Legumes have been part of the human diet since the early ages of agriculture. Legumes are consumed in many forms: seedling and young leaves are eaten in salads, fresh immature pods and seeds provide a green vegetable, and dry seeds are cooked in various dishes. Legume seeds provide an exceptionally varied nutrient profile, including proteins, fibres, vitamins and minerals.
Breeding for nutritional quality entails an improvement primarily in protein quantity and quality which are of paramount significance.
PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF BREEDING FOR NUTRITIONAL QUALITY
• Negative correlation between yield and protein content.
• Negative correlation between protein and sulphur containing amino acids
• Lack of proper field screening technique.
GPB 311: RICE-Centre of origin, distribution of species, wild relatives and major breeding objectives and procedures for development of varieties and hybrids for improvement yield, adoptability, stability, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and quality of Rice crop.
GPB 311: RICE-Centre of origin, distribution of species, wild relatives and major breeding objectives and procedures for development of varieties and hybrids for improvement yield, adoptability, stability, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and quality of Rice crop.
This Presentation is about Lentil (Lens culinaris), also known as Massur, Masoor, Masura. This Presentation includes Introduction, Biological Classification, Morphology of Lentil Plant, Floral Biology, Origin, Cytology, Breeding Objectives, Breeding Procedures, Diseases and Insects damage the Lentil Crop,
Stability analysis and G*E interactions in plantsRachana Bagudam
Gene–environment interaction is when two different genotypes respond to environmental variation in different ways. Stability refers to the performance with respective to environmental factors overtime within given location. Selection for stability is not possible until a biometrical model with suitable parameters is available to provide criteria necessary to rank varieties / breeds for stability. Different models of stability are discussed.
Mechanism of insect resistance in plants (non preference, antibiosis, tolerance and avoidance) – nature of insect resistance – genetics of insect resistance – horizontal and vertical – genetics of resistance – sources of insect resistance – breeding methods for insect resistance – problems in breeding for insect resistance – achievements.
1. STABILITY OF MALE STERILE LINES - ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE ON STERILITY - EGMS - TYPES AND INFLUENCE ON THEIR EXPRESSION, GENETIC STUDIES.
2. PHOTO SENSITIVE GENETIC MALE STERILITY AND ITS USES IN HETEROSIS BREEDING
3. TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE GENETIC MALE STERILITY AND ITS USES IN HETEROSIS BREEDING
Inability of flowering plants to produce functional pollen.
Male sterility is agronomically important for the hybrid seed production.
Onion crop provides one of the rare examples of very early recognition of male sterility cultivar Italian Red (Jones and Emsweller 1936)
Its inheritance and use in hybrid seed production (Jones
and Clarke 1943).
Since then male sterility is reported in a fairly large number of crops including vegetables.
This Presentation is about Lentil (Lens culinaris), also known as Massur, Masoor, Masura. This Presentation includes Introduction, Biological Classification, Morphology of Lentil Plant, Floral Biology, Origin, Cytology, Breeding Objectives, Breeding Procedures, Diseases and Insects damage the Lentil Crop,
Stability analysis and G*E interactions in plantsRachana Bagudam
Gene–environment interaction is when two different genotypes respond to environmental variation in different ways. Stability refers to the performance with respective to environmental factors overtime within given location. Selection for stability is not possible until a biometrical model with suitable parameters is available to provide criteria necessary to rank varieties / breeds for stability. Different models of stability are discussed.
Mechanism of insect resistance in plants (non preference, antibiosis, tolerance and avoidance) – nature of insect resistance – genetics of insect resistance – horizontal and vertical – genetics of resistance – sources of insect resistance – breeding methods for insect resistance – problems in breeding for insect resistance – achievements.
1. STABILITY OF MALE STERILE LINES - ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE ON STERILITY - EGMS - TYPES AND INFLUENCE ON THEIR EXPRESSION, GENETIC STUDIES.
2. PHOTO SENSITIVE GENETIC MALE STERILITY AND ITS USES IN HETEROSIS BREEDING
3. TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE GENETIC MALE STERILITY AND ITS USES IN HETEROSIS BREEDING
Inability of flowering plants to produce functional pollen.
Male sterility is agronomically important for the hybrid seed production.
Onion crop provides one of the rare examples of very early recognition of male sterility cultivar Italian Red (Jones and Emsweller 1936)
Its inheritance and use in hybrid seed production (Jones
and Clarke 1943).
Since then male sterility is reported in a fairly large number of crops including vegetables.
8.mejoramiento del valor nutricional de plantastinieblas001
El mejoramiento del valor nutricional de las plantas mediante ingenieria genetica, ha demostrado que muchas deficiencias de estas pueden ser implantadas para su mejora nutricional y nutraceutica
Bio fortification through Genetic EngineeringBalaji Rathod
Crop Bio-fortification is the idea of breeding crops to increase their nutritional value.
Bio-fortification differs from ordinary fortification because it focuses on making plant foods more nutritious as the plants are growing, rather than having nutrients added to the foods when they are being processed.
This is an improvement on ordinary fortification when it comes to providing nutrients for the rural poor, who rarely have access to commercially fortified foods.
ICRISAT Governing Board 2019 PC meeting: Multifactorial enhancement of sorghu...ICRISAT
Sorghum is a cheap source of nutrition for ~ 500 mn people in Africa and Asia and a forage crop with potential for highest dry matter production under rainfed conditions. Using advanced breeding technologies such as TILLING and CRISPR-Cas9, we aim to develop thick aleurone trait in sorghum combining with high Fe & Zn varieties that are already available with ICRISAT to desirable multifactorial nutritional benefits.
R protein expression in rice in the recombinant protien which is expressed in rice to overcome all the abiotic factors which is a stress to the rice in some non ecological condition
A computer consists of four major parts: the input, output, CPU (central processing unit), and memory. Input consists of anything you will add into the computer (microphone, keyboard, mouse, scanner), and output is how the computer gives back to you (think screen, speakers, etc.). The CPU or central processing unit is located on the motherboard and is the part of the computer where all that input/output information gets sent to the proper place. Memory, commonly referred to as RAM (random access memory), as you may already know, is where the information is stored.
CONTENTS
Data representation in computers
Computer memory and Storage
Input and Output media
Current trends in computer
PRESENT STATUS AND FUTURE STRATEGIES IN COLLECTION OF MAJOR CROPS OF COTTON, ...Dhanuja Kumar
Cotton has played a great role in the global and Indian economies since immemorial time. The antiquity of cotton in the Indian subcontinent has been traced to the 4th millennium BC.
The wild species of Gossypium are important sources of useful traits such as special and superior fibre properties, cytoplasmic male sterility, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses etc. which can be introgressed into the cultivated species for improvement. Since the variability available in cultivated germplasm is limited and has been exhaustively utilized in breeding programmes, it has become a necessity to collect, conserve and develop basic germplasm materials enriched with rare useful genes.
Conservation is very important in mango, because many species are becoming extinct and many others are threatened and endangered.
Heat stress as well as other stresses can trigger some mechanisms of defense such as the obvious gene expression that was not expressed under “normal” conditions.
The sudden changes in genotypic expression resulting in an increase in the synthesis of protein groups. These groups are called “heat-shock proteins” (Hsps), “Stress-induced proteins” or “Stress proteins”
Nucleic acid and its chemistry - DNA, RNA, DNA as genetic materialDhanuja Kumar
The nucleic acids are vital biopolymers found in all living organisms, where they function to encode, transfer, and express genes. The nucleic acids are of two types, namely deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid(RNA)
Stability parameters for comparing varieties (eberhart and russell 1966)Dhanuja Kumar
Phenotype is a result of genotype, environment and GE interaction. GENOTYPE- environment interactions are of major
importance to the plant breeder in developing
improved varieties. The performance of a single variety is not the same in all the environments. To identify a genotype whose performance is stable across environments various models were proposed. One such model was proposed by EBERHART and RUSSELL in 1966. Even after decades, this model is still preferred over others and used till date for stability analysis.
PREPARING CHEMICAL SOLUTIONS – MEASURING AND HANDLING SOLID CHEMICALS - MEASU...Dhanuja Kumar
Lab experiments and types of research often require preparation of chemical solutions. Preparations of these chemical solutions are done by weight (w/v) and by volume (v/v).
Terminator gene technology refers to plants that have been genetically modified to render sterile seeds at harvest.
Genetic use restriction technologies (GURTs) are the name given to experimental methods, described in a series of recent patent applications and providing specific genetic switch mechanisms that restrict the unauthorized use of genetic material (FAO, 2001a) by hampering reproduction (variety-specific V-GURT) or the expression of a trait (trait-specific T-GURT) in a genetically modified (GM) plant.
Breeding rice for sustainable agricultureDhanuja Kumar
Rice is the major cereal crop in Asia where 90% of the world’s rice is produced and consumed. Rice production and productivity need to keep pace with a growing global population likely to reach 9 billion by 2050 in order to have a hunger-free world and to ensure sustainable production in the face of depleting resources such as land, water and nutrients as well as changing climatic conditions.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
1. - D H AN U J A N
2 0 1 9 5 0 8 0 0 5
I M . S C . , G P B
Breeding for nutritional quality in
pulses
2. PULSES
Legumes have been part of the human diet since the early ages
of agriculture.
Legumes are consumed in many forms: seedling and young
leaves are eaten in salads, fresh immature pods and seeds
provide a green vegetable, and dry seeds are cooked in various
dishes.
Legume seeds provide an exceptionally varied nutrient profile,
including proteins, fibres, vitamins and minerals
3. QUALITY
The food value of legumes seeds is high. The calorie value per unit
weight is comparable to cereals.
Additionally the protein content is double besides being fair source of
minerals and vitamins. Legume protein is cheaper.
In grain legumes there is a deficiency in the sulphur containing amino
acid content of legume seeds.
Grain legume seeds have reasonable quantities of thiamin and
nicotinic acid as well as the nutritionally important minerals, calcium
and iron but they contain little retinol, riboflavin and ascorbic acid.
They also contain a variety of anti nutritional factors.
4. Breeding for nutritional quality entails an improvement primarily
in protein quantity and quality which are of paramount
significance.
The quality of protein depends on its amino acid profile and net
protein utilization (NPU), i.e. biological value.
In legumes the primary aim is to correct the amino acid balance,
i.e., to elevate the content of limiting amino acids, rather than
increasing the protein content per se.
5. PROTEIN
The protein in pulses
ranged from 14.9-
34.6%.
The most proteins are
located in cotyledons
and embryonic axis and
seed coat contains very
little protein.
Protein of pulses is of two types : metabolic
protein (enzymatic and structural) and storage
protein.
Cotyledons - 93% of methionine and tryptophan of
whole seed; Embryo – 2.5% protein.
The composition of amino acids in seed is
influenced by phosphorous, molybdenum and
phosphorous level in soil. The application of
sulphur containing fertilizer enhances cystine
content of chickpea protein.
6. BIOLOGICAL VALUES
Wide variation and range from 32-78%.
Low biological value of pulses is due to low methionine content.
The pulse protein has poor digestibility. The low biological value and
digestibility of pulse protein is attributed to presence of protease inhibitors
and anti nutritional factors.
The availability and utilization of protein are influenced by the amino acid
composition, digestibility of proteins and presence of anti nutritional factors.
7. CARBOHYDRATES
The total carbohydrate of pulses ranges from 53.3-68%.
Carbohydrates include mono and oligosaccharides, starch and other
polysaccharides. Starch is most abundant carbohydrate and varies
from 31.5-53.6%. Ingestion of large of large quantity of pulses is known
to cause flatulence in human beings.
Members of raffinose
family of sugars are
not digested by man
because human
mucosa lacks the
hydrolytic enzyme α-
1, 6-galactosidase.
8. OLIGO
SACCHARIDES
Raffinose,
Stachyose,
Verbascose and
Ajugose -
predominate in most
pulses accounting
for 31.1-76% of
Soluble sugars.
Verbascose is major oligosaccharide in
mungbean, urdbean and pigeonpea.
Stachyose is major oligosaccharide in
chickpea, lentil and cowpea.
Ajugose is found in peas. Raffinose is
moderate in all pulses.
9. CRUDE FIBER
Crude fiber consists of cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, pectic
and cutin substance. Pulses contain good amount of crude
fiber (1.2-13.5%).
Cellulose is major
component in
chickpea and peas
whereas
hemicelluloses is
important for
pigeonpea,
urdbean and lentil
10. LIPIDS
Lipids include free fatty acids,
mono, di and triacyl glycerol,
phospholipids, sterols, sterol
esters, glycolipids, lipoproteins.
Total lipid content of pulses
range from 1.0 – 4.99%.
Total lipid content varies with
variety, origin, location and
climate.
Greengram – Potassium
Bengalgram - Fibre, protein,
potassium, Vit C
Moth beans –Ca, K, Fe, Cu,
Na, Zn
Cowpea - Vit A ,folic Acid, Zn,
P
MINERALS
11. PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF
BREEDING FOR NUTRITIONAL QUALITY
Negative correlation between yield and
protein content.
Negative correlation between protein and
sulphur containing amino acids
Lack of proper field screening technique.
12. NEGATIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN YIELD AND
PROTEIN CAN BE ALTERED BY BREEDING
A concurrent choice of both yield and protein will largely mitigate the situation.
Variation for both the traits coexists between crop species, and between
varieties within a crop.
Availability of mutant genes responsible for a higher amount of protein content
in grains (such as opaque-2 in maize) could further enlarge the spectrum of
genetic variation.
With such a range of variability, making inter-family selection for high yield,
followed by intra-family selection for high protein content from selected
productive families, would thus offset the ill – effects of the negative
correlation between yield and protein.
13. NEGATIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN PROTEIN
QUALITY AND QUANTITY CAN BE MANIPULATED
In legumes the negative correlations between protein content
and methionine and cystein content can be modified as have
been done in case of cereals.
This apart, as in cereals, several mutants higher in protein
content and better in amino acid profile have been also
identified in legumes.
Appropriate genetic manipulation of these mutants may bring
about an appreciable improvement in both protein quantity
and quality.
14. BETTER SCREENING TECHNIQUES ARE AVAILABLE
Many procedures for a chemical analysis of the protein and amino
acid profile have been developed.
Require double screening – consuming process.
These techniques involve both rapid chemical analysis of protein
and amino acid profile of grains in the lab, and improved field
techniques including the use of genetic markers associated with
high protein content.
Suitable methods for screening for protein content are dye binding
coupled with automated N determination or by using IR reflectance.
15. BROAD SENSE HERITABILITY
S. No Crop Broad sense
Heritability for
protein content
Reference
1 White lupin 83% Green et al .(1977)
2 Soybean 40- 80% Johnson et al., 1955)
3 Chickpea 75% Sandhu et al.( 1968)
4 Dry beans 30-64% Leleji et al.(, 1972)
5 Fababean 54% Bond(1977)
6 Beans 49.3% (Broad sense)
& 20 %(narrow
sense)
Dickson and Hackler,
1973
7 Kabuli
Chickpea
High Singh et al (1986)
9 Fababean High Robertson et al (1986
16. ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE
Seed protein content in grain legumes is strongly influenced by the
environment.
The protein content was positively associated with the sum of temperature
from sowing to maturity and with the temperature during flowering and
beginning of seed filling, while it was negatively associated with July
precipitations.
All environmental factors that impact nitrogen nutrition, such as drought
stress, soil compacting, root diseases and pests may also influence seed
protein content through their impact on nitrogen availability.
Despite this, seed protein content heritability is generally moderate to high
17. GENETIC CONTROL OF PROTEIN CONTENT
• Mungbean - High governed by dominant genes; mostly non-
additive variance, Biparental mating system and modified diallel
selective mating system.
• Chickpea - Predominance of additive effects for protein content
and tryptophan content but for sulphur content non-additive
effects
• Soybean - Additive > dominance gene action
18. GENETIC VARIABILITY FOR QUALITY TRAITS IN
GRAIN LEGUMES
Sufficient variation exists for the main components in legume
seeds since
oil concentrations vary from 1 to >40 %
carbohydrate from 2-3 to 60 %
protein from about 15 to 50 % of the dry weight.
Manipulation of the proportion of these components is difficult
because of complex biochemical machinery about which very
little is known, e.g. what is the biological regulation whereby
soya beans are oil seeds while broad beans mainly store starch.
19. CORRELATION BETWEEN PROTEIN CONTENT
AND GRAIN YIELD
The reported negative correlation seems to be
small enough to allow selection of plants high in
protein without reducing yield.
Under this situation selection for higher protein
content should be performed only among lines
yielding at least at the same level as the original
populations; the production of proteins per
hectare must be taken as a selection criterion.
The alternative possibility is to select for
increased yield while trying to maintain the
protein level constants.
20. RECURRENT SELECTION
• Recurrent selection was also used to increase seed protein
content and seed yield in soybean.
• Recurrent mass selection for 2 cycles, based on a desired grain
index, used for simultaneous increase of seed yield and seed
protein percentage, could increase seed protein content from
21.9 to 24.6 %.
• Selection on the basis of single plant protein content in
segregating generations resulted in increase of protein content
with little change in yield
21. SELECTION STRATEGY FOR IMPROVEMENT OF
PROTEIN CONTENT
Depends on factors such as the crop species involved, the
breeding system of crop species, the selection objectives, the
influence of the environmental factors.
Traits which are governed by major genes and have high
heritability estimates should be selected in early segregating
generations e.g., seed colour and seed texture.
Traits which are governed by polygenes and have low
heritability estimates should be selected in F4 and F5.
22. For the trait like protein content between family selection
should be practiced in later generations among the superior
families already selected for higher yield.
When the negative correlation between protein content and
grain yield is low, selection should be made first for high yield
and then within high yielding families, plants having the
highest percentage protein should be identified for further
selection and inter-mating.
Contd…
23. POSSIBILITY OF IMPROVEMENT IN AMINO ACID
COMPOSITION THROUGH SELECTION
The main difficulties for a direct selection are due to the low variability
for each amino acid, the relationships among the amino acids and the
negative correlations between the protein content and the sulphur
amino acid level.
A possibility is there for increasing the sulphur amino acid content
without decreasing the protein content. Lines with both high protein
and sulphur amino acid contents were obtained in Vicia faba, and in
other species.
Particular attention in the selection work with legumes should,
however, be given to the tryptophan content, which is the third limiting
24. RELATION OF GRAIN PROTEIN CONTENT AND
AMINO ACID CONTENT
In Phaseolus vulgaris seed protein content was positively
correlated with leucine content (Kosson, 1989).
Genotypes with high protein content and high lysine content
were developed in soybean (Tymchuk et al., 1990).
Similarly mutants with high protein, lysine and seed yiled were
identified in Vigna mungo and Vigna radiata.
25. PROTEIN CONTENT AND OIL
Highly negative correlations between protein and oil are well
documented in soybean and varieties.
Negative correlations reported between starch and protein
content
Negative correlations have been reported between seed size
and protein content in pigeonpea but some promising lines
with high protein content and large seed size have been
obtained at ICRISAT suggesting the possibility of
improvement of protein content and yield contributing traits
26. POTENTIAL LEVERS FOR PROTEIN CONTENT
IMPROVEMENT
Seed protein content is the relative accumulation of
proteins and dry matter in the seeds depends on the sink
and source strength.
Seed protein increased dramatically when the
source/sink ratio increased.
27. IMPROVING SEED SINK STRENGTH
Functional interactions exist among the different seed
constituents: for example, the disruption of the r gene
abolishes starch synthesis in pea seeds, leading to a wrinkled
seed phenotype.
Elevated sucrose content impacted the accumulation of
storage protein families
By knocking down the accumulation of one of the
constituents, the percentage of the others will increase.
However, this may have a detrimental effect on seed yield.
28. IMPROVING NITROGEN SUPPLY TO THE
SEED
Pea mutants with absence of N2 fixation activity produce
lower seed yield and protein content, which can be
alleviated by adequate mineral fertilization, whereas an
autoregulation mutant of pea displaying a
supernodulating phenotype has a reduced shoot biomass
and seed yield, associated with higher seed protein
content
29. Grain legume seeds
bring in the diet
carbohydrates (lipids,
starches, fibres) and
minor seed
compounds which
will influence
positively or
negatively protein
bio-availability by
impacting digestibility
or acceptability
Factors Nutrient Major dietary source
Promoters
1. Prebiotics: inulin and
fructans
Fe, Zn, Ca Lentils, chicory, garlic
2. Beta-carotene Fe, Zn Lentil, pea, chickpea, green and orange
vegetables
3. Selenium I Lentil, pea, chickpea, sea food
4. Organic acids: ascorbic
acid
Fe, Zn Lentils, fresh fruits and vegetables
5. Amino acids Fe, Zn Animal meat
Inhibitors
1. Phytic acid Fe, Zn, Ca All legumes, cereals
2. Fiber Fe, Zn All legumes, cereals
3. Haemagglutinins Fe, Zn Most legumes, wheat
4. Phenolics Fe, Zn All legumes
5. Heavy metals Zn Contaminated legumes and leafy vegetables
FACTORS PRESENT IN PULSES THAT PROMOTE OR
INHIBITS MICRONUTRIENTS BIOAVAILABILITY
30. TRYPSIN INHIBITORS:
Trypsin inhibitors are present in most grain legume seeds. High inhibiting
activities found in soybean seeds, reduced by processing. Null mutants
identified in soybean allows for production of low trypsin inhibitor cultivars.
In pea, large genetic variability is available for the activity of Bowman-Birk
trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitor proteins (TIA).
The polymorphism in coding and promoter sequences of genes at Tri
locus accounts for most of the variation in TIA and this allowed to initiate
MAS.
However, if low TIA activity is a benefit in pig or poultry feed digestibility,
recent data suggest that high contents of trypsin inhibitors in foods should
be positive, since a reduction of HT29 colon cancer cells.
31. LECTINS
Most grain legumes cotyledons contain lectins
In plants, lectins are very diverse and are involved in plant
defense or symbiosis with Rhizobia.
Some natural variability exists for lectin hemagluglutinin
activity.
However, the low content and toxicity of lectins together with
the complexity of lectin roles did not allow for the definition of
a breeding target for this trait.
32. ALPHA-GALACTOSIDES
Major alpha-galactosides in grain legume seeds are raffinose,
stachyose and verbascose.
Highly probable prebiotic properties which may be of interest
against colorectal Cancer.
Even if some genetic variation exists, genetic tool to monitor
these contents have never been worked out, due to
competition with easy cooking or technological treatments
such as soaking.
33. TANNINS AND
FLAVONOID
COMPOUNDS
Flavonoids are
phenolic
compounds
involved in
determination of
seed coat
colours and in
the tanning
power on
proteins. They
bind to proteins
and reduce
digestibility.
The diverse colours of common beans were
suggested to be important sources of dietary
antioxidants.
In pea and faba bean, a single gene mutation
has a pleiotropic effect eliminating tannins from
seed coat and determining a white flower trait.
They increase protein digestibility in pigs or
poultry by 10 % when compared to tannin-
containing lines.
The health benefit of proanthocyanidins may
deserve some attention.
34. PHYTIC ACID
It is commonly found in cereal and legume seeds and its anti-
nutritional effect is associated with mineral-complexing
(especially Zn, Ca and Fe) and inactivation of digestive
enzymes.
Phytic acid may have protective effects such as a decrease of
the risk of iron-mediated colon cancer and lowering serum
cholesterol and triglycerides.
In common bean, 5 QTL were identified that controlled total
and net seed phytate content.
35.
36. ACCEPTABILITY OF LEGUME SEED PROTEINS IN
FOOD
Lipoxygenase activity can cause unpleasant tastes and aromas
when reacting with seed lipids.
In soybean and pea, null mutants were found for 3 and 2 LOX
genes respectively. Their molecular characterization has well
progressed and offers possibilities of breeding for lipoxygenase-free
varieties.
Saponins contribute to the bitterness of peas as well as that of
soybean.
Saponins have been studied for their positive hypo-
37. BIOFORTIFICATION
Biofortification is a method by which the nutritional value
of crops can be enhanced with the help of breeding,
transgenic techniques, or agronomic practices.
Biofortification is one of the feasible way to reduce
malnutrition problem among underserved and
malnourished rural people in more cost efficient manner.
38. BIOAVAILABILITY OF PROTEIN
Legumes contain many antinutrients which need to be minimized to
improve the bioavailability of micronutrients.
It was found that inter-specific breeding of mungbean (methionine 0.17
g/kg) with black gram (high methionine 1.8–2.0 g/kg) significantly
enhanced the quality of protein in mungbean. The hybrid contains γ-
glutamyl-S-methyl-cysteine and γ-glutamyl-methionine, found in mung
bean and black gram respectively.
Transgenic approaches for production of sulfur amino acid rich crop of
narbon bean (Vicia narbonensis), lupin (Lupinus angustifolius), forage
alfalfa has been studied.
39. BIOAVAILABILITY OF IRON (FE) AND ZINC
(ZN)
Bioavailability of iron and zinc ranges from 5-15% and 18–34%
respectively.
Presence of phytate in pulses and legumes are responsible for the low
bioavailability of iron and zinc.
Phytic acid form complex with Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe and reduces its solubility.
Concentration of phytic acid and zinc is found more in higher temperature
regime (8.8 mg/g and 69 mg/kg, respectively) comparative to lower
temperature regime (6.7 mg/g and 61 mg/kg, respectively) and the same
trend is found with Fe also (116 vs. 113 mg/kg). Thus phytic acid
concentration decreases when seeds expose to low temperature.
40. IRON
BIOAVAILABILITY
OF FIELD PEAS
Biofortification doesn’t
only focus on
increasing compounds.
Two approaches: One is
to increase the iron
content, and the other is
to make the iron more
bioavailable
“If you can double the
bioavailability, that’s like
adding twice as much
iron,”
Decreasing phytate ,
increase bioavailability
of iron.
The approach for increasing iron bioavailability in field
peas is not focused on existing levels of iron in the
seeds. Instead, researchers decrease the levels of
phytate.
Warkentin and colleagues have developed several lines
of low-phytate peas, derived from a high-performing
variety called CDC Bronco.
Compared bioavailability in relation to seed coat color
for low- and normal-phytate peas. Darker field pea
seeds often have higher levels of polyphenols, which
inhibit iron absorption. The iron concentration of whole
seeds was significantly greater for the darkest seeds,
but the bioavailability of iron was significantly lower in
dark seeds compared with non-pigmented varieties.
41. BIOFORTIFIED SOYABEAN
Biofortification of soybean sprout with a solution of ZnSO4 (10 or 20 μg/ml) has
significantly enhanced the quantity of zinc and also had good bio accessibility
(Zou, Tao, et al.,).
Biofortification of soybean is done with different concentration of strontium ion
(0.5mM–3.0mM).
At concentrations up to 1.5mM, strontium stimulated plant growth by 19.42% FW
(14.70% DW) and 22.62% FW (22.66% DW) for the shoots and roots,
respectively. Although concentrations above 2mM were showed toxic impacts.
In vitro studies showed greater impact of strontium salts in treating osteoporosis
related problem and absence of toxicity in animals and humans.
42. BIOFORTIFIED BEAN
CIAT has developed a biofortified bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
through breeding of crops containing iron up to 0.1 g/kg.
Ascorbic acid increases the absorption of iron (Fe) present in plant
origin foods by forming Fe(III) complexes and reducing amount of
Fe 3+ to more soluble and bioavailable Fe 2+.
Therefore ascorbate level in plant foods can be increased by using
rDNA technology which would help to reduce the negative impact of
phytate and polyphenlos in staple foods on bioavailability of Fe and
also make these foods as essential source of significant nutrient
and vitamin C.
43. TRANSGENIC SOYBEAN
The soybean has been targeted to increase provitamin A (beta-carotene),
a monounsaturated ω-9 fatty acid (oleic acid) and seed protein contents
by expressing bacterial PSY gene .
The cysteine content of soybean seeds has been increased through over
expression of the sulfur assimilatory enzyme, O-acetylserine
sulfhydrylase.
Increased methionine and cysteine by overexpressing the maize zein
protein.
Antisense RNA technology has been used to reduce the amount of linoleic
acid and palmitic acid and increase the amount of oleic acid by inhibition
44. Soybean is low in isoflavone which is associated with benefits
such as decreased risk of heart disease, reduced menopausal
symptoms, and reduced risk of some hormone-related cancers.
Isoflavone content has been enhanced in soybean seeds by the
combination of maize C1 and R transcription factor-driven gene
activation and suppression of a competing pathway
Importance of ω-3 fatty acid content in soy-bean is evident from
the fact that a large number of cultivars with improved oleic,
linoleic, have been released by private companies.
Contd…
45. Common bean methionine
content has been increased by
the express ion of methionine-
rich storage albumin from
Brazil nut
Its methionine content has
been increased by the
expression of sunflower seed
albumin gene.
Transgenic Common
Beans (Phaseolus
vulgaris)
Transgenic Lupines
(Lupinus angustifolius)
46. LENTIL BREEDING
There is a positive correlation of iron and zinc synthesis with protein
synthesis, therefore lentil varieties with higher iron, zinc, and protein
content can be developed together (ICARDA, HarvestPlus).
High iron and zinc lentil varieties, five in Bangladesh (Barimasur-4,
Barimasur-5, Barimasur-6, Barimasur-7, and Barimasur-8), seven in
Nepal (ILL 7723, Khajurah-1, Khajurah-2, Shital, Sisir Shekhar, Simal),
two in India (L4704, Pusa Vaibhav), one in Ethiopia (Alemaya), and two in
Syria (Idlib-2, Idlib-3) has been released by ICARDA, HarvestPlus
biofortification program till date.
Lentil varieties have been screened for variation in Se content.
47. COW PEA BREEDING
Cow pea which is also known as poor man meat, rich in protein
content has been biofortified for iron content by means of
breeding methods.
Pant Lobia-1 (2008), Pant Lobia-2 (2010), Pant Lobia-3 (2013),
and Pant Lobia-4 (2014) varieties with increased iron content
have been released by GB Pant University, Pantnagar, India in
collaboration to HarvestPlus.
48. BEAN
BREEDING
Studies till date
suggest that the iron
content of the
common bean
(P.vulgaris) could be
increased by 60–
80%, while zinc
content would be
more modest,
perhaps around
50%.
High heritability has been observed in iron and
zinc content in common bean.
HarvestPlus is working in this direction and
promoting iron biofortified beans in several
developing countries. They have released 10 Fe-
biofortified common bean varieties in Rwanda
(RWR 2245, RWR 2154, MAC 42 MAC 44, CAB 2, RWV 1129,
RWV 3006, RWV 3316, RWV 3317, RWV 2887).
Also released ten biofortified iron bean varieties
in the Democratic Republic of Congo, i.e., COD
MLB 001, COD MLB 032, HM 21-7, RWR 2245, PVA 1438,
COD MLV 059, VCB 81013, Nain de Kyondo, Cuarentino,
Namulenga.
49. REFERENCES
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Firdos. (2013). Breeding for Quality Traits in Grain Legumes. Conventional and
non-conventional interventions in crop improvement, 1st Edition, M D Publishers
New Delhi,
Burstin, J., Gallardo, K., Mir, R. R., Varshney, R. K., and Duc, G. (2011).
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328.
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