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Principles of flight
- 1. V.1.07 Presented by FAA Academy AirTraffic Division Federal Aviation AdministrationAir Traffic Basics 50043/50143 Principles of Flight
- 2. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 1 Principles of Flight
- 3. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 2 On an End-of-Lesson Test you will identify: 1. Primary and secondary sources of lift. 2. Relative wind. 3. Types and parts of airfoils. 4. Four forces that affect aircraft in flight, their interrelationships, and the effects on aircraft performance. 5. Effects of altitude, temperature, and pressure on aircraft performance. 6. Functions of primary and secondary flight controls and the movement around the aircraft axes. 7. Helicopter aerodynamics. 8. Helicopter controls. 9. Hazards affecting flight. Objectives
- 4. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 3 Bernoulli’s Principle Area of increased speed and decreased pressure
- 5. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 4 Bernoulli’s Principle (Cont’d) Area of increased speed and decreased pressure
- 6. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 5 Bernoulli’s Principle (Cont’d) Pressure Differential Force Pressure Differential Force
- 7. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 6 Newton’s Third Law of Motion “For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.”
- 8. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 7 Response Item • The primary source of lift on an airfoil is created by a differential in ________. A. temperature B. pressure C. reaction
- 9. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 8 Response Item • The statement, “the internal pressure of a fluid decreases at points where the speed of the fluid increases” is a part of ________. A. Bernoulli’s Principle B. Newton’s Law of Motion C. Hindenberg’s Theory
- 10. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 9 Relative Wind FLIGHT PATH RELATIVE WIND LEVEL FLIGHT
- 11. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 10 Types of Airfoils Wing Propeller Helicopter rotorHorizontal stabilizer Horizontal stabilizer Vertical tail surface Fuselage Vertical tail surface Fuselage
- 12. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 11 Parts of an Airfoil CHORD LINE TRAILING EDGELEADING EDGE TRAILING EDGELEADING EDGE
- 13. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 12 Angle of Attack FLIGHT PATH 20° 5° 10° The angle of attack is based on the Relative Wind, not the ground. RELATIVE WIND RELATIVE WIND FLIGHT PATH RELATIVE WIND FLIGHT PATH
- 14. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 13 Camber EQUAL CURVATURE (SYMMETRICAL) TOP CONVEX BOTTOM FLAT TOP CONVEX BOTTOM CONCAVE
- 15. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 14 Propeller-Pitch Angle TAKEOFF CLIMB CRUISE Small pitch angle Medium pitch angle Large pitch angle
- 16. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 15 Wing Planforms Tapered leading edge and trailing edge Straight leading and trailing edges Delta wing Straight leading edge, tapered trailing edge Tapered leading edge, straight trailing edge Sweptback wings
- 17. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 16 Forces Acting on an Airplane in Flight LIFT WEIGHT DRAG THRUST
- 18. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 17 Response Item • What are the three principle airfoils? – ANSWER: Wings, horizontal tail surface, propeller
- 19. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 18 Response Item • What is the curvature of the airfoil from the leading edge to the trailing edge? – ANSWER: camber
- 20. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 19 Four Atmospheric Properties Water Vapor Altitude Temperature Pressure
- 21. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 20 Atmosphere and Temperature
- 22. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 21 Altitude and Pressure
- 23. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 22 Effect of Altitude on Takeoff Sea Level Elevation 5,000 Feet
- 24. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 23 Effect of Temperature on Takeoff Cold Winter Day Hot Summer Day
- 25. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 24 Effect of Humidity on Takeoff Dry Air Moist Air
- 26. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 25 Combined Effects on Takeoff Cold, Dry Day at Sea Level Hot, Humid Day at 5,000 Feet Elevation
- 27. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 26 Axes LONGITUDINAL AXIS (ROLL) LATERAL AXIS (PITCH) VERTICAL AXIS (YAW)
- 28. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 27 Primary Control Surfaces Rudder Elevator Aileron
- 29. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 28 Ailerons
- 30. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 29 Movement of Ailerons
- 31. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 30 Yoke Position When Wings are level or Banking LEVEL FLIGHT CONSTANT BANK TURN
- 32. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 31 Elevator
- 33. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 32 Movement of Yoke YOKE PULLED BACK AIRCRAFT CLIMBS YOKE PUSHED FORWARD AIRCRAFT DESCENDS
- 34. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 33 Rudder RUDDER
- 35. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 34 Rudder Movement
- 36. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 35 Rudder Pedals RUDDER PEDALS
- 37. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 36 Response Item • Which two movements are controlled by the control yoke? – ANSWER: Roll and pitch
- 38. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 37 Question What are the names of the following primary control surfaces? 1 2 3 Aileron Elevator Rudder
- 39. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 38 Trim Tabs
- 40. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 39 Elevators and Trim Tabs
- 41. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 40 Trim Tab Control
- 42. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 41 Flaps FLAPS AILERONS AILERONS
- 43. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 42 Cockpit Flap Handle COCKPIT FLAP HANDLE
- 44. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 43 Response Item • Which of the following is a primary control surface? A. Variable-pitch propeller B. Flap C. Rudder
- 45. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 44 Response Item • The extension of flaps cause an increase in ________. A. stall speed B. airspeed C. drag
- 46. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 45 Collective COLLECTIVE MOVEMENT PRODUCES CHANGES IN BLADES PITCH ANGLE PRODUCING LIFT INCREASED BLADE ANGLE CREATES GREATER LIFT
- 47. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 46 Relationship of Lift and Weight in a Hover
- 48. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 47 Cyclic
- 49. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 48 Forward Flight
- 50. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 49 Rearward Flight
- 51. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 50 Sideward Flight
- 52. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 51 Autorotation
- 53. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 52 Attached Airstream
- 54. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 53 Mainstream Separation Begins
- 55. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 54 Separation Moves Forward
- 56. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 55 Wing Stalls
- 57. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 56 Wind Tunnel
- 58. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 57 Types of Icing
- 59. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 58 Pitot Tube Icing PITOT TUBE ICE
- 60. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 59 Carburetor Icing
- 61. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 60 A Lesson in Flight
- 62. Federal Aviation Administration Principles ofFlight / V.1.07 61 The End