisone POMC mRNA ACTH Adrenal Cortisol Fetal HPA Axis ? ?
- 18. Match the Condition Retrocaval ureter Renal Agenesis ADPKD ARPKD Multicystic dysplastic kidneys Pelvic Ectopia Horeshoe Kidney Supernumerary Kidney Pronephros fails to develop and mesonephros fails to develop Failure of renal ascent Persistence of R subcardinal vein as IVC Ascent arrested by IMA Enlargement of collecting ducts with “sunburst pattern” Early ureteral obstruction or faulty ureteral bud 1 in 3000 pregnancies Division of ipsilateral ureteral bud Cysts form thru abnormal collecting duct branching Renal Vasculature and Kidney
- 21. Notch is filled with mesenchyme to form urorectal septum This pushes caudally and divides cloaca into primitive rectum and UG sinus 5th week
- 28. Gonads, genital ducts,genitalia Week Male Female 6th Indifferent Gonad Indifferent Gonad 10th Ext genitalia are becoming more visible 11th Prostate arises Urethral Glands 12th Littre’s glands Secondary ovarian cortex
- 29. Gonads, genital ducts,genitalia Week Male Female 13th SVs start to develop Mesonephric ducts regress 14th Penile shaft elongates 16th Uterus forms 20th Prepuce completely formed Vaginal lumen completely formed
- 30. Gonads, genital ducts,genitalia Week Male Female 24th Efferent ductules of epididymis Tunical albuginea of ovary forms 28th PV has herniated thru abdomen Gub fuses with lateral uterus
- 34. MORE QUESTIONS