The document discusses performance-based navigation (PBN) and area navigation (RNAV) in aviation, detailing their definitions, implementation in the NAS, and differences between RNAV and required navigation performance (RNP). It highlights the evolution from traditional navigation methods to modern satellite-based systems and outlines the requirements and specifications associated with PBN. The document also covers the ICAO recommendations and the progress of PBN implementation across various airport categories.

1. Marcos Fernandez
mfernandeztous@gmail.com
Aviation Consultant
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 1

2. Index
Description of Performance-Based Navigation
The airspace concept
Some words about GPS…
PBN in the NAS
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 2

3. From ADF to PBN…
The earliest means to navigate
was through the use of the eye.
Then the radio was invented.
Radionavigation allowed a full ATS routes network to be developed.
New airborne navigation
technology gave way to RNAV.
The first satellites were launched
into space.
…And a whole new world
appeared in the sky.
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 3

4. Concepts definitions: RNAV
A navigation system
which permits aircraft
operation on any
desired flight path
within the coverage of
station-referenced
navigation aids or within
the limits of capability of
self-contained aids, or a
combination of these.
An RNAV system may be
included as part of a
FMS.
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 4

5. Concepts definitions: PBN
Area navigation based
on performance
requirements for aircraft
operating along an ATS
route, on an instrument
approach procedure or
in a designated airspace.
Performance
requirements are
expressed in navigation
specifications in terms
of accuracy, integrity,
continuity, availability
and functionality
needed for the
proposed operation in
the context of a
particular airspace.
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 5

6. Performance-Based vs. Sensor-Specific
Reduces the need to maintain sensor-specific routes and procedures and their
associated costs.
Avoids the need for development of sensor-specific operations with each evolution of
navigation systems.
Effects of moving a VOR.
Modernization of GNSS.
Allows for more efficient use of airspace.
Route placement, fuel efficiency, noise abatement.
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 6

7. RNAV routes
Legs are codified in the navigation database according to ARINC 424
specifications.
WPs
established in
WGS-84.
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 7

8. RNAV vs. RNP
RNP: Required Navigation Performance for a specific operation in a
specific airspace.
The difference lies in the avionics functionality:
 RNAV system requires a FMS that allows Area Navigation.
 RNP system requires a FMS that allows Area Navigation but also:
• Onboard performance monitoring and alerting (integrity).
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 8

9. PBN implementation in the NAS
any of the capabilities described in the 2006 PBN
oadmap for the 2006–2015 timeframe are now
perationally available across the NAS.
Since 2009, an additio
procedures were impl
rminal procedure counts from digital Terminal Procedures Publication, using December 2008 and March 2016 data.
gure 2 – Progression toward a PBN-centric NAS.
RNAV SID/STARs Q-Routes and T-Routes
Of the 2,684 airports with one published IAP, 95% have at least one PBN IAP and 25% have
only PBN IAPs.
From 2009 through 2016, RNAV approaches increased by 60%.
From 2009 through 2016, RNP approaches increased by 200%.
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 9

10. Context of PBN
Airspace concept
COM NAV SUR ATM
Navigation
application
Navigation specification Navaid infrastructure
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 10

11. Navigation infrastructure
Navigation infrastructure: space-based or ground-based navaids
available to meet the requirements in the navigation specification.
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 11

12. Navigation specification
A set of aircraft and aircrew requirements needed to support PBN
operations within a defined airspace.
RNAV
specification
RNP
specification
 Accuracy.
 Integrity.
 Availability.
 Continuity.
 Which navigation functionalities.
 Flight crew requirements.
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 12

13. Navigation functionalities
Indication of ac
position
Distance and
bearing to WP
Ground speed
…etc
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 13

14. Navigation application
The application of a navigation specification and the supporting
navaid infrastructure, to routes, procedures, or defined airspace
volume, in accordance with the intended airspace concept.
Examples of airspace
concepts:
• ATS route structure.
• Separation minima.
• Route spacing…
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 14

15. What is not PBN
r 2, 2.2.2 for a detailed discussion of longitudinal performance and Figure I-A-1-2.)
Figure I-A-1-2. Lateral performance requirements for PBN
a) PBN: linear lateral
performance requirements,
e.g. RNP and RNAV specifications
b) non-PBN: angular lateral
performance requirements,
e.g. APV I and APV II
Defined path Defined path
PBN: linear lateral
performance requirements
Non-PBN: angular lateral
performance requirements
The future?
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 15

16. Designation of RNP and RNAV
specifications
Lateral navigation accuracy
in NM which is expected to
be achieved at least 95% of
the time by all aircraft within
the airspace.
Remember: Lateral accuracy is only one of many requirements,
although it is the requirement used to define a navigation
specification.
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 16

17. RNAV specifications
RNAV 10
For oceanic and remote continental
navigation applications.
RNAV 5
RNAV 2
RNAV 1
For en-route and terminal
navigation applications.
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 17

18. RNP specifications
RNP 4
For oceanic and remote continental
navigation applications.
RNP 2
For various phases of flight.
RNP 3D?
RNP 4D?
B-RNP 1
A-RNP
RNP 0.3
RNP APCH
RNP AR APCH
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 18

19. Associated functionalities
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 19

20. Index
Description of Performance-Based Navigation
The airspace concept
Some words about GPS…
PBN in the NAS
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 20

21. Airspace concept
• General vision or a Master Plan for a particular
airspace.
Strategic objectives
safety capacity efficiency environment access
Airspace concept
enablers
communications
navigation
surveillance
ATM
ATC tools
Flight operations
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 21

22. Index
Description of Performance-Based Navigation
The airspace concept
Some words about GPS…
PBN in the NAS
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 22

23. ICAO Annex 10- 4 parameters
Accuracy The accuracy of an estimated or measured position is its
degree of conformance with the real position.
Rule of the 95%.
Integrity Measure of the trust that can be placed in the correctness of
the information supplied.
Related to a warning system.
Continuity Ability of the total system to perform its function without
interruption during the intended operation.
Availability Percentage of time that the services of the system are usable
by the navigator.
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 23

24. GNSS
A satellite navigation system with global coverage that
determines position and time. It is composed of:
 One or more satellite constellations.
 Onboard receivers.
 Integrity monitoring system.
 Augmentation systems.
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 24

25. Augmentation systems
Aircraft-based ABAS ABAS
Ground-based GBAS GBAS (LAAS)
Space-based SBAS WAAS
GRAS
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 25

26. WAAS
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 26

27. WAAS procedures by type
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 27

28. Airports with WAAS LPV APCH
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 28

29. GBAS
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 29

30. ABAS
RAIM
AAIM
Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring
Aicraft Autonomous Integrity Monitoring
 FD, requires at least 5 satellites.
 FDE, requires at least 6 satellites.
 Comparing other sensors’ signals (INS and baro).
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 30

31. Index
Description of Performance-Based Navigation
The airspace concept
Some words about GPS…
PBN in the NAS
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 31

32. A bit of history: ICAO
• Significant air traffic congestion problems
spread out in some regions during the ‘80s.
• New technologies that improve air transport
safety.
• ICAO established the FANS Committee.
– New ATM/CNS concept.
– ICAO Doc. 9750.
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 32

33. A bit of history: ICAO
• Air Navigation is part of this concept.
• ICAO 36th Assembly endorses PBN in the resolution
A36-23 “Performance-Based Navigation Global Goals”
in Sept. 2007.
• ICAO 37th Assembly modifies A36-23 in a new
resolution: A37-11. A37-11: Performance-based navigation global goals
Whereas a primary objective of ICAO is that of ensuring the safe and efficient performance of the global Air
Navigation System;
Whereas the improvement of the performance of the air navigation system on a harmonized, worldwide basis
requires the active collaboration of all stakeholders;
Whereas the Eleventh Air Navigation Conference recommended that ICAO, as a matter of urgency, address and
progress the issues associated with the introduction of area navigation (RNAV) and required navigation performance
(RNP);
Whereas the Eleventh Air Navigation Conference recommended that ICAO develop RNAV procedures
supported by global navigation satellite system (GNSS) for fixed-wing aircraft, providing high track and velocity-
keeping accuracy to maintain separation through curves and enable flexible approach line-ups;
Whereas the Eleventh Air Navigation Conference recommended that ICAO develop RNAV procedures supported by
GNSS for both fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft, enabling lower operating minima in obstacle-rich or otherwise
constrained environments;
Whereas Resolution A33-16 requested the Council to develop a programme to encourage States to implement
approach procedures with vertical guidance (APV) utilizing such inputs as GNSS or distance-measuring equipment
(DME)/DME, in accordance with ICAO provisions;02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 33

34. ICAO Resolution A37-11
Urges all States to implement RNAV and RNP ATS routes and
approach procedures.
Resolves that States complete a PBN implementation plan
to achieve:
• RNAV and RNP operations for en-route and TMA.
• APV procedures for all instrumental RWY ends by 2016.
• Straight-in LNAV-only procedures for RWYs at ADs
• where there is no local altimeter setting available
• Where there are no suitable equipped APV a/c.
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 34

35. ICAO Doc. 9613 PBN Manual
World-reference for PBN implementation.
• Vol. 1: Concept and implementation
guidance.
• Vol. 2: RNAV and RNP implementation.
The 4th edition of 2013 includes:
• New specifications: RNP2, A-RNP, RNP
0.3 and RNP APCH
• New functionalities: RF, FRT, TOAC.
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 35

36. A bit of history: FAA
Roadmap for Performance-Based
Navigation in 2003. V2 in 2006.
Q-Routes and T-Routes for RNAV departure
and arrival procedures as overlays of
historical vector patterns.
2010- Established PBN procedures at the
nation’s busiest airports.
2011- Metroplex Program.
2012-2025- NextGen and the NAS
modernization.
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 36

37. NAS today
Reduced oceanic non-radar track spacing: From 100NM to 30NM.
Parallel Runway Operations: Reduced lateral spacing required
between runways to run simultaneous independent operations
when using PBN.
Equivalent Lateral Spacing Operations: Reduction of divergence
after takeoff from 15o to 10o.
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 37

38. Navigation Service Groups
…or how to provide the appropriate PBN tool to meet a specific
operational need.
Each NSG has certain navigation services that will potentially be
available to the airports in the group.
An airport’s traffic level and proximity to a Large Hub Airport
determines its NSG.
An airport’s role may change with NAS evolution, requiring to be
reallocated in another NSG.
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 38

39. Navigation Service Groups (I)
NSG1 The top-10 largest airports
RNP SIDs and STARs DME/DME as a backup
NSG2 60 large airports
RNAV SIDs and STARs DME/DME as a backup
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 39

40. Navigation Service Groups (II)
NSG3 300 small and non-hub airports
RNAV SIDs and STARs? DME/DME as a backup?
NSG4 500 national and regional GA airports
RNAV SIDs and STARs?? DME/DME as a backup??
No new CAT I ILS approaches established.
CAT I ILS approaches and LOC-only approaches considered for
removal.02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 40

41. Navigation Service Groups (III)
NSG5 2,400 local and basic GA airports.
RNAV SIDs and STARs??? DME/DME as a backup???
NSG6 1,000s non-NPIAS airports
The FAA has no intent to add PBN services in these airports.
CAT I ILS approaches and LOC-only approaches considered for
removal.
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 41

42. Related efforts
Decision-Support Tools that will develop
TBFM capabilities.
Surveillance: ADS-B out equipage mandate from 2020 will
incorporate GPS/WAAS system into their FMS.
Communications: DataComm.
Cybersecurity
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 42

43. This presentation was performed at Teterboro Airport on February
the 2nd, 2017.
02/06/2017 PBN/RNAV 43