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
Relationships II
Chapter 6
Review
What are two relationships you’ve
learned so far?
 Relationships that involve time
 Relationships that involve addition
Review
 Which two ways do authors show relationships
to make their ideas clear? (hint: between what
and what?)
 Transitions between sentences
 Ex: The dog is happy. Additionally, I am happy.
 Patterns of organization for supporting details
 There are many ways to save money. First, you
can open a savings account, and add a small
amount of money to it each month.
Three more relationships!
 Along with time and addition, there are
three more types of relationships to be
aware of:
 Illustration
 Comparison and contrast
 Cause and effect
Illustration: not a drawing!
 Illustration is NOT the kind you do in art
class. Not this kind, anyway.
 Illustration, or “to illustrate,” means to give
an example.
 Let me illustrate…
 All of a sudden, I am always hungry. For
instance, this morning, I ate two breakfasts
instead of one. Another example: I had a
huge lunch and still was not satisfied!
Illustration
 What transition word suggests an “illustration”
or “example”?
 All of a sudden, I am always hungry. For instance, this
morning, I ate two breakfasts instead of one. Another
example: I had a huge lunch and still was not satisfied!
 If you said “for instance “ and “another example,” then you are
correct!
Illustration Words (pg 228)
 For example
 For instance
 Such as
 Including
 Specifically
 To illustrate…
 To be specific…
Using these words,
try your luck by
completing
Practice 1 on page
229 in your
textbook
Definition with Examples Pattern
 Let’s think about relationships in supporting
details rather than between sentences.
 Sometimes, writers will use examples to help
you better understand a definition of a word.
 Say I were writing an essay on the word
‘democracy.’
 I could provide my readers with several
examples of democracy, and they could get a
better sense of the definition.
Try It
 If you wanted to help someone
understand the definition of the word
“addiction,” what are two examples you
could you use from “Soft Addictions” in
Chapter 5?
 What are two examples of addiction that
you could use from real life?
Comparison and Contrast
 What is the difference between these two
words? What does each one mean?
 To compare means to look at the…
 …similarities.
 The contrast means to look at the…
 …differences.
Examples of Comparison
 At home, I like to get all of my tasks done before I go
out for fun, just as I like to get all of my homework
completed before I watch a movie.
 Just like a bad dream, the test got worse and worse
and more difficult to escape!
 My brother really likes ice cream. Similarly, my sister
does too.
Comparison words (pg 234)
 Just as
 Just like
 Alike same
 Both
 Equally
 Similarly
 In a similar fashion
Using these words, try
your luck by
completing Practice 3
on page 234 in your
textbook
Examples of Contrast
 Many ECC students enroll in the fall;
however, about a quarter less of them enroll
in the spring.
 Even though people say they need to
exercise, most of them don’t do it.
 My dog prefers to sleep instead of eat.
Contrast words (pg 235)
 But
 Yet
 However
 Although
 Even though
 Instead of
 despite
Using these words, try
your luck by
completing Practice 4
on page 236 in your
textbook
Compare and/or Contrast Pattern
 Let’s think about relationships in supporting
details rather than between sentences.
 In a paragraph, an author might want to
organize the information based on comparison
or contrast.
 The comparison-contrast pattern will show how
two items are alike, different, or both.
Try it
 Take a look at “Check Your
Understanding” on page 238 for
an example of a compare/contrast
paragraph.
Cause and Effect
 What is the difference between these two words? What
does each one mean?
 Cause shows or explains…
 …the reason why something happened, is happening, etc
 Effect shows or explains….
 …the result of what happened, what is happened.
Examples of Cause and Effect
 I became a vegetarian because I adopted four chickens.
 I adopted four chickens, so I became a vegetarian.
 If there is bad weather tomorrow, then we can’t have our
picnic.
 The students didn’t read the last chapter of their book.
Therefore, they did poorly on the quiz.
Cause and EffectWords (pg 241)
 Therefore
 Thus
 As a result
 If…then
 Because
 The reason
 So
 since
Using these words,
try your luck by
completing Practice
6 on page 241 in
your textbook
Cause and Effect Pattern
 Let’s think about relationships in supporting
details rather than between sentences.
 Writers will often organize a paragraph using
a cause and effect pattern.
 They might state a cause and provide several
effects, or they might give several causes and
one effect.
Try it
 Take a look at “Check Your
Understanding” on page 243 for an
example of a cause/effect paragraph.
TESTYOURSELF
1. What are the three new types of relationships that
writers use as transitions and patterns of
organization?
2. What does a writer want to show when illustrating?
3. What does a writer want to show when comparing
or contrasting?
4. What does a writer want to show with cause and
effect?

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Chapter 6

  • 2. Review What are two relationships you’ve learned so far?  Relationships that involve time  Relationships that involve addition
  • 3. Review  Which two ways do authors show relationships to make their ideas clear? (hint: between what and what?)  Transitions between sentences  Ex: The dog is happy. Additionally, I am happy.  Patterns of organization for supporting details  There are many ways to save money. First, you can open a savings account, and add a small amount of money to it each month.
  • 4. Three more relationships!  Along with time and addition, there are three more types of relationships to be aware of:  Illustration  Comparison and contrast  Cause and effect
  • 5. Illustration: not a drawing!  Illustration is NOT the kind you do in art class. Not this kind, anyway.  Illustration, or “to illustrate,” means to give an example.  Let me illustrate…  All of a sudden, I am always hungry. For instance, this morning, I ate two breakfasts instead of one. Another example: I had a huge lunch and still was not satisfied!
  • 6. Illustration  What transition word suggests an “illustration” or “example”?  All of a sudden, I am always hungry. For instance, this morning, I ate two breakfasts instead of one. Another example: I had a huge lunch and still was not satisfied!  If you said “for instance “ and “another example,” then you are correct!
  • 7. Illustration Words (pg 228)  For example  For instance  Such as  Including  Specifically  To illustrate…  To be specific… Using these words, try your luck by completing Practice 1 on page 229 in your textbook
  • 8. Definition with Examples Pattern  Let’s think about relationships in supporting details rather than between sentences.  Sometimes, writers will use examples to help you better understand a definition of a word.  Say I were writing an essay on the word ‘democracy.’  I could provide my readers with several examples of democracy, and they could get a better sense of the definition.
  • 9. Try It  If you wanted to help someone understand the definition of the word “addiction,” what are two examples you could you use from “Soft Addictions” in Chapter 5?  What are two examples of addiction that you could use from real life?
  • 10. Comparison and Contrast  What is the difference between these two words? What does each one mean?  To compare means to look at the…  …similarities.  The contrast means to look at the…  …differences.
  • 11. Examples of Comparison  At home, I like to get all of my tasks done before I go out for fun, just as I like to get all of my homework completed before I watch a movie.  Just like a bad dream, the test got worse and worse and more difficult to escape!  My brother really likes ice cream. Similarly, my sister does too.
  • 12. Comparison words (pg 234)  Just as  Just like  Alike same  Both  Equally  Similarly  In a similar fashion Using these words, try your luck by completing Practice 3 on page 234 in your textbook
  • 13. Examples of Contrast  Many ECC students enroll in the fall; however, about a quarter less of them enroll in the spring.  Even though people say they need to exercise, most of them don’t do it.  My dog prefers to sleep instead of eat.
  • 14. Contrast words (pg 235)  But  Yet  However  Although  Even though  Instead of  despite Using these words, try your luck by completing Practice 4 on page 236 in your textbook
  • 15. Compare and/or Contrast Pattern  Let’s think about relationships in supporting details rather than between sentences.  In a paragraph, an author might want to organize the information based on comparison or contrast.  The comparison-contrast pattern will show how two items are alike, different, or both.
  • 16. Try it  Take a look at “Check Your Understanding” on page 238 for an example of a compare/contrast paragraph.
  • 17. Cause and Effect  What is the difference between these two words? What does each one mean?  Cause shows or explains…  …the reason why something happened, is happening, etc  Effect shows or explains….  …the result of what happened, what is happened.
  • 18. Examples of Cause and Effect  I became a vegetarian because I adopted four chickens.  I adopted four chickens, so I became a vegetarian.  If there is bad weather tomorrow, then we can’t have our picnic.  The students didn’t read the last chapter of their book. Therefore, they did poorly on the quiz.
  • 19. Cause and EffectWords (pg 241)  Therefore  Thus  As a result  If…then  Because  The reason  So  since Using these words, try your luck by completing Practice 6 on page 241 in your textbook
  • 20. Cause and Effect Pattern  Let’s think about relationships in supporting details rather than between sentences.  Writers will often organize a paragraph using a cause and effect pattern.  They might state a cause and provide several effects, or they might give several causes and one effect.
  • 21. Try it  Take a look at “Check Your Understanding” on page 243 for an example of a cause/effect paragraph.
  • 22. TESTYOURSELF 1. What are the three new types of relationships that writers use as transitions and patterns of organization? 2. What does a writer want to show when illustrating? 3. What does a writer want to show when comparing or contrasting? 4. What does a writer want to show with cause and effect?