The document provides information about peanuts/groundnuts, including their physical structure, chemical composition, cultivation practices, processing, byproducts, and major products. Peanuts have a thin papery seed coat and range in size from 7-21mm long and 5-13mm wide. They are nutritionally dense and rich in protein, fat, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals. Peanuts are mostly grown in China and India using various varieties with maturation periods of 105-125 days. Common processing practices include cleaning, decoating, packaging, and storage at low moisture levels to prevent caking. Byproducts include peanut meal, skins, hulls, and vines. Major products are roasted peanuts, peanut

1. Peanut or
Groundnut
TEAM:
SATYA PRAKASH(121122)
SARAVANA KUMAR S(121121)
SHIVAM PATEL(121128)
SASHI BHUSHAN PRASAD(121127)
SAIRASHWANTH BS(121118)

2. CONTENTS
Physical structure of
the Peanut
01
Chemical
composition of the
Peanut
02
Agricultural
background/ practices
followed in cultivating
the Peanut.
03
Processing practices
04
By-products made out by
the waste of Peanut after
processing
06
Major products made
from the Peanut.
05

3. Physical structure of the Peanut
The seeds of groundnut differ in size, shape and colour of the seed coat or testa. The
testa is thin and papery. In general, 3 unicellular layers viz., the outer epidermis or scler
enchyma, middle parenchyma and inner parenchyma constitute the testa. These layers
are maternal tissue representing the integument of the maturing ovule.
Seed length ranges from 7 to 21 mm
Seed diameter from 5 to 13 mm
Seed weight ranges from 0.17 to 1.24 g.
Each seed consists of 2 cotyledons, upper
stem axis and young leaf primordia
(epicotyl) and lower stem axis(hypocotyl)
and primary root

4. Nutritionally dense food, rich in protein and fat. contains a substantial amount of
fat, proteins, carbohydrate, both fat soluble and water soluble vitamins, minerals
and phytochemicals The B vitamins, vitamin E, MUFA, PUFA, fiber, and
phytochemicals(to be specific) The ranges of peanut nutrient constituents
recently reported:
Chemical composition of the Peanut

5. Peanut oil is rich in unsaturated fat, predominantly, monounsaturated fats
(MUFA) which have been associated with lower cardiovascular risk. The
peanut dietary fiber consists of insoluble polysaccharides (cellulose and
hemicellulose) and soluble oligosaccharides. The combined properties of
insoluble and soluble dietary fiber are likely led to reduce the incidence
of colorectal cancer and other malignancies as well as non-neoplastic
diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and immune
disorders.
Cont’d

6. Agricultural background/practices followed in
cultivating the Peanut.
Groundnut or Peanut
(Arachis hypogea L.)
• Family: Leguminosae
Expected to be originated in South America(Brazil)
Introduced in India by Portuguese traders
• Mostly grown by country China followed by India.
• In India mostly grown in Gujrat, Andhra Pradesh
Tamil Nadu etc.
VARIETIES:
ICGS 11 : bunchy type, mature in 125 days. The
average yield is 25 q / ha. A shelling percentage is
70 %. Oil content is 53%. Plants are dwarf with dark
green leaves.
Tag 24 : bunchy type, mature in 110 days . The
average yield is 25 q / ha. A shelling percentage is 7
2 %. Oil content is 53%. Resistant to bud necrosis
and leaf spot .

7. Cont’d
TMV 2 : bunchy type, mature in 115 days. The average yield is 16 q / ha. A shelling
percentage is 70 %. Oil content is 51%. Moderately resistant to early, late leaf spot
and rust dormancy absent.
AK12 – 24 : bunchy type, mature in 105 days. The average yield is 16 q / ha. A shelling
percentage is 70 %. Oil content is 48%. Resistant to leaf spot and rust , Seeds rosy
in colour having no dormancy.
About Plant
• Groundnut us short statured plant with upright main axis
• Branches are primary, secondary and tertiary with spreading or semi spreading type
• Orange yellow flowers
• Self pollinated predominantly
• After pollination flower fades away resulting in elongated stalk “PEG” which goes into s
oil. Peg bears generally two fertilized ovules at the tip which swells to become a pod
• Leading producers: China, India, Nigeria
• Leading states: Gujarat, Andhra pradesh, TN, Karnataka
• Require tropical and sub tropical conditons and nominal rainfall (about 500mm-1250 m
m)
• Can not withstand frost, severe drought and water logging conditions

8. Cont’d
Planting season:
Mainly Kharif crop (rainfed), sown in may to july
South India: Sown in Nov to Dec
Mean temp: 21 to 26.5 ºC, warm and dry weather at the time of ripening
Cultivation
Tillage and seed bed preparation
Two ploughings for spoil pulverization and 1 before sowing
Well drained sandy and sandy loam soils (light textured soil as it helps easy penetration
of pegs in soil and supports better development
Deep ploughing to remove perennial weeds
Phorate 10G treatment to kill soil borne white grubs
Sowing time:
Spreading tyep (virginia):
60 to 65 days dormancy
500 ppm Ethrel solution to break the dormancy
Bunch type can be used immediately after harvesting for sowing
Pod shelling can be done 2-3 days prior sowing
Kharif crop sowing: June-July
Rabi crop sowing: 2nd fortnight of November
Summer crop: February

9. Cont’d
Seed Rate
Bunch type: 120 kg seds per ha
Spreading/ semi spreading :110-110 kg seeds per ha
Spacing: row to row x plant to plant
Bunch: 30x10 cm
Spreading: 45 x 10 cm
Semi spreading: 30 x 15 cm
Method of sowing:
seed drill, hand dibbling, behind country plough
Irrigation:
1 pre-sowing, total 8 to 9 irrigations, summer crop: 11 - 12

10. Cont’d
Harvesting & Threshing
At yellowing of leaves
Proper color development of testa and dark tint inside shell
Bunch type and semi spreading: hand pulling
Spreading type: digging with spade or by ploughing or by blade h
arrow
Pods are subjected to sun curing
Threshing is done by power operated strippers

11. Cont’d
Groundnut Production in world map.
Source-FAO

12. Processing practices
Pre-processing steps
Sowing
01
Harvesting
02
Cleaning
03
De coating
04
Packaging
05
Storage
06
STORAGE
After the commercial analysis of the various conditions of storage of groundnut
particularly in India , there are some recommendations put forward as :
●The products which are expected to be stored, must be dried to a maximum
of 5% moisture content.
● It is better to store as pods than as kernels.
● The caking up of the kernels and devastation of the gunny bags can be
avoided by using dry sand bedding to a depth of about 1 foot covered by
hessa cloth rather than storing in hard floor/bedding materials.
●Bins are the best choices for storage
● Miniature warehouses with natural ventilation and semi-underground
storage can be utilized.

13.  Roasted peanut
 Peanut butter
 Groundnut oil
OTHER PRODUCTS
Salted groundnut
Groundnut milk
Groundnut bar
Major products made from the Peanut.

14. ●Peanut meal. Most peanuts grown in world are primarily used to produce edible
oil.
●Peanut skin. The kernels are used to make peanut butter, roasted snack peanut
s, peanut confections, and peanut oil.
●Peanut hull for feeding the cattles.
●Peanut vine.
●The by-products of peanut contain many functional compounds, such as protein,
fiber and polyphenolics, which can be incorporated into processed foods to
serve as functional ingredients
By-products (products made out of waste obtained
after processing of the commodity)

15. THANK YOU

16.  sciencedirect.com
 www.ikisan.com
 kvk.icar.gov.in
 http://oar.icrisat.org
 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
 https://aicrp.icar.gov.in (iasri-icar)
REFERENCES