CAUSE & EFFECT
Signal Words and Phrases
WHY STUDY CAUSE/EFFECT?
WHY STUDY CAUSE/EFFECT?
• Certain words and phrases signal CAUSE/EFFECT
 relationships.
WHY STUDY CAUSE/EFFECT?
• Certain words and phrases signal CAUSE/EFFECT
 relationships.

 • When    reading a selection, understanding the
   relationship between MAIN EVENTS can help you
   comprehend the selection better.
WHY STUDY CAUSE/EFFECT?
• Certain words and phrases signal CAUSE/EFFECT
 relationships.

 • When    reading a selection, understanding the
   relationship between MAIN EVENTS can help you
   comprehend the selection better.

 • Ifyou understand how to use signal words/phrases, your
   summary of the selection helps others understand
   what’s going on in the selection.
CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS
CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS

•   Coordinators - For
CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS

•   Coordinators - For

    •   The buffalo were important to the Plains Indians, for this one animal
        provided them with everything they needed.
CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS

•   Coordinators - For

    •   The buffalo were important to the Plains Indians, for this one animal
        provided them with everything they needed.

•   Subordinators - because, since, as
CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS

•   Coordinators - For

    •   The buffalo were important to the Plains Indians, for this one animal
        provided them with everything they needed.

•   Subordinators - because, since, as

    •   The buffalo were important since they provided everything the
        Plains Indians needed.
CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS
CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS
CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS


•   Others - resulted from/was the result of, due to/because of, effect of
CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS


•   Others - resulted from/was the result of, due to/because of, effect of

    •   The buffalo’s disappearance resulted from overhunting.
CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS


•   Others - resulted from/was the result of, due to/because of, effect of

    •   The buffalo’s disappearance resulted from overhunting.

    •   Buffalo nearly disappeared due to overhunting.
CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS


•   Others - resulted from/was the result of, due to/because of, effect of

    •   The buffalo’s disappearance resulted from overhunting.

    •   Buffalo nearly disappeared due to overhunting.

    •   One effect of overhunting was the disappearance of nearly all the
        buffalo.
EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS
EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS
•   Transitions Words & Phrases - therefore, thus, consequently
EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS
•   Transitions Words & Phrases - therefore, thus, consequently

    •   Workers building the railroads needed meat; therefore, hunters
        killed buffalo by the thousands.
EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS
•   Transitions Words & Phrases - therefore, thus, consequently

    •   Workers building the railroads needed meat; therefore, hunters
        killed buffalo by the thousands.

    •   The US Army needed meat; consequently, hunters killed buffalo
        by the thousands.
EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS
•   Transitions Words & Phrases - therefore, thus, consequently

    •   Workers building the railroads needed meat; therefore, hunters
        killed buffalo by the thousands.

    •   The US Army needed meat; consequently, hunters killed buffalo
        by the thousands.

•   Coordinators - so
EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS
•   Transitions Words & Phrases - therefore, thus, consequently

    •   Workers building the railroads needed meat; therefore, hunters
        killed buffalo by the thousands.

    •   The US Army needed meat; consequently, hunters killed buffalo
        by the thousands.

•   Coordinators - so

    •   Plains Indians traded with settlers for goods, so they began killing
        buffalo in larger numbers.
EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS
EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS

•   Others - result in, caused, have an effect, the cause/reason for
EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS

•   Others - result in, caused, have an effect, the cause/reason for

    •   Overhunting resulted in the near extinction of buffalo.
EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS

•   Others - result in, caused, have an effect, the cause/reason for

    •   Overhunting resulted in the near extinction of buffalo.

    •   Low numbers of buffalo had an effect on the lives of the Plains
        Indians.
EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS

•   Others - result in, caused, have an effect, the cause/reason for

    •   Overhunting resulted in the near extinction of buffalo.

    •   Low numbers of buffalo had an effect on the lives of the Plains
        Indians.

    •   The rescue of buffalo from extinction is a cause of celebration.
PRACTICE CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS
PRACTICE CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS

 FYI/ME - Arliss holds on to a
 fish and does not let go.
 Hands bloodied.
PRACTICE CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS

 FYI/ME - Arliss holds on to a   FYI/ME - Mother wraps his
 fish and does not let go.        hands in poultice of prickly
 Hands bloodied.                 pear root.
PRACTICE CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS
       Cause
 FYI/ME - Arliss holds on to a   FYI/ME - Mother wraps his
 fish and does not let go.        hands in poultice of prickly
 Hands bloodied.                 pear root.
PRACTICE CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS
       Cause                            Effect
 FYI/ME - Arliss holds on to a   FYI/ME - Mother wraps his
 fish and does not let go.        hands in poultice of prickly
 Hands bloodied.                 pear root.
PRACTICE CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS
             Cause                              Effect
       FYI/ME - Arliss holds on to a     FYI/ME - Mother wraps his
       fish and does not let go.          hands in poultice of prickly
       Hands bloodied.                   pear root.


•   Arliss’s hand was wrapped in a poultice, for holding onto a fish with
    bare hands causes a fish to cut flesh with it’s fins.
PRACTICE CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS
             Cause                              Effect
       FYI/ME - Arliss holds on to a     FYI/ME - Mother wraps his
       fish and does not let go.          hands in poultice of prickly
       Hands bloodied.                   pear root.


•   Arliss’s hand was wrapped in a poultice, for holding onto a fish with
    bare hands causes a fish to cut flesh with it’s fins.

•   Mother wrapped his hand in a poultice because Arliss got finned
    by a fish.
PRACTICE CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS
             Cause                              Effect
       FYI/ME - Arliss holds on to a     FYI/ME - Mother wraps his
       fish and does not let go.          hands in poultice of prickly
       Hands bloodied.                   pear root.


•   Arliss’s hand was wrapped in a poultice, for holding onto a fish with
    bare hands causes a fish to cut flesh with it’s fins.

•   Mother wrapped his hand in a poultice because Arliss got finned
    by a fish.

•   Arliss’s bloody hands were due to holding on to a fish.
PRACTICE EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS
PRACTICE EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS


                EM/ME - WMC cried and
                returned to the Fox.
PRACTICE EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS


 ME - Uncle called WMC   EM/ME - WMC cried and
 useless.                returned to the Fox.
PRACTICE EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS
       Cause
 ME - Uncle called WMC   EM/ME - WMC cried and
 useless.                returned to the Fox.
PRACTICE EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS
       Cause                   Effect
 ME - Uncle called WMC   EM/ME - WMC cried and
 useless.                returned to the Fox.
PRACTICE EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS
               Cause                          Effect
         ME - Uncle called WMC          EM/ME - WMC cried and
         useless.                       returned to the Fox.



•   Uncle called Wong Ming-Chung useless; consequently, his feelings
    were hurt and Wong Ming-Chung returned to the Fox.
PRACTICE EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS
               Cause                          Effect
         ME - Uncle called WMC          EM/ME - WMC cried and
         useless.                       returned to the Fox.



•   Uncle called Wong Ming-Chung useless; consequently, his feelings
    were hurt and Wong Ming-Chung returned to the Fox.

•   Uncle said some hurtful thing so Wong Ming-Chung cried and went
    back to the Fox.
PRACTICE EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS
               Cause                          Effect
         ME - Uncle called WMC          EM/ME - WMC cried and
         useless.                       returned to the Fox.



•   Uncle called Wong Ming-Chung useless; consequently, his feelings
    were hurt and Wong Ming-Chung returned to the Fox.

•   Uncle said some hurtful thing so Wong Ming-Chung cried and went
    back to the Fox.

•   The cause of Wong-Ming-Chung returning to the Fox was Uncle’s
    hurtful words.

Cause/Effect Signal Words

  • 1.
    CAUSE & EFFECT SignalWords and Phrases
  • 2.
  • 3.
    WHY STUDY CAUSE/EFFECT? •Certain words and phrases signal CAUSE/EFFECT relationships.
  • 4.
    WHY STUDY CAUSE/EFFECT? •Certain words and phrases signal CAUSE/EFFECT relationships. • When reading a selection, understanding the relationship between MAIN EVENTS can help you comprehend the selection better.
  • 5.
    WHY STUDY CAUSE/EFFECT? •Certain words and phrases signal CAUSE/EFFECT relationships. • When reading a selection, understanding the relationship between MAIN EVENTS can help you comprehend the selection better. • Ifyou understand how to use signal words/phrases, your summary of the selection helps others understand what’s going on in the selection.
  • 6.
  • 7.
    CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS • Coordinators - For
  • 8.
    CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS • Coordinators - For • The buffalo were important to the Plains Indians, for this one animal provided them with everything they needed.
  • 9.
    CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS • Coordinators - For • The buffalo were important to the Plains Indians, for this one animal provided them with everything they needed. • Subordinators - because, since, as
  • 10.
    CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS • Coordinators - For • The buffalo were important to the Plains Indians, for this one animal provided them with everything they needed. • Subordinators - because, since, as • The buffalo were important since they provided everything the Plains Indians needed.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
    CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS • Others - resulted from/was the result of, due to/because of, effect of
  • 14.
    CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS • Others - resulted from/was the result of, due to/because of, effect of • The buffalo’s disappearance resulted from overhunting.
  • 15.
    CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS • Others - resulted from/was the result of, due to/because of, effect of • The buffalo’s disappearance resulted from overhunting. • Buffalo nearly disappeared due to overhunting.
  • 16.
    CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS • Others - resulted from/was the result of, due to/because of, effect of • The buffalo’s disappearance resulted from overhunting. • Buffalo nearly disappeared due to overhunting. • One effect of overhunting was the disappearance of nearly all the buffalo.
  • 17.
  • 18.
    EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS • Transitions Words & Phrases - therefore, thus, consequently
  • 19.
    EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS • Transitions Words & Phrases - therefore, thus, consequently • Workers building the railroads needed meat; therefore, hunters killed buffalo by the thousands.
  • 20.
    EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS • Transitions Words & Phrases - therefore, thus, consequently • Workers building the railroads needed meat; therefore, hunters killed buffalo by the thousands. • The US Army needed meat; consequently, hunters killed buffalo by the thousands.
  • 21.
    EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS • Transitions Words & Phrases - therefore, thus, consequently • Workers building the railroads needed meat; therefore, hunters killed buffalo by the thousands. • The US Army needed meat; consequently, hunters killed buffalo by the thousands. • Coordinators - so
  • 22.
    EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS • Transitions Words & Phrases - therefore, thus, consequently • Workers building the railroads needed meat; therefore, hunters killed buffalo by the thousands. • The US Army needed meat; consequently, hunters killed buffalo by the thousands. • Coordinators - so • Plains Indians traded with settlers for goods, so they began killing buffalo in larger numbers.
  • 23.
  • 24.
    EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS • Others - result in, caused, have an effect, the cause/reason for
  • 25.
    EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS • Others - result in, caused, have an effect, the cause/reason for • Overhunting resulted in the near extinction of buffalo.
  • 26.
    EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS • Others - result in, caused, have an effect, the cause/reason for • Overhunting resulted in the near extinction of buffalo. • Low numbers of buffalo had an effect on the lives of the Plains Indians.
  • 27.
    EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS • Others - result in, caused, have an effect, the cause/reason for • Overhunting resulted in the near extinction of buffalo. • Low numbers of buffalo had an effect on the lives of the Plains Indians. • The rescue of buffalo from extinction is a cause of celebration.
  • 28.
  • 29.
    PRACTICE CAUSE SIGNALWORDS FYI/ME - Arliss holds on to a fish and does not let go. Hands bloodied.
  • 30.
    PRACTICE CAUSE SIGNALWORDS FYI/ME - Arliss holds on to a FYI/ME - Mother wraps his fish and does not let go. hands in poultice of prickly Hands bloodied. pear root.
  • 31.
    PRACTICE CAUSE SIGNALWORDS Cause FYI/ME - Arliss holds on to a FYI/ME - Mother wraps his fish and does not let go. hands in poultice of prickly Hands bloodied. pear root.
  • 32.
    PRACTICE CAUSE SIGNALWORDS Cause Effect FYI/ME - Arliss holds on to a FYI/ME - Mother wraps his fish and does not let go. hands in poultice of prickly Hands bloodied. pear root.
  • 33.
    PRACTICE CAUSE SIGNALWORDS Cause Effect FYI/ME - Arliss holds on to a FYI/ME - Mother wraps his fish and does not let go. hands in poultice of prickly Hands bloodied. pear root. • Arliss’s hand was wrapped in a poultice, for holding onto a fish with bare hands causes a fish to cut flesh with it’s fins.
  • 34.
    PRACTICE CAUSE SIGNALWORDS Cause Effect FYI/ME - Arliss holds on to a FYI/ME - Mother wraps his fish and does not let go. hands in poultice of prickly Hands bloodied. pear root. • Arliss’s hand was wrapped in a poultice, for holding onto a fish with bare hands causes a fish to cut flesh with it’s fins. • Mother wrapped his hand in a poultice because Arliss got finned by a fish.
  • 35.
    PRACTICE CAUSE SIGNALWORDS Cause Effect FYI/ME - Arliss holds on to a FYI/ME - Mother wraps his fish and does not let go. hands in poultice of prickly Hands bloodied. pear root. • Arliss’s hand was wrapped in a poultice, for holding onto a fish with bare hands causes a fish to cut flesh with it’s fins. • Mother wrapped his hand in a poultice because Arliss got finned by a fish. • Arliss’s bloody hands were due to holding on to a fish.
  • 36.
  • 37.
    PRACTICE EFFECT SIGNALWORDS EM/ME - WMC cried and returned to the Fox.
  • 38.
    PRACTICE EFFECT SIGNALWORDS ME - Uncle called WMC EM/ME - WMC cried and useless. returned to the Fox.
  • 39.
    PRACTICE EFFECT SIGNALWORDS Cause ME - Uncle called WMC EM/ME - WMC cried and useless. returned to the Fox.
  • 40.
    PRACTICE EFFECT SIGNALWORDS Cause Effect ME - Uncle called WMC EM/ME - WMC cried and useless. returned to the Fox.
  • 41.
    PRACTICE EFFECT SIGNALWORDS Cause Effect ME - Uncle called WMC EM/ME - WMC cried and useless. returned to the Fox. • Uncle called Wong Ming-Chung useless; consequently, his feelings were hurt and Wong Ming-Chung returned to the Fox.
  • 42.
    PRACTICE EFFECT SIGNALWORDS Cause Effect ME - Uncle called WMC EM/ME - WMC cried and useless. returned to the Fox. • Uncle called Wong Ming-Chung useless; consequently, his feelings were hurt and Wong Ming-Chung returned to the Fox. • Uncle said some hurtful thing so Wong Ming-Chung cried and went back to the Fox.
  • 43.
    PRACTICE EFFECT SIGNALWORDS Cause Effect ME - Uncle called WMC EM/ME - WMC cried and useless. returned to the Fox. • Uncle called Wong Ming-Chung useless; consequently, his feelings were hurt and Wong Ming-Chung returned to the Fox. • Uncle said some hurtful thing so Wong Ming-Chung cried and went back to the Fox. • The cause of Wong-Ming-Chung returning to the Fox was Uncle’s hurtful words.