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Area Navigation - RNAV
Approach And Landing Procedures
David Szymanski - ENAC
May 2013
PLAN
• Instrument flight Procedure
• RNAV
• GNSS Approaches:
– LNAV (Lateral Guidance)
– APV BaroVNAV (Lateral + Vertical)
– APV SBAS
– GBAS
• Instrument flight Procedure
• RNAV
• GNSS Approaches:
– LNAV (Lateral Guidance)
– APV BaroVNAV (Lateral + Vertical)
– APV SBAS
– GBAS
Instrument Flight Procedure?
• Series of predetermined manœuvres by
reference to flight instruments
• These manoeuvres are based on facilities or
way-points for aircraft proceeding according to
Instrument Flight Rules ( IFR )
REGULATION
• ICAO regulation
– DOC 8168-OPS/611 (Volume I and II) : procedure design
– Annex 11 : Radio Navigation aids
– Annex 14 : Aerodrome Design and Operations
– Annex 4 : Charting
– Annex 15 : Aeronautical Information Services
• National regulation
– France
– USA, Canada
– Others
DOC 8168-OPS/611
• Design of instrument flight
procedures
– En-route
– Arrival
– Approach
– Departure
• RNAV
• Conventional
navigation
IAF
IF
FAF
MAPT
TP
HOLDING
INITIAL INTERMEDIATE
FINAL
MISSED APPROACH
Approach segments

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Fixes and Segments
Straight Radioguided segment
Curve radioguided segment
Dead-reckoning segment
AIRCRAFT CATEGORY
• Five categories : From A to E (H) :
– Max and Min Speed (IAS) known by pilots and designers
(regulation tables)
• Possible speed limitation
– Obstructions
– ATC constraints
– Environmental contraints
– MUST be displayed on the chart
INITIAL
APPROACH
FINAL
APPROACH
CIRCLING MISSED APPROACH
Maximum speedCat.
Vat
Min Max Min Max Max Initial and
Intermediate
Final
A <<<< 91 90 150 (110*) 70 100 100 100 100
B 91 / 120 120 180 (140*) 85 130 135 130 150
C 121 / 140 160 240 115 160 180 160 240
D 141 / 165 185 250 130 185 205 185 265
E 166 / 210 185 250 155 230 240 230 275
SPEEDS TABLE : IAS
unit kt
PROTECTION AREA
• Protection area data
– Nominal trajectory
– Flight technical tolerances (FTT)
– Fix tolerance
– Wind effect
• Segment protected by a protection area
Fix 1
Fix 2
Fix 3
FTT : Reaction delay
Bank delay
Consecutive segments PLAN
• Instrument flight Procedure
• RNAV
• GNSS Approaches:
– LNAV (Lateral Guidance)
– APV BaroVNAV (Lateral + Vertical)
– APV SBAS
– GBAS
• Instrument flight Procedure
• RNAV
• GNSS Approaches:
– LNAV (Lateral Guidance)
– APV BaroVNAV (Lateral + Vertical)
– APV SBAS
– GBAS

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A B
C
D
E
F
RNAV: AREA NAVIGATION
Shorter Routes ….
More Routes Possible ...
RNAV approach trajectory
RNAV POSITIONING METHOD
• The RNAV system
– identifies the next waypoint,
– selects the most appropriate source of
navigation to determine its position
– provides information to the auto-pilot to fly
to the next waypoint.
• An RNAV route can be flown manually
WAYPOINT
• Waypoints expressed in WGS84 coordinates
– IAF, IF, FAF, MAPt, MAHF
– Arrival or departure waypoint
Fly-over waypoint
Fly-by waypoint
WP1 : FLY-OVER WP2 : FLY-BY
Stabilization distances are necessary
ALL RNAV TRAJECTORIES ARE CODED
INTO THE DATABASE
On board database
••Aerodrome dataAerodrome data
••Available navaidsAvailable navaids
•Flight paths to follow
(charts)

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Departure chart
CF
DF
DF
TF
TF
CODING INFLUENCE
CONSTRAINTSCONSTRAINTS
How to navigate
PATH TERMINATOR
How to navigate
PATH TERMINATOR
PATHPATH
TF : TRACK BETWEEN FIXES
Usable by all systems
Preferential path terminator
DF : DIRECT TO FIX TF Protection

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DF Protection Semi Area Width for RNAV
RNAV 5 EnRoute 5.77 Nm
RNAV 1 / RNAV 2
More than 30 Nm 5 Nm
Less than 30 Nm 2.5 Nm
RNPAPCH
Initial/ Intermediate 2.5Nm
Final 0.95Nm
Missed Approach 2 Nm
Type of waypoint
PATH Terminator
Coding influence
Nominal trajectory
Protection Area
PLAN
• Instrument flight Procedure
• RNAV
• GNSS Approaches:
– LNAV (Lateral Guidance)
– APV BaroVNAV (Lateral + Vertical)
– APV SBAS
– GBAS
• Instrument flight Procedure
• RNAV
• GNSS Approaches:
– LNAV (Lateral Guidance)
– APV BaroVNAV (Lateral + Vertical)
– APV SBAS
– GBAS
GNSS integrity monitoring
• GNSS integrity monitoring techniques aim at monitoring GNSS
positioning
• Large variety of techniques:
– In an autonomous manner (ABAS) :
• Using only redundancy of GNSS measurements (RAIM)
• Using additional information from other sensors (AAIM)
– Using a ground station (GBAS)
– Using a network of ground stations (SBAS)
ICAO GNSS CONCEPT
GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM
AUGMENTATION
SATELLITE
BASED
(SBAS)
GEOSTATIONARY
EGNOS
WAAS
MTSAS
GROUND
BASED
(GBAS)
ON BOARD
ABAS)
A.A.I.M
R.A.I.M
GAGAN

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Approche GNSS : RNP APPROACH
• RNP APCH = Sensor used GNSS with Augmentation
• RNP 1 (1 NM of Accuracy) for initial, intermediate and missed
approach segments
• RNP 0.3 for final
• No vertical guidance :
– LNAV
• vertical guidance :
–– Baro VNAV, SBAS, GBASBaro VNAV, SBAS, GBAS
WHICH AUGMENTATION FOR WHICH KIND
OF APPROACH ?
ABAS Non Precision Approach NPA
+ VNAV: APproach with Vertical Guidance
APV baroVNAV
SBAS APproach with Vertical Guidance
APV I and II
GBAS Precision Approach
PLAN
• Instrument flight Procedure
• RNAV
• GNSS Approaches:
– LNAV (Lateral Guidance)
– APV BaroVNAV (Lateral + Vertical)
– APV SBAS
– GBAS
• Instrument flight Procedure
• RNAV
• GNSS Approaches:
– LNAV (Lateral Guidance)
– APV BaroVNAV (Lateral + Vertical)
– APV SBAS
– GBAS
Non Precision Approach : LNAV
LNAV Protection Areas LNAV : OCH Computation
• Assessment of Obstacles in Protection
Area : Hobst
• Add MOC (Minimum obstacle Clearance)
– Same whatever the Aircraft Category
• OCH = Hobst + MOC
• Minima Box Line : LNAV

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RNAV NPA :
LNAV Approaches
• 2D RNAV = LNAV
• RNAV system provides
lateral guidance in final
segment
– ABAS as minimum
HOW TO FLY VERTICALLY NPA ?
• Two different ways to FLY vertically :
– ‘Dive and Drive’
– ‘Stabilized approach’
• NO CONSEQUENCE on PROCEDURE
DESIGN
DIVE AND DRIVE
• Descend immediately to not below minimum step-
down fix altitude or MDA/H as appropriate.
• Descent gradient < 15%
• Missed approach initiated at, or before MAPt.
STABILIZED APPROACH
(CDFA)
• Continuous descent gradient to
– a point 50 ft above the threshold
– taking regard of minimum crossing altitude at FAF
and step-down fixes.
• Missed approach initiated :
– Visual reference not achieved approaching MDA/H
– Not permitted below MDA/H at any time
– Not permitted after MAPt
CDFA
50 FT
MOC
MDA
MAPt
DIVE and DRIVE
CDFA : A specific METHOD OF FLYING the FINAL approach segment of NPA on
pre-determined approach slope with continous descent to DA (H)
CDFA : Continuous Descent Final
Approach
3°°°°
FAF
Dive and
Drive mode
Stabilized
approach

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APV : Approach with Vertical Guidance
APPROACH PROCEDURE WITH VERTICAL
GUIDANCE
• APV Approach Procedure with Vertical guidance:
An instrument procedure which utilizes lateral and vertical
guidance but DOES NOT MEET the requirements established
for PRECISION APPROACH and landing operations
• LATERAL and VERTICAL GUIDANCE in the FINAL segment
• 2 Types
– APV SBAS
• SBAS receiver on-board
– APV BaroVnav
• ABAS + VNAV capability
RNAV APV : SBAS
APV SBAS Protection Area (1)
APV SBAS Protection Area (2) APV SBAS (LPV) : OCH Computation
• Based on ILS methodology
• Obstacle Assessment Surfaces (W, W*, X, Y, Z)
• Height Loss (HL) instead of MOC (Vertical Guidance)
– Different Value for each Aircraft Category
• When penetration of obstacle
OCH = Hobst + HL
• Minima Box Line : LPV
– Different value per Aircraft Category

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APV SBAS integrity
• Final Approach segment
integrity through a FAS
Data Block (including CRC)
• FAS Data Block in the SBAS
System
• Publication of FAS Data
block in AIP
APV SBAS :
LPV Approaches
• APV SBAS = LPV
• RNAV system
provides lateral and
vertical guidance in
final segment
– SBAS
RNAV APV : Baro VNAV
APV Baro VNAV : Protection Area
APV Baro VNAV OCH Computation
• Temperature dependant
• Obstacle Assessment Surfaces (FAS, Horizontal
Plane, Z)
• When penetration of obstacle
OCH = Hobst + MOC
• Minima Box Line : LNAV / VNAV

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APV Baro VNAV :
LNAV / VNAV
• APV Baro VNAV = LNAV /
VNAV
• RNAV system provides
lateral and guidance in final
segment
• Vertical guidance through
Barometric altimeter
• RNAV System:
– ABAS + VNAV system
APV Baro VNAV : On going criteria
• On going criteria for Baro VNAV :
– Consistency with all vertical guidance (ILS,
MLS, SBAS, GBAS)
– Use of HL instead of MOC
– Different Position of surfaces regarding
existing criteria
RNAV Precision Approach : GBAS
APV GBAS (LPV) : OCH Computation
• Same principle as SBAS
• Obstacle Assessment Surfaces (W, X, Y, Z)
• Height Loss (HL) instead of MOC (Vertical
Guidance)
• When penetration of obstacle
OCH = Hobst + HL
RNAV GBAS : PRECISION
APPROACH
• LATERAL and VERTICAL
GUIDANCE in the FINAL
segment
– Only with GBAS
augmentation
• FAS Data Block send by
ground station to Aircraft
↸↸↸↸
PRECISION
APPROACH
•Horizontal guidance
•Vertical guidance
FAFMAPt
OCH
MOC
HL
OCH
FAP
DHDH
MDHMDH
NON PRECISION
APPROACH
•Horizontal guidance
APPROACH with
vertical guidance

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SUMMING UP
Type of approach
Type of
guidance
MDA or DA Minima line
NPA lateral MDA LNAV
APV baroVNAV
Lateral
Vertical
DA LNAV/VNAV
APV SBAS
Lateral
Vertical
DA LPV
PA
Lateral
Vertical
DA
Title of procedure :
GLS
• Approaches are based on GNSS
– In PBN vocabulary : RNP APCH
– In AIS document : RNAV (GNSS)
• All different vertical guidance in one chart
(same Final + missed approach)
Publication
Capture
region
Capture Région
IAF
IAF
IAF
IF
FAF
MAPt
70°
INITIAL
SEGMENT
INTERMEDIATE
SEGMENT
FINAL
SEGMENT
Capture
region
TF coding
Y BAR DESIGN CONCEPT
•Flight time reduction
•Aligned on runway centerline
•Improve visualization of
markings and lightings
•Easy use ( piloting ,no
misunderstanding )
Y BAR Concept KEY POINT
• Standardization
• Easy design
• All GNSS receivers NPA certified could
proceed T or Y procedure

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• Provide a vertical guidance
– ILS , APV BARO-VNAV, APV SBAS
• Provide a constant descent in final
approach
For CFIT PREVENTIVE MEASURE
KEY POINT CONCLUSIONS
• Different GNSS Approaches
• Only RNP APPROACH (NO RNAV)
• GNSS approaches : NPA, APV and PA
– Using augmentation:
» NPA : LNAV (ABAS)
» APV : - SBAS = LPV
- BaroVNAV = LNAV / VNAV
» PA : GBAS
• Obstacle assessment based on surfaces when
vertical guidance is provided (AV and PA)
GNSS
+
VNAV
+
ABAS receiver
BARO VNAV
WASS / EGNOS
+
SBAS Receiver
APV SBAS
Computed vertical
guidance and
barodependant
Geometric vertical
guidance based on
satellite information
Navigation Sensors associated with MDA
and DA
MDH higher than 300ft
NPA : GPS
HAL : 556m
HAL : 40m
VAL : 50m300ft< DH < 250ft
APV1 : SBAS
HAL : 40m
VAL : 35m300ft< DH < 200ft
LPV200 : SBAS
EGNOS, Galileo
HAL : 40m
VAL : 15 to 10m200ft = DH
GBAS catI
HAL : Horizontal Alarm Limit
VAL : Vertical Alarm Limit