Pedestrian planning and modelling

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Brett Little

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PEDESTRIAN PLANNING & MODELLING
Brett Little

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1. INTRODUCTION
What do we mean by pedestrian?
As a mode it is a trip completed on foot.
However, anyone travelling by public transport
is a pedestrian for some part of their trip.
People interchanging between public transport
modes or services.
Those Travelling by car if they park away from their destination.
Those visiting pedestrian environments such as shopping
centres, parks, events etc.
The list goes on……

2. WHY STUDY PEDESTRIANS?
Using London as an Example:
London wide, people make seven million journeys on foot every
day. Accounting for over 30% of the mode split.
Walking is mainly used for shorter trips; 86% of trips of up to half
a km and 58% of trips between half and one km.
Walking is also an important means of getting to and from public
transport services and is involved in most other journeys.
TfL Streets identified the need to quantify changes to the
pedestrian environment.

What is pedestrian engineering?
It is the discipline that focuses on the most prevalent
mode of transport – walking
3. PEDESTRIAN ENGINEERING
Viswalk is used to
plan for pedestrians
(inside and outside stations
and buildings)
evaluate planning alternatives
plan operations
simulate evacuations
determine travel times
create 3D-simulations

4. WHAT IS PEDESTRIAN MICRO-SIMULATION?
 The accurate simulated representation of people walking -
every step
 Simulation of the interaction of pedestrians in crowds
 Simulation of the interaction between pedestrians and the built
environment
 The accurate simulation of the interaction between pedestrians and
private or public modes
of transport

5. SCOPE
Pedestrian Modelling is a growth field, it is widely used in the
following areas:
Environments
1. Pedestrian only environment
2. Pedestrian/Vehicle interaction
3. Traffic dominated environment
4. Enclosed environments;
buildings, public transport
carriages, aircraft

Uses
Pedestrian modelling can be used within various disciplines some of
which are inter related:
Planning; demand forecasting, strategic level
Feasibility studies
Design; all levels of design up to and including detailed design,
optioneering or iterative design process.
Management; day to day management of streets, stations etc as
well as event management.
Operational, to test public transport frequency or signal control
strategies.
5. SCOPE

Markets
Traffic
Transport Planning
Public Transport Stations
Public Transport Operations
Safety and evacuation
Event Management
Stadia
Public Realm
Environmental
Architectural
Vehicle, carriage and aircraft design
Retail
5. SCOPE

6. VISION SUITE - MICROSIMULATION
Microscopic Pedestrian
Simulation
Exact microscopic modelling of all
modes - modal microsimulation.

PTV VISWALK AND VISSIM ARE FULLY INTEGRATED
 Pedestrians, motorised traffic, cycles and public transport can be
simulated together.
 At crossings pedestrians obey traffic lights, at non-signalized crossings
either pedestrians or vehicles can be given priority.
 Pedestrians can alight from trains and board trains.
Key Benefits of using PTV Viswalk | 2013

THE SOCIAL FORCE MODEL
 The force on a pedestrian is calculated at any time from the
influences of their desire, other pedestrians and the built
environment such as walls or buildings.
Driving force in the
desired direction of
motion
Forces from borders
Forces from
fellow
pedestrians
Driving force in the
desired direction of
motion
Forces from borders
Forces from
fellow
pedestrians
Ammendments
PTV ammended the Social Force Model with additional functionality to
enable modelling:
Movement through multi-storey buildings,
Crossing streets (with or without regulation)
Board and alight from trains,
Queue in elaborate queuing systems,
Bi-directional movement through an extended but narrow corridors

DYNAMIC POTENTIAL
 This PTV extension of the Social Force Model is not for a specific
situation, but applies generally. The basic idea is to change from a
shortest path to a earliest arrival movement paradigm.

7. VISWALK INPUTS
• Inception / Scoping
• Surveys
• Manual
• Video
• Origin/Destination
• Permanent Counters
• Ticketing
• Mobile Phone Data
• Matrix Derivation
• Manual
• Matrix Estimator Tools
• Gravity Models

8. VISWALK OUTPUT
Output Use
Density maps Illustrate problem areas
Level of Service (LOS) Measure changes – input to
business case
Journey times (total and between
origin and destination)
Measure changes – input to
business case
Speed, dwell times of pedestrians Measure pedestrian experience
Record file (detailed trajectory data) Input to other software
Queuing / transaction times Ticketing and retail
placement/design
2D and 3D-animation Illustration for non technical
audience and stakeholders
Key Outputs and their uses

VISWALK OUTPUT – FRUIN LEVEL OF SERVICE
Level of
Service
Footways
(peds/m/min)
Footways
(peds/m2)
LOS Description
A <23.0 <0.31
Flow rate les
than 23 people
per metre per
minute
Free circulation
B 23.0-32.8 0.31-0.43
Flow rate 23 to
33 people per
metre per
minute
For one directional flows, free
circulation. For reverse and
crossing flows, minor conflicts
C 32.8-48.2 0.43-0.72
Flow rate 34 to
49 people per
metre per
minute
Some restriction in selection of
walking speed and ability to pass
others. High probability of conflict.
D 48.2-65.6 0.72-1.08
Flow rate 49 to
66 people per
minute.
Restricted and reduced walking
speed for most pedestrians.
Difficulties in passing. Multiple
conflicts, momentary stoppages of
flow.
E 65.6-82.0 1.08-2.17
Flow rate 66 to
82 people per
metre per
minute.
Restricted and reduced walking
speed for all pedestrians. Shuffling
progress at higher densities.
Extreme difficulties in reverse or
cross flows.
F >82.0 >2.17
Flow rate >82
people per
metre per
minute
Circulation reduced to shuffling.
Reverse and cross flows near
impossible. Frequent contact.
Sporadic forward flow.

Level of Service Density Plots – ‘heatmaps’
VISWALK OUTPUT

2D and 3D videos are easy to produce
VISWALK OUTPUT

Journey Times – Whole Model and point to point
VISWALK OUTPUT

Pedestrian Following – individual experience and results
VISWALK OUTPUT

COMPUTATION SPEED: PTV VISWALK IS FAST
20,000 pedestrians simulated in real time.

PTV VISWALK HAS NO HARD SIZE LIMIT
One million pedestrians.

9. CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION
Calibration

Validation
Journey Times

Screenline Counts
Example shown from London
Validation against 48 internal screenline counts.
Surveys on two significantly different days.
Aim is to produce flows between the high and
low demand to represent an average day.

10. VISWALK USES
Interchange between modes of
Transport
Rail and Metro
Buses
Taxi
Walking
Cycling
Private car

VISWALK USES
Traffic and Streets
Signal Timings
Interaction with traffic (cars, buses, freight and cycles)
Public Transport boarding and alighting

VISWALK USES
Stations - Pedestrian/Train/Station Interaction
 Boarding
 Alighting
 Platform
capacity
 Corridors
 Stairs and
escalators
 Ticket
gates
 Ticket
halls
 Ticket
purchasing

VISWALK USES
Stadiums
Operation – Arrivals and departures
Ticket turnstiles
Stairs
Evacuation
Retail
Placement
Links to public
transport

VISWALK USES
Buildings
Access
Internal Layout
Stairs, lifts
Evacuation

SUMMARY
Interaction between modes
 Rail and Metro
 Buses
 Car &Taxi
 Walking & Cycling
Outputs
 Journey times
 Interchange times
 Levels of density
 Queuing times and densities
 Routing analysis
 3D videos

CONTACT
Brett Little
Solution Director
Pedestrian Engineering & Major Events
brett.little@ptvgroup.com

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