In this file, a simple search for pattern recognition will be explained, and it contains a summary of everything you want to know, and there are some important sources and information in it.
download it from here: https://exe.io/56WbRkf
Attendance Management System using Face RecognitionNanditaDutta4
The project ppt presentation is made for the academic session for the completion of the work from Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University(IMED) MCA department
AUTOMATIC LICENSE PLATE RECOGNITION SYSTEM FOR INDIAN VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION ...Kuntal Bhowmick
Automatic License Plate Recognition (ANPR) is a practical application of image processing which uses number (license) plate is used to identify the vehicle. The aim is to design an efficient automatic vehicle identification system by using the
vehicle license plate. The system is implemented on the entrance for security control of a highly restricted area like
military zones or area around top government offices e.g.Parliament, Supreme Court etc.
It is worth mentioning that there is a scarcity in researches that introduce an automatic number plate recognition for indian vechicles.In this paper, a new algorithm is presented for Indian vehicle’s number plate recognition system. The proposed algorithm consists of two major parts: plate region extraction and plate recognition.Vehicle number plate region is extracted using the image segmentation in a vechicle image.Optical character recognition technique is used for the character recognition. And finally the resulting data is used to compare with the records on a database so as to come up with the specific information like the vehicle’s owner, registration state, address, etc.
The performance of the proposed algorithm has been tested on real license plate images of indian vechicles. Based on the experimental results, we noted that our algorithm shows superior performance special in number plate recognition phase.
Attendance Management System using Face RecognitionNanditaDutta4
The project ppt presentation is made for the academic session for the completion of the work from Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University(IMED) MCA department
AUTOMATIC LICENSE PLATE RECOGNITION SYSTEM FOR INDIAN VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION ...Kuntal Bhowmick
Automatic License Plate Recognition (ANPR) is a practical application of image processing which uses number (license) plate is used to identify the vehicle. The aim is to design an efficient automatic vehicle identification system by using the
vehicle license plate. The system is implemented on the entrance for security control of a highly restricted area like
military zones or area around top government offices e.g.Parliament, Supreme Court etc.
It is worth mentioning that there is a scarcity in researches that introduce an automatic number plate recognition for indian vechicles.In this paper, a new algorithm is presented for Indian vehicle’s number plate recognition system. The proposed algorithm consists of two major parts: plate region extraction and plate recognition.Vehicle number plate region is extracted using the image segmentation in a vechicle image.Optical character recognition technique is used for the character recognition. And finally the resulting data is used to compare with the records on a database so as to come up with the specific information like the vehicle’s owner, registration state, address, etc.
The performance of the proposed algorithm has been tested on real license plate images of indian vechicles. Based on the experimental results, we noted that our algorithm shows superior performance special in number plate recognition phase.
Literature Review on License Plate Recognition SystemAtul Nath
After Reading A tons of papers, Here i present Review of Some Relevant Papers. It will help anyone to get an great idea on License Plate Recognition System. If you have any query about this slide you can directly mail me. Thank You.
This presentation describes briefly about the image enhancement in spatial domain, basic gray level transformation, histogram processing, enhancement using arithmetic/ logical operation, basics of spatial filtering and local enhancements.
This slides about brief Introduction to Image Restoration Techniques. How to estimate the degradation function, noise models and its probability density functions.
Efficient and accurate object detection has been an important topic in the advancement of computer vision systems.
Our project aims to detect the object with the goal of achieving high accuracy with a real-time performance.
In this project, we use a completely deep learning based approach to solve the problem of object detection.
The input to the system will be a real time image, and the output will be a bounding box corresponding to all the objects in the image, along with the class of object in each box.
Objective -
Develop a application that detects an object and it can be used for vehicles counting, when the object is a vehicle such as a bicycle or car, it can count how many vehicles have passed from a particular area or road and it can recognize human activity too.
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Literature Review on License Plate Recognition SystemAtul Nath
After Reading A tons of papers, Here i present Review of Some Relevant Papers. It will help anyone to get an great idea on License Plate Recognition System. If you have any query about this slide you can directly mail me. Thank You.
This presentation describes briefly about the image enhancement in spatial domain, basic gray level transformation, histogram processing, enhancement using arithmetic/ logical operation, basics of spatial filtering and local enhancements.
This slides about brief Introduction to Image Restoration Techniques. How to estimate the degradation function, noise models and its probability density functions.
Efficient and accurate object detection has been an important topic in the advancement of computer vision systems.
Our project aims to detect the object with the goal of achieving high accuracy with a real-time performance.
In this project, we use a completely deep learning based approach to solve the problem of object detection.
The input to the system will be a real time image, and the output will be a bounding box corresponding to all the objects in the image, along with the class of object in each box.
Objective -
Develop a application that detects an object and it can be used for vehicles counting, when the object is a vehicle such as a bicycle or car, it can count how many vehicles have passed from a particular area or road and it can recognize human activity too.
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Smart Assistant for Blind Humans using Rashberry PIijtsrd
An OCR (Optical Character Recognition) system which is a branch of computer vision and in turn a sub-class of Artificial Intelligence. Optical character recognition is the translation of optically scanned bitmaps of printed or hand-written text into audio output by using of Raspberry pi. OCRs developed for many world languages are already under efficient use. This method extracts moving object region by a mixture-of-Gaussians-based background subtraction method. A text localization and recognition are conducted to acquire text information. To automatically localize the text regions from the object, a text localization and Tesseract algorithm by learning gradient features of stroke orientations and distributions of edge pixels in an Adaboost model. Text characters in the localized text regions are then binaries and recognized by off-the-shelf optical character recognition software. The recognized text codes are output to blind users in speech. Performance of the proposed text localization algorithm. As the recognition process is completed, the character codes in the text file are processed using Raspberry pi device on which recognize character using Tesseract algorithm and python programming, the audio output is listed. Abish Raj. M. S | Manoj Kumar. A. S | Murali. V"Smart Assistant for Blind Humans using Rashberry PI" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11498.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/embedded-system/11498/smart-assistant-for-blind-humans-using-rashberry-pi/abish-raj-m-s
Character Recognition (Devanagari Script)IJERA Editor
Character Recognition is has found major interest in field of research and practical application to analyze and study characters in different languages using image as their input. In this paper the user writes the Devanagari character using mouse as a plotter and then the corresponding character is saved in the form of image. This image is processed using Optical Character Recognition in which location, segmentation, pre-processing of image is done. Later Neural Networks is used to identify all the characters by the further process of OCR i.e. by using feature extraction and post-processing of image. This entire process is done using MATLAB.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A SURVEY ON DEEP LEARNING METHOD USED FOR CHARACTER RECOGNITIONIJCIRAS Journal
The field of Artificial Intelligence is very fashionable today, especially neural networks that work well in various areas such as speech recognition and natural language processing. This Research Article briefly describes how deep learning models work and what different techniques are used in text recognition. It also describes the great progress that has been made in the field of medicine, the analysis of forensic documents, the recognition of license plates, banking, health and the legal industry. The recognition of handwritten characters is one of the research areas in the field of artificial intelligence. The individual character recognition has a higher recognition accuracy than the complete word recognition. The new method for categorizing Freeman strings is presented using four connectivity events and eight connectivity events with a deep learning approach.
Face recognition is a technology that involves identifying or verifying the identity of a person by analyzing and comparing patterns in their facial features. This process typically involves the use of computer algorithms and machine learning techniques, such as neural networks, to analyze facial images and extract key features that are unique to each individual's face. These features are then compared against a database of known faces to determine the identity of the person in question.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A STUDY ON OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION TECHNIQUESijcsitcejournal
Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is the process which enables a system to without human intervention
identifies the scripts or alphabets written into the users’ verbal communication. Optical Character
identification has grown to be individual of the mainly flourishing applications of knowledge in the field of
pattern detection and artificial intelligence. In our survey we study on the various OCR techniques. In this
paper we resolve and examine the hypothetical and numerical models of Optical Character Identification.
The Optical character identification or classification (OCR) and Magnetic Character Recognition (MCR)
techniques are generally utilized for the recognition of patterns or alphabets. In general the alphabets are
in the variety of pixel pictures and it could be either handwritten or stamped, of any series, shape or
direction etc. Alternatively in MCR the alphabets are stamped with magnetic ink and the studying machine
categorize the alphabet on the basis of the exclusive magnetic field that is shaped by every alphabet. Both
MCR and OCR discover utilization in banking and different trade appliances. Earlier exploration going on
Optical Character detection or recognition has shown that the In Handwritten text there is no limitation
lying on the script technique. Hand written correspondence is complicated to be familiar through due to
diverse human handwriting style, disparity in angle, size and shape of calligraphy. An assortment of
approaches of Optical Character Identification is discussed here all along through their achievement.
BLOB DETECTION TECHNIQUE USING IMAGE PROCESSING FOR IDENTIFICATION OF MACHINE...ijiert bestjournal
Optical character recognition systems have been effectively developed for the recognition of p rinted characters. Optical character recognition is an awesome computer vision technique with various applications ranging from saving real time scripts digitally and deriving context based intelligence using natural language processing from the texts. One such application is the recognition of machine printed characters. This paper illustrates the technique to identify machine printed characters using Blob detection method and Image processing. In many cases of such machine printed characters there is simi larity between character colour and background colour. There is mix up of reflected light and scattered light. Colour is not consistent across character area or background area. Paper explains how Blob detection technique is used for recognition of these m achines printed characters.
Offline Signature Recognition and It’s Forgery Detection using Machine Learni...AI Publications
Signature verification is an important aspect in today’s World. Signature has been verified in Banks, Government Agencies, Universities (Degree Verification) etc. Signature can involve in its shape, size, pressure, speed and angle. From a population of Signatures an original signature can be found out and distinguished. In this Paper for Forgery signature Detection we use two algorithm viz.Harris Algorithm and Surf Algorithm. We have also discussed about CNN Algorithm. Moreover in this paper we take the x-y co-ordinate of the real signature and also the x-y co-ordinate of the forged signature and compare among the two. We have used Python Programming for plotting the graphs whereas the graph can be plot using Matlab, R, Microsoft Excel and Python.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
1. Pattern Recognition
Abstract:
Informally, a pattern is defined by the common denominator among the multiple
instances of an entity. Such as, commonality in all fingerprint images defines the
fingerprint pattern, Thus, a pattern could be a fingerprint image, a handwritten cursive
word, a human face, a speech signal, a bar code, or a web page on the Internet. Often,
individual patterns may be grouped into a category based on their common properties,
the resultant group is also a pattern and is often called a pattern class. Pattern
recognition is the science for observing the environment, learning to distinguish patterns
of interest from their background, and making sound decisions about the patterns or
pattern classes.
Basic concept of pattern recognition
Introduction:
in this subject we will know somethings about pattern recognition , such as what is it
and how can we use it and recognize objects, pattern recognition is useful for us, we
can find it in mobiles, camera, and computers and it helps us to recognize about
everything, we can recognize object by features that extracted from the object, this
research is going to discuss What is pattern recognition, Object and how to recognize it,
What are types of objects, Features of objects, The general block diagrams, What is
processing steps.
1. The pattern recognition:
- Pattern recognition first we should know what pattern is, pattern is description of
an object, to discriminate the objects this pattern based on human view, so the
description is, represented by a set of measurements, such as barcode,
footprint.
There are kinds of pattern such as visual patterns, temporal patterns, and logical
patterns. Now we defined pattern, so what is recognition? Recognition is
identification of a pattern to be specified into category. Kinds of recognition such
as classification and clustering. Now we can define pattern recognition as the
assignment of a physical object, and the goal of pattern recognition is based on
the classification of objects.
2. how to recognize objects:
- We can recognize objects by using pattern recognition before it we should know
three elements for creating any application by the machine based on pattern
recognition, such as perceive, process and prediction. Objects maybe be images
or signals, or any measurement are needed to be classified, we can recognize
objects by applications of pattern recognition. There are steps to recognize
objects such as: preprocessing like filtering and segmentation, feature
extraction, hypothesize object, verify objects.
3. Types of objects:
There are many types of objects that can be applicable one of them is: face
recognition, understand spoken words, Fingerprint, Reading handwriting.
2. 4. Features:
- Attributes which characterize properties of the samples.
- Such as: height, weight, and age, … etc.
- Features can be face or hands or anything in the human.
- There are extensions to features, like feature vector and feature space.
A. Feature Vector: vector formed by a group of features.
B. Feature Space: space containing all the possible feature vectors.
- We can select features that based on simple to extract, invariant to irrelevant,
insensitive to noise.
- A good extracted feature lead to a high quality of a feature vector.
5. The general block diagram:
1) Sensing: physical inputs converts into digital signal data by sensor.
2) Segmentation: its isolate sensed objects from the background.
3) Feature extraction: Feature extractor steps object properties.
4) Classification: its use extracted features to set the sensed object into
selected category.
5) Post processing: post processor decides an appropriate action that based
on the classification.
6. We can use it in:
Inside medical science, pattern recognition is the basis for computer-aided
diagnosis systems. CAD describes a action that supports the doctor's
explanations and findings. Other applications of pattern recognition techniques
are automatic speech recognition, classification of text into several categories, the
automatic recognition of handwriting, automatic recognition of images of human
faces, or handwriting image extraction from medical forms. The last two examples
form the subtopic image analysis of pattern recognition that deals with digital
images as input to pattern recognition systems.
Optical character recognition is a classic example of the application of a pattern
classifier, see OCR-example. The method of signing one's name was captured
with stylus and overlay starting in 1990. The strokes, speed, relative min, relative
max, acceleration and pressure is used to uniquely identify and confirm identity.
Banks were first offered this technology but were content to collect from the FDIC
for any bank fraud and did not want to inconvenience customers.
Artificial neural networks and deep learning have many real-world applications in
image processing, a few examples:
identification and authentication: fingerprint analysis, face detection, verification
and voice-based authentication.
medical diagnosis: screening for cervical cancer, breast tumors or heart sounds;
defense: various navigation and guidance systems, target recognition systems,
shape recognition technology etc.
Conclusion:
We can recognize people or objects by features, and we can get feature by pattern
recognition, we can know people by recognize their features like faces, hand, and eyes,
when you extract the features, you go through some steps and processes to get the
results.
3. Pattern Recognition
Applications of pattern recognition
Introduction:
In the pattern recognition there are some applications that can recognize the objects,
these applications work in certain steps, These programs we use in our working lives
we use them in a lot of things like phones or computers in this subject we will explain in
a short, What are these programs and what they mean and how they work,. This page
includes a technical definition of OCR. It explains in what OCR means and is one of
many software programs.
1. The applications of pattern recognition:
- Applications of pattern recognition that application we use to recognize
everything, then it makes some steps to get information from the objects.
2. Types of the applications:
a) Character Recognition:
used to convert images with characters to the identified character strings.
b) Speech Recognition:
used to convert acoustic signal to contents of the speech.
c) Fingerprint Recognition:
Using fingerprints of some person to get the person’s identity.
d) Signature Verification:
In this app u should input your signature of person to get the signatory’s identity.
e) Face Detection:
Input images with several people to get location of them.
f) Text Categorization:
Input document to get category of the text.
3. OCR:
OCR is one of the application patterns, is so important to us, its abbreviation of
optical character recognition, it is the electronic conversion of images of a text to the
string of characters, it can scan text from images of handwritten. The process of
OCR is most commonly used to turn hard copy legal or historic documents into
PDFs. Once placed in this soft copy, users can edit, format and search the
document as if it was created with a word processor.
4. How the OCR work?
The first step of OCR is using a scanner to process the physical form of a document.
Once all pages are copied, OCR software converts the document into a two color,
the scanned-in image is analyzed for light and dark areas, where the dark areas are
identified as characters that need to be recognized and light areas are identified as
4. background. The dark areas are then processed further to find alphabetic letters or
numeric digits. OCR programs can vary in their techniques, but typically involve
targeting one character, word or block of text at a time. Characters are then
identified using one of two algorithms:
Pattern recognition- OCR programs are fed examples of text in various fonts and
formats which are then used to compare, and recognize, characters in the scanned
document.
Feature detection- OCR programs apply rules regarding the features of a specific
letter or number to recognize characters in the scanned document. Features could
include the number of corner lines, crossed lines or curves in a character for
comparison.
When a character is identified, it is converted into an ASCII code that can be used
by computer systems to cope with more manipulations.
5. The technology of OCR:
OCR is composed entirely of three main components such as: scanner, OCR
software and prespecified samples, The OCR program communicate with other
components for the document to be stored on your computer. The OCR technology
is used in office, education and anything, and users can be able to convert the
surveys and contracts.
Benefits of optical character recognition:
The main advantages of OCR technology are saved time, reduced errors, and
minimized effort.
History of OCR:
Early optical character recognition may be traced to technologies involving
telegraphy and creating reading devices for the blind. In 1914, Emanuel
Goldberg developed a machine that read characters and converted them into
standard telegraph code. Concurrently, Edmund Fournier d'Albe developed
the Otophone, a handheld scanner that when moved across a printed page,
produced tones that corresponded to specific letters or characters.
Conclusion:
There are a lot of programs of the category of patterns used in our working lives, we
use them in different types of fields and places these programs help us to identify a
lot of things like: people or animals or devices, and also benefit us in identifying
people's faces and people's voices and fingerprints and some important programs
such as OCR this program is used in converting written images into an electronic
component.
5. Pattern Recognition
Pattern recognition process (case study)
Introduction:
Pattern recognition systems consist of four functional units: A feature extractor to select
and measure the representative properties of raw input data in a reduced form, and a
pattern matcher to compare an input pattern to reference patterns using a distance
measure, and a reference templates memory, and a decision maker to make the final
decision, so I’m going to explain The Automation System process, then we will know
how it work and how can we classify between two toys or anything but robot , and how
can we design a robot , and what is the general block diagram that required to the robot,
and what is the important issues that maybe occur during implementation and how can
we solve it.
1. The Automation System of pattern recognition:
The automation system based on four important components such as: conveyor belt,
two conveyor belts, robotic arm, CCD camera, computer.
A) Conveyor belt: for incoming products
B) Two conveyor belts: for sorted products
C) Robotic arm: to pick‐and‐place
D) CCD camera: for a vision system
E) Computer: to analyze images and control the robot arm
2. The process’s steps:
Step 1: preprocessing
Step 2: Feature extraction
Step 3: Classification
i. Preprocessing:
The purpose of preprocessing for reducing the noise without losing relevant
information, it through on some steps such as: image processing and
segmentation, image processing used for removing noising and enhance the
level of contrast, segmentation used for isolate different objects from one another
like car and airplane.
ii. Feature extraction:
one of the most important steps in the pattern recognition system design, this
step is done by measuring and selecting some features or properties of the
object to be classified.it uses for extract features from the preprocessed image,
features like as length or lightness.
iii. Classification:
It used to evaluate the measurements of the feature and make a decision, the
purpose of this step to distinguish different types of objects.
6. 3. Important issues in pattern recognition: There are many important issues occur
during the implementation such as noise, segmentation, data collection, feature
extraction, missing features, model selection, over fitting, classifier ensemble and
costs and risks and computation complexity.
A) Noise:
There are noises in the pattern recognition process like shadows, conveyor belt
might shake, and noise can reduce the reliability of the features that measured,
we can solve it by the knowledge of the noise process.
B) Missing Features:
The values of features can be missed, we can solve it by train classifiers with
missing features, there are two solution to solve it.
First is Naïve method, that can be used but maybe not optimal, it used for
assuming the value of missing features is zero and assigning the average value
of patterns.
Second is Sophisticated method and it might be better, but it needs extra efforts
in terms of storage, it fills in the missing values with regression techniques.
C) Overfitting:
We can get best complexity by using normal complex because if I use more
complex than necessary it let me to lead to overfitting.
D) Context: can be used to improve the classifier.
E) Costs and risks: Cost is the loss after making incorrect decisions and there are
two types of cost such as equal cost and unequal cost, and risk is total expected
cost which we want to optimize error rate and we can solve it by using classifier
because classifier might be minimize some of total expected cost or risk.
F) Computational Complexity: Some approaches can perform to perfect
classification according to practical time and the storage requirements available.
G) Feature extraction:
Good extracted features make the job of the classifier fiddling, to get a small set
of candidate features available we take in consideration the following points, first
choose those are simple to extract and choose those are robust to noise and
choose those can lead to simpler decision boundaries.
Conclusion:
In the summary of this topic is how to recognize the airplane and the car through
the automation system of pattern recognition, which was based on 4 important
rules including camera, computer, etc. And there are some important steps that
the device recognizes on object, such as preprocessing and feature extraction
and classification and we know that preprocessing can reduce the noise of the
image and analyze and reformulate it and the most important problems in the
system such as noise and be solved by noise and reduce and lost features are
solved by training classifiers with the missing features and overfitting is solved by
getting a normal complex and also context used to improve the classifier.
7. Pattern Recognition
Linear classifier
Introduction:
In the field of machine learning, the purpose of statistical classification is to use an
object's characteristics to identify which class/category it belongs to, and linear classifier
makes this by making a classification decision based on the value of a linear
combination of the properties. feature values usually presented to the machine in
feature vector, so we will know what linear classifier is and what linear classifier’s
structure and processing steps of it.
1. Linear classification:
A classification algorithm (Classifier) that makes its classification based on a linear
predictor function combining a set of weights with the feature vector, where is a real
vector of weights and f is a function that converts the dot product of the two vectors
into the desired output, The weight vector is learned from a set of labeled training
samples.
A) Feature extraction:
The feature probably extracted by using data about the observed pattern.
2. classifier’s structure:
based on a linear predictor function combining a set of weights with the feature
vector.
3. Processing’s steps with algorithm:
gk(x) = p (wk|x)
gk(x) = wkT x +w0
wk weight vector,
w0 threshold weight
The feature vector X is a point in feature space
The classifier partitions the feature vectors into decision region
8. 4. How the learning satisfied:
By using Supervised learning and Training, in supervised System is made with a set
of training pairs consisting of an input vector x and desired output vector y(t). weight
(w) are adjusted to minimize the difference error between the actual output and
desired output y(t).
In training we can deterministic function classifying vectors by w(t+1) = w(t) + p(y(t) –
y^(t)) x(t).
Conclusion:
Finally, In the machine learning , we can identify which class belongs to by using
object’s characteristics in statistical classification, then the linear classifier makes a
classification decision that based on the value of a linear combination of the properties
and feature values presented to the machine, so linear classification that makes its
classification based on a linear predictor, then the feature extraction can be extracted by
using data about the observed pattern, we can say that classifier’s structure based on a
linear predictor function, we can know the learning satisfied by two steps supervised
and training.
Conclusion:
Pattern recognition is not a new field of research, in fact, theories and techniques that
has been developed for a long time. With the rapid advancement of computers,
architecture, machine learning, and computer vision, it is possible to deal with
computational complexity and to bring more and more new ways of thinking into the
research of pattern recognition. In this article, I would like to Introduce the basic method
Concept, compact explanation, widely used methods of pattern recognition, and some
Outstanding applications shall be included.
9. List of references:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_recognition R.O. Duda, P.E. Hart: Pattern
Classification and Scene Analysis. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1973.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognition
https://searchcontentmanagement.techtarget.com/definition/OCR-optical-character-recognition.
http://compneurosci.com/wiki/images/c/c0/Linear_Classification.pdf