In this slide contains contents, steps, different and application of PCR and RT-PCR
Presented by: RAMYA NAGARAJU GARI (Department of pharmacology).
RIPER, anantapur
A real-time polymerase chain reaction is a laboratory technique of molecular biology based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It monitors the amplification of a targeted DNA molecule during the PCR, i.e. in real-time, and not at its end, as in conventional PCR.
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Introduction to real-Time Quantitative PCR (qPCR) - Download the slidesQIAGEN
This slidedeck introduces the concepts of real-time PCR and how to conduct a real-time PCR assay. The topics that are covered include an overview of real-time PCR chemistries, protocols, quantification methods, real-time PCR applications and factors for success.
A real-time polymerase chain reaction is a laboratory technique of molecular biology based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It monitors the amplification of a targeted DNA molecule during the PCR, i.e. in real-time, and not at its end, as in conventional PCR.
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SUPPORT EDUCATION... SUPPORT US
Introduction to real-Time Quantitative PCR (qPCR) - Download the slidesQIAGEN
This slidedeck introduces the concepts of real-time PCR and how to conduct a real-time PCR assay. The topics that are covered include an overview of real-time PCR chemistries, protocols, quantification methods, real-time PCR applications and factors for success.
the speed and ease of use, sensitivity, specificity and robustness of PCR has revolutionized molecular biology and made PCR the most useful and powerful technique with great spectrum of research and diagnostic applications.
Sanger sequencing is one of the DNA sequencing methods used to identify and determine the sequence (Nucleotide) of DNA .This is an enzymatic method of sequencing developed by Fred Sanger.
INTRODUCTION TO REAL TIME PCR IS GIVEN, basic principle of realtime pcr, along with the process of operating this, diagrammatic representation of the process, advantages and disadvantages o f reatimem pcr, applications of the same is also there
What is PCR ? What is Real Time PCR ? Polymerase Chain Reaction ? What is Reverse Transcriptase Enzyme ?
Presented By:
Bharat Bhushan Negi
M.Tech. Biotechnology
IIT Guwahati
Deciphering DNA sequences is essential for virtually all branches of biological research. With the
advent of capillary electrophoresis (CE)-based Sanger sequencing, scientists gained the ability to
elucidate genetic information from any given biological system. This technology has become widely
adopted in laboratories around the world, yet has always been hampered by inherent limitations in
throughput, scalability, speed, and resolution that often preclude scientists from obtaining the essential
information they need for their course of study. To overcome these barriers, an entirely new technology
was required—Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), a fundamentally different approach to sequencing
that triggered numerous ground-breaking discoveries and ignited a revolution in genomic science.
This powerpoint explains about the nucleic acid hybridization, its principle, application and the assay methods. Also it gives clear picture about DNA probes, its sysnthesis, mechanism of probes and the detector system in DNA hybridization.
Introduction to PCR and RT-PCR, RT-PCR
PCR, Contents of PCR, Steps in PCR, PCR VS RT-PCR, Applications
Presented by
N. Ramya
Department of Pharmacology
Target Validation
Introduction,Drug discovery, Target identification and validation, Target validation and techniques
By
Ms. B. Mary Vishali
Department of Pharmacology
the speed and ease of use, sensitivity, specificity and robustness of PCR has revolutionized molecular biology and made PCR the most useful and powerful technique with great spectrum of research and diagnostic applications.
Sanger sequencing is one of the DNA sequencing methods used to identify and determine the sequence (Nucleotide) of DNA .This is an enzymatic method of sequencing developed by Fred Sanger.
INTRODUCTION TO REAL TIME PCR IS GIVEN, basic principle of realtime pcr, along with the process of operating this, diagrammatic representation of the process, advantages and disadvantages o f reatimem pcr, applications of the same is also there
What is PCR ? What is Real Time PCR ? Polymerase Chain Reaction ? What is Reverse Transcriptase Enzyme ?
Presented By:
Bharat Bhushan Negi
M.Tech. Biotechnology
IIT Guwahati
Deciphering DNA sequences is essential for virtually all branches of biological research. With the
advent of capillary electrophoresis (CE)-based Sanger sequencing, scientists gained the ability to
elucidate genetic information from any given biological system. This technology has become widely
adopted in laboratories around the world, yet has always been hampered by inherent limitations in
throughput, scalability, speed, and resolution that often preclude scientists from obtaining the essential
information they need for their course of study. To overcome these barriers, an entirely new technology
was required—Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), a fundamentally different approach to sequencing
that triggered numerous ground-breaking discoveries and ignited a revolution in genomic science.
This powerpoint explains about the nucleic acid hybridization, its principle, application and the assay methods. Also it gives clear picture about DNA probes, its sysnthesis, mechanism of probes and the detector system in DNA hybridization.
Introduction to PCR and RT-PCR, RT-PCR
PCR, Contents of PCR, Steps in PCR, PCR VS RT-PCR, Applications
Presented by
N. Ramya
Department of Pharmacology
Target Validation
Introduction,Drug discovery, Target identification and validation, Target validation and techniques
By
Ms. B. Mary Vishali
Department of Pharmacology
In this slide contains introduction, principle, methods, factors, application and disadvantage of Horizontal Electrophoresis.
Presented by: A.Geethanjali (Department of pharmacology),
RIPER, anantapur.
In this slide contains introduction, genomic materials of virus and testing method of covid 19 by using RT-PCR.
Presented by: R.Rekha (Department of pharmacology),
RIPER, anantapur.
Introduction to Analytical Techniques in Phaese III,
Spectrophotometry, Reflectance photometry, Nephelometry & Turbidimetry, Osmometry, Potentiometry, Flowcytometry, Densitometry, Electrophoresis, LC-MS, ICP-MS
Presented by
B. Kranthi Kumar
Department of Pharmacology
In this slide contains analytical techniques in phase-3 clinical trials.
Presented by: KRANTHI KUMAR BONALA (Department of pharmacology).
RIPER, anantapur
Introduction to Screening Models Of Anti Cancer Drugs
Need for novel anti cancer drugs, In - vitro methods, In - vivo methods, Advantages and disadvantages
Presented by
T. Niranjan Reddy
Department of Pharmacology
In this slide contains the deep explanation of Methods of Determination for Drug-Excipient Compatibility Studies.
Presented by: G.Aravind Kumar (Department of industrial pharmacy),
RIPER, anantapur.
In this slide contains principle, types, methods and application of Western Blotting Technique.
Presented by: T.NIRANJAN REDDY (Department of pharmacology).
RIPER, anantapur
In this slide contains deep explanation about Ionization Techniques in LC-MS.
Presented by: G Chiranjeevi. (Department of pharmaceutical analysis)
RIPER, anantpur.
Introduction on Dissolution,
Important of dissolution studies,
korsmeyer peppas plot for tablet dissolution,
Presented by
RAMY SALIHEEN
Department of Pharmaceutics
In this slide contains introduction, principle and applications of differential scanning colorimetry.
Presented by: G.Kavya (Department of pharmaceutics)
RIPER,anantapur.
In this slide contains Introduction about XRD and there interpretation.
Presented by: Mohumed omar Mahmoud. (Department of pharmaceutics).
RIPER, anantapur.
In this slide contains principle, advantage, dis advantage and application of UPLC.
Presented by: P. Sudheer Kumar. (Department of pharmaceutical analysis)
RIPER, anantapur.
In this slide contains instrumentation of Fourier-Transform Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (FT-NMR).
Presented by: P. Venkatesh. (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).
RIPER, anantpur.
In this slide contains introduction, principle, types, equipment's and applications of Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.
Presented by: D.Sudheer Reddy. (Department of pharmacology)
RIPER, anantapur.
JOURNAL CLUB PRESENTATION (20L81S0402-PA & QA)
Presented by: K VENKATSAI PRASAD (Department of pharmaceutical analysis and quality assurance).RIPER, anantapur
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
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PCR and RT-PCR
1. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 1
PCR and RT-PCR
A Seminar as a part of curricular requirement
for M. Pharmacy, I Year - I semester
Presented by
N. Ramya
(20L81S0110)
PHARMACOLOGY
Under the guidance of
A. Sudheer, M. Pharm
Associate Professor Dept. of pharmacology
2. RIPER
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SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 2
RT-PCR
PCR
Contents of PCR
Steps in PCR
PCR VS RT-PCR
Applications
References
contents
3. RIPER
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Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
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• principle
• In RT- PCR, the RNA template is first converted into a
Complementary DNA (cDNA) using a reverse transcriptase (RT).
• The cDNA is then used as a template for exponential
amplification using PCR.
• The two technique use the same process except that RT-PCR has
an added step of reverse transcription of RNA to DNA to allow
for amplification.
RT-PCR:
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5. RIPER
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• optimized one- step RT- PCR condition, supports the reverse
transcription of the RNA from unpurified or crude samples, such as
whole blood and serum However, the starting RNA
• However, the starting RNA templates are prone to degradation in the
one- step approach, and the use of this approach is not recommended when
repeated assays from the same sample is required.
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Polymerase Chain Reaction
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique used in
molecular biology.
• To amplify a single copy or a few
copies of a segment of DNA generating
thousands to millions of copies of a
particular DNA sequence.
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• Components Of PCR constitutes the following:
1.DNA Template– The DNA of interest from the sample.
2.DNA Polymerase– Taq Polymerase is used. It is thermostable and does not
denature at very high temperatures.
3.Oligonucleotide Primers- These are the short stretches of single-stranded
DNA complementary to the 3’ ends of sense and anti-sense strands.
Components Of PCR
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4.Deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate– These provide energy for polymerization
and are the building blocks for the synthesis of DNA. These are single units
of bases.
5.Buffer System– Magnesium and Potassium provide optimum conditions for
DNA denaturation and renaturation. It is also important for fidelity,
polymerase activity, and stability.
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• There are three major steps in a PCR, which are repeated
for 30 or 40 cycles.
• This is done on an automated cycler, which can heat and cool the
tubes with the reaction mixture in a very short time.
1. Denaturation.
2. Annealing.
3. Extension.
Procedure:
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Denaturation at 94°C :
• During the denaturation, the reaction
mixture is heated
to 94°C for 1 min, which causes
separation of DNA double stranded.
• Now, each strand acts as template
for synthesis of complimentary strand.
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Annealing at 54°C :
• The reaction temperature is lowered to 54-60℃ for around 20-
40 seconds. Here, the primers bind to their complementary
sequences on the template DNA.
• Primers are single-strand sequences of DNA or RNA around 20
to 30 bases in length.
• They serve as the starting point for the synthesis of DNA.
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• The two separated strands run in the opposite direction
and consequently there are two primers- a forward primer
and a reverse primer.
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• At this step, the temperature is raised to 72-80℃.
• The bases are added to the 3’ end of the primer by the Taq polymerase
enzyme.
• This elongates the DNA in the 5’ to 3’ direction. The DNA polymerase adds
about 1000bp/minute under optimum conditions.
• Taq Polymerase can tolerate very high temperatures. It attaches to the
primer and adds DNA bases to the single strand. As a result, a double-
stranded DNA molecule is obtained.
Extension:
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PCR RT-PCR
PCR is a technique to amplify a segment
of DNA, generating millions of copies of a
DNA Sequence.
RT-PCR is a variant of PCR used in
detection of gene expression in
molecular biology.
Denaturation, annealing, and extension
are the three steps.
RT-PCR is followed by PCR.
A double-standard DNA molecule serve
as the template.
A single standard RNA molecule is the
template for the reverse transcription.
DNA Polymerase is used as the
enzyme.
Reverse transcriptase and DNA
polymerase are used as enzyme.
Used in functional analysis of
genes, diagnosis, and monitoring
of heredity diseases, DNA Cloning,
DNA Sequencing.
Used in detection of gene
expression.
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• Gene Insertion: RT-PCR can also be very useful in the insertion of
eukaryotic genes into prokaryotes.
• Genetic Insertion Diagnosis: RT-PCR can be used to diagnose genetic
diseases such as Lesch -Nyhan symdrome.
• Cancer Detection: scientists are working on ways to use RT-PCR in cancer
detection to help improve prognosis and monitor response to therapy .
Applications
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• Julia Bachman. Reverse Transcription PCR. Elsevier. 2013,
530. 67-74.
• Freeman WM, Walker SJ. Quantitative RT-PCR. Elsevier.
2012, 26(1): 124-125.
• Alexander A. Morley. Digital PCR. Elsevier. 2014, 272.
12-13.
References