Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is the process which enables a system to without human intervention
identifies the scripts or alphabets written into the users’ verbal communication. Optical Character
identification has grown to be individual of the mainly flourishing applications of knowledge in the field of
pattern detection and artificial intelligence. In our survey we study on the various OCR techniques. In this
paper we resolve and examine the hypothetical and numerical models of Optical Character Identification.
The Optical character identification or classification (OCR) and Magnetic Character Recognition (MCR)
techniques are generally utilized for the recognition of patterns or alphabets. In general the alphabets are
in the variety of pixel pictures and it could be either handwritten or stamped, of any series, shape or
direction etc. Alternatively in MCR the alphabets are stamped with magnetic ink and the studying machine
categorize the alphabet on the basis of the exclusive magnetic field that is shaped by every alphabet. Both
MCR and OCR discover utilization in banking and different trade appliances. Earlier exploration going on
Optical Character detection or recognition has shown that the In Handwritten text there is no limitation
lying on the script technique. Hand written correspondence is complicated to be familiar through due to
diverse human handwriting style, disparity in angle, size and shape of calligraphy. An assortment of
approaches of Optical Character Identification is discussed here all along through their achievement.
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Handwritten Character Recognition: A Comprehensive Review on Geometrical Anal...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Optical Character Recognition Using PythonYogeshIJTSRD
Optical Character Recognition is a process of classifying optical patterns with respect to alphanumeric or other characters. It also includes segmentation, feature extraction and classification. Deep learning is part of a broader family of machine learning methods based on artificial neural networks with. representation learning The idea of the project is to extract text from image using Deep Learning by OCR Ponvizhi. U | Ramya. P | Ramya. R "Optical Character Recognition Using Python" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd41099.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/41099/optical-character-recognition-using-python/ponvizhi-u
This research tries to find out amethodology through which any data from the daily-use printed bills and invoices can be extracted. The data from these bills or invoices can be used extensively later on –such as machine learning or statistical analysis. This research focuses on extraction of final bill-amount, itinerary, date and similar data from bills and invoices as they encapsulate an ample amount of information about the users purchases, likes or dislikes etc. Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technology is a system that provides a full alphanumeric recognition of printed or handwritten characters from images. Initially, OpenCV has been used to detect the bill or invoice from the image and filter out the unnecessary noise from the image. Then intermediate image is passed for further processing using Tesseract OCR engine, which is an optical character recognition engine. Tesseract intends to apply Text Segmentation in order to extract written text in various fonts and languages. Our methodology proves to be highly accurate while tested on a variety of input images of bills and invoices.
I have presented the power point presentation on Basics of the optical character recognition. Here i have focused to discuss about hoe OCR is used in scanning process and can it be used for document scanning and its uses.
Presentation on the New Technology based on the recognition of letters that would be available on Soft and Hard copy both and allow all the format in Soft Copy. Optical character Recognition based on the recognition of letters with all the existing languages.
CHARACTER RECOGNITION USING NEURAL NETWORK WITHOUT FEATURE EXTRACTION FOR KAN...Editor IJMTER
Handwriting recognition has been one of the active and challenging research areas in the
field of pattern recognition. It has numerous applications which include, reading aid for blind, bank
cheques and conversion of any hand written document into structural text form[1]. As there are no
sufficient number of works on Indian language character recognition especially Kannada script
among 15 major scripts in India[2].In this paper an attempt is made to recognize handwritten
Kannada characters using Feed Forward neural networks. A handwritten kannada character is resized
into 60x40 pixel.The resized character is used for training the neural network. Once the training
process is completed the same character is given as input to the neural network with different set of
neurons in hidden layer and their recognition accuracy rate for different kannada characters has been
calculated and compared. The results show that the proposed system yields good recognition
accuracy rates comparable to that of other handwritten character recognition systems.
The Value of Archives for the Fédération Internationale des Archives de Télév...Simon Tanner
Simon Tanner explores the values and benefits that can accrue through the sharing of digital media content in archives with a wide audience. He will consider the overarching pro's and con's of trying to make an impact with practical methods for how to measure if you have achieved success. Simon will also briefly introduce the Balanced Value Impact Model.
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Handwritten Character Recognition: A Comprehensive Review on Geometrical Anal...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Optical Character Recognition Using PythonYogeshIJTSRD
Optical Character Recognition is a process of classifying optical patterns with respect to alphanumeric or other characters. It also includes segmentation, feature extraction and classification. Deep learning is part of a broader family of machine learning methods based on artificial neural networks with. representation learning The idea of the project is to extract text from image using Deep Learning by OCR Ponvizhi. U | Ramya. P | Ramya. R "Optical Character Recognition Using Python" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd41099.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/41099/optical-character-recognition-using-python/ponvizhi-u
This research tries to find out amethodology through which any data from the daily-use printed bills and invoices can be extracted. The data from these bills or invoices can be used extensively later on –such as machine learning or statistical analysis. This research focuses on extraction of final bill-amount, itinerary, date and similar data from bills and invoices as they encapsulate an ample amount of information about the users purchases, likes or dislikes etc. Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technology is a system that provides a full alphanumeric recognition of printed or handwritten characters from images. Initially, OpenCV has been used to detect the bill or invoice from the image and filter out the unnecessary noise from the image. Then intermediate image is passed for further processing using Tesseract OCR engine, which is an optical character recognition engine. Tesseract intends to apply Text Segmentation in order to extract written text in various fonts and languages. Our methodology proves to be highly accurate while tested on a variety of input images of bills and invoices.
I have presented the power point presentation on Basics of the optical character recognition. Here i have focused to discuss about hoe OCR is used in scanning process and can it be used for document scanning and its uses.
Presentation on the New Technology based on the recognition of letters that would be available on Soft and Hard copy both and allow all the format in Soft Copy. Optical character Recognition based on the recognition of letters with all the existing languages.
CHARACTER RECOGNITION USING NEURAL NETWORK WITHOUT FEATURE EXTRACTION FOR KAN...Editor IJMTER
Handwriting recognition has been one of the active and challenging research areas in the
field of pattern recognition. It has numerous applications which include, reading aid for blind, bank
cheques and conversion of any hand written document into structural text form[1]. As there are no
sufficient number of works on Indian language character recognition especially Kannada script
among 15 major scripts in India[2].In this paper an attempt is made to recognize handwritten
Kannada characters using Feed Forward neural networks. A handwritten kannada character is resized
into 60x40 pixel.The resized character is used for training the neural network. Once the training
process is completed the same character is given as input to the neural network with different set of
neurons in hidden layer and their recognition accuracy rate for different kannada characters has been
calculated and compared. The results show that the proposed system yields good recognition
accuracy rates comparable to that of other handwritten character recognition systems.
The Value of Archives for the Fédération Internationale des Archives de Télév...Simon Tanner
Simon Tanner explores the values and benefits that can accrue through the sharing of digital media content in archives with a wide audience. He will consider the overarching pro's and con's of trying to make an impact with practical methods for how to measure if you have achieved success. Simon will also briefly introduce the Balanced Value Impact Model.
BLOB DETECTION TECHNIQUE USING IMAGE PROCESSING FOR IDENTIFICATION OF MACHINE...ijiert bestjournal
Optical character recognition systems have been effectively developed for the recognition of p rinted characters. Optical character recognition is an awesome computer vision technique with various applications ranging from saving real time scripts digitally and deriving context based intelligence using natural language processing from the texts. One such application is the recognition of machine printed characters. This paper illustrates the technique to identify machine printed characters using Blob detection method and Image processing. In many cases of such machine printed characters there is simi larity between character colour and background colour. There is mix up of reflected light and scattered light. Colour is not consistent across character area or background area. Paper explains how Blob detection technique is used for recognition of these m achines printed characters.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optical character recognition (OCR) is process of classification of optical patterns contained in a digital image. The process of OCR Recognition involves several steps including pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction, classification. Pre-processing is for done the basic operation on input image like noise reduction which remove the noisy signal from image. Segmentation stage for segment the given image into line by line and segment each character from segmented line. Future extraction calculates the characteristics of character. A Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) is used to classification contains the database and does the comparison.
A SURVEY ON DEEP LEARNING METHOD USED FOR CHARACTER RECOGNITIONIJCIRAS Journal
The field of Artificial Intelligence is very fashionable today, especially neural networks that work well in various areas such as speech recognition and natural language processing. This Research Article briefly describes how deep learning models work and what different techniques are used in text recognition. It also describes the great progress that has been made in the field of medicine, the analysis of forensic documents, the recognition of license plates, banking, health and the legal industry. The recognition of handwritten characters is one of the research areas in the field of artificial intelligence. The individual character recognition has a higher recognition accuracy than the complete word recognition. The new method for categorizing Freeman strings is presented using four connectivity events and eight connectivity events with a deep learning approach.
Smart Assistant for Blind Humans using Rashberry PIijtsrd
An OCR (Optical Character Recognition) system which is a branch of computer vision and in turn a sub-class of Artificial Intelligence. Optical character recognition is the translation of optically scanned bitmaps of printed or hand-written text into audio output by using of Raspberry pi. OCRs developed for many world languages are already under efficient use. This method extracts moving object region by a mixture-of-Gaussians-based background subtraction method. A text localization and recognition are conducted to acquire text information. To automatically localize the text regions from the object, a text localization and Tesseract algorithm by learning gradient features of stroke orientations and distributions of edge pixels in an Adaboost model. Text characters in the localized text regions are then binaries and recognized by off-the-shelf optical character recognition software. The recognized text codes are output to blind users in speech. Performance of the proposed text localization algorithm. As the recognition process is completed, the character codes in the text file are processed using Raspberry pi device on which recognize character using Tesseract algorithm and python programming, the audio output is listed. Abish Raj. M. S | Manoj Kumar. A. S | Murali. V"Smart Assistant for Blind Humans using Rashberry PI" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11498.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/embedded-system/11498/smart-assistant-for-blind-humans-using-rashberry-pi/abish-raj-m-s
Character recognition of kannada text in scene images using neuralIAEME Publication
Character recognition in scene images is one of the most fascinating and challenging
areas of pattern recognition with various practical application potentials. It can contribute
immensely to the advancement of an automation process and can improve the interface
between man and machine in many applications. Some practical application potentials of
character recognition system are: reading aid for the blind, traffic guidance systems, tour
guide systems, location aware systems and many more. In this work, a novel method for
recognizing basic Kannada characters in natural scene images is proposed. The proposed
method uses zone wise horizontal and vertical profile based features of character images. The
method works in two phases. During training, zone wise vertical and horizontal profile based
features are extracted from training samples and neural network is trained. During testing, the
test image is processed to obtain features and recognized using neural network classifier. The
method has been evaluated on 490 Kannada character images captured from 2 Mega Pixels
cameras on mobile phones at various sizes 240x320, 600x800 and 900x1200, which contains
samples of different sizes, styles and with different degradations, and achieves an average
recognition accuracy of 92%. The system is efficient and insensitive to the variations in size
and font, noise, blur and other degradations.
THE USE OF VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK IN THE CONTEXT OF “BRING YOUR OWN DEVICE” ...ijcsitcejournal
Using a Virtual Private Network (VPN) for remote work provides an added layer of security by encrypting
the internet connection. It helps protect sensitive data and prevents unauthorized access. With a VPN,
employees can securely access company resources and files from anywhere in the world. This allows for
greater flexibility in work arrangements and enables employees to collaborate seamlessly. Implementing a
VPN as a remote workplace solution can lead to cost savings for businesses. It eliminates the need for
physical office space and reduces expenses associated with commuting and travel.
While VPNs offer numerous benefits for remote work, it is crucial for organizations to implement proper
security measures and educate employees on best practices to realize this technology's full potential. This
article explores the change in the use of VPNs during and after the Covid-19 pandemic era. A short
literature review precedes the opinion of the information security community about the usage and role of
VPNs in efficiently securing information and information systems.
PANDEMIC INFORMATION DISSEMINATION WEB APPLICATION: A MANUAL DESIGN FOR EVERYONEijcsitcejournal
The aim of this research is to generate a web application from an inedited methodology with a series of
instructions indicating the coding in a flow diagram. The primary purpose of this methodology is to aid
non-profits in disseminating information regarding the COVID-19 pandemic, so that users can share vital
and up-to-date information. This is a functional design, and a series of screenshots demonstrating its
behaviour is presented below. This unique design arose from the necessity to create a web application for
an information dissemination platform; it also addresses an audience that does not have programming
knowledge. This document uses the scientific method in its writing. The authors understand that there is a
similar design in the bibliography; therefore, the differences between the designs are described herein; it
is very important to point out that this proposal can be taken as an alternative to the design of any web
application.
Library Information Retrieval (IR) System of University of Cyprus (UCY)ijcsitcejournal
Building an effective Information Retieval (IR) System for such a complex sector like a library, is indeed a challenging task. Creating this kind of applications, one must be aware of basic IR methodologies and structures used, as well as the User’s Experience requirements. Combining different technologies for creating different kinds of applications has been one of the major problems in software reuse. However, in recent years, many frameworks that offer a complete suite for developing cross-platform applications have been developed. In this paper, we present a combination of breakthrough technologies and frameworks for developing a Python based RestAPI, an Administrator’s side desktop application and a cross-platform application powered by Ionic, Angular, HTML and CSS, as the main IR tool of UCY’s library.
In this paper, a fruit image data set is used to compare the efficiency and accuracy of two widely used Convolutional Neural Network, namely the ResNet and the DenseNet, for the recognition of 50 different kinds of fruits. In the experiment, the structure of ResNet-34 and DenseNet_BC-121 (with bottleneck layer) are used. The mathematic principle, experiment detail and the experiment result will be explained through comparison.
NETCDL : THE NETWORK CERTIFICATION DESCRIPTION LANGUAGEijcsitcejournal
Modern IP networks are complex entities that require constant maintenance and care. Similarly, constructing a new network comes with a high amount of upfront cost, planning, and risk. Unlike the disciplines of software and hardware engineering, networking and IT professionals lack an expressive and useful certification language that they can use to verify that their work is correct. When installing and maintaining networks without a standard for describing their behavior, teams find themselves prone to making configuration mistakes. These mistakes can have real monetary and operational efficiency costs for organizations that maintain large networks.In this research, the Network Certification Description Language (NETCDL) is proposed as an easily human readable and writeable language that is used to describe network components and their desired behavior. The complexity of the grammar is shown to rank in the top 5 out of 31 traditional computer language grammars, as measured by metrics suite. The language is also shown to be able to express the majority of common use cases in network troubleshooting. A workflow involving a certifier tool is proposed that uses NETCDL to verify network correctness, and a reference certifier design is presented to guide and standardize future implementations.
PREDICTIVE MODEL FOR LIKELIHOOD OF DETECTING CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE AND DISEA...ijcsitcejournal
Fuzzy logic is highly appropriate and valid basis for developing knowledge-based systems in medicine for different tasks and it has been known to produce highly accurate results. Examples of such tasks include syndrome differentiation, likelihood survival for sickle cell anaemia among paediatric patients, diagnosis and optimal selection of medical treatments and real time monitoring of patients. For this paper, a Fuzzy logic-based system is untaken used to provide a comprehensive simulation of a prediction model for determining the likelihood of detecting Chronic Kidney failure/diseases in humans. The Fuzzy-based system uses a 4-tuple record comprising of the following test taken: Blood Urea Test, Urea Clearance Test, Creatinine Clearance test and Estimated Glomerular Filtrate
ate(eGFR).Understanding of the test was elicited from a private hospital in Ibadan through the help of an experienced and qualified nurse which also follows same test according to National Kidney Foundation. This knowledge was then used in the developing the simulated and rule-base prediction model using MATLAB software. The paper also follows the 3 major stages of Fuzzy logic. The results of fuzzification of variables, inference, model testing and defuzzification of variables was also presented. This in turn simplifies the complication involved in detecting Chronic Kidney failure/disease using Fuzzy logic based model.
NEURO-FUZZY APPROACH FOR DIAGNOSING AND CONTROL OF TUBERCULOSISijcsitcejournal
Tuberculosis is the second leading cause of death from an infectious disease worldwide, after the human
immunodeficiency virus. The main aim of this research work is to develop a Neuro-Fuzzy system for diagnosing tuberculosis. The system is structured with to accept symptoms with the help of three domain Medical expertise as inputs that are used to automatically generate rules that are injected in to the knowledge based where the system would use to make decisions and draw a conclusion. MATLAB 7.0 is used to implement this experiment using fuzzy logic and Neural Network toolbox. In this experiment linguistic variables are evaluated using Gaussian membership function. This system will offer potential assistance to medical practitioners and healthcare sector in making prompt decision during the diagnosis of tuberculosis. In this work basic emblematic approach using Neuro-fuzzy methodology is presented that describes a technique to forecast the existence of mycobacterium and provides support platform to researchers in the related field.
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology an...ijcsitcejournal
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modeling, Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering. IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science, Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
SEARCH OF INFORMATION BASED CONTENT IN SEMI-STRUCTURED DOCUMENTS USING INTERF...ijcsitcejournal
This paper proposes a semi-structured information retrieval model based on a new method for calculation
of similarity. We have developed CASISS (Calculation of Similarity of Semi-Structured documents)
method to quantify how two given texts are similar. This new method identifies elements of semi-structured
documents using elements descriptors. Each semi-structured document is pre-processed before the
extraction of a set of descriptors for each element, which characterize the contents of elements.It can be
used to increase the accuracy of the information retrieval process by taking into account not only the
presence of query terms in the given document but also the topology (position continuity) of these terms.
ON INCREASING OF DENSITY OF ELEMENTS IN A MULTIVIBRATOR ON BIPOLAR TRANSISTORSijcsitcejournal
In this paper we consider an approach to increase density of elements of a multivibrator on bipolar transistors.
The considered approach based on manufacturing a heterostructure with necessity configuration,
doping by diffusion or ion implantation of required areas to manufacture the required type of conductivity
(p or n) in the areas and optimization of annealing of dopant and/or radiation defects to manufacture more
compact distributions of concentrations of dopants. We also introduce an analytical approach to prognosis
technological process.
DESIGN OF FAST TRANSIENT RESPONSE, LOW DROPOUT REGULATOR WITH ENHANCED STEADY...ijcsitcejournal
Design and implementation of control systems for power supplies require the use of efficient techniques that
provide simple and practical solutions in order to fulfill the performance requirements at an acceptable cost.
Application of manual methods of system identification in determining optimal values of controller settings is
quite time-consuming, expensive and, sometimes, may be impossible to practically carry out. This paper
describes an analytical method for the design of a control system for a fast transient response, low dropout
(LDO) linear regulated power supply on the basis of PID compensation. The controller parameters are
obtained from analytical model of the regulator circuit. Test results showed good dynamic characteristics
with adequate margin of stability. This study shows that PID parameter values sufficiently close to optimum
can easily be obtained from analytical study of the regulator system. The applied method of determining
controller settings greatly reduces design time and cost.
OPTIMIZATION OF MANUFACTURING OF LOGICAL ELEMENTS "AND" MANUFACTURED BY USING...ijcsitcejournal
In this paper we introduce an approach to decrease dimensions of logical elements "AND" based on fieldeffect
heterotransistors. Framework the approach one shall consider a heterostructure with specific structure.
Several specific areas of the het
CHAOS CONTROL VIA ADAPTIVE INTERVAL TYPE-2 FUZZY NONSINGULAR TERMINAL SLIDING...ijcsitcejournal
In this paper, a novel robust adaptive type-2 fuzzy nonsingular sliding mode controller is proposed to
stabilize the unstable periodic orbits of uncertain perturbed chaotic system with internal parameter
uncertainties and external disturbances. This letter is assumed to have an affine form with unknown
mathematical model, the type-2 fuzzy system is used to overcome this constraint. A global nonsingular
terminal sliding mode manifold is proposed to eliminate the singularity problem associated with normal
terminal sliding mode control. The proposed control law can drive system tracking error to converge to
zero in finite time. The adaptive type-2 fuzzy system used to model the unknown dynamic of system is
adjusted on-line by adaptation law deduced from the stability analysis in Lyapunov sense. Simulation
results show the good tracking performances, and the efficiently of the proposed approach.
On optimization ofON OPTIMIZATION OF DOPING OF A HETEROSTRUCTURE DURING MANUF...ijcsitcejournal
We introduce an approach of manufacturing of a p-i-n-heterodiodes. The approach based on using a δ-
doped heterostructure, doping by diffusion or ion implantation of several areas of the heterostructure. After
the doping the dopant and/or radiation defects have been annealed. We introduce an approach to optimize
annealing of the dopant and/or radiation defects. We determine several conditions to manufacture more
compact p-i-n-heterodiodes
A H YBRID C RITICAL P ATH M ETHODOLOGY – ABCP (A S B UILT C RITICAL P ...ijcsitcejournal
The edge detection in an image has become an imminent process, with the edge of an image containing the
important information related to a particular image such as the pixel intensity value, m
inimal path
deciding factors, etc. This requires a specific methodology to guide in the detection of the edges, assign a
Critical Path with a minimal path set and their respective energy partitions. The basis for this approach is
the Optimized Ant Colony A
lgorithm [2], guiding through the various optimized structure in the edge
detection of an image. Here we have considered the scenario with respect to a Medical Image, as the
information contained in the obtained medical image is of high value and requires
a redundant loss in
information pertaining to the medical image obtained through various modalities. A proper plan with a
minimal set as Critical Path, analysis with respect to the Power partitions or the Energy partitions with the
minimal set, computation
of the total time taken by the algorithm to detect an edge and retrieve the data
with respect to the edge of a medical image, cumulatively considering the cliques, trade
-
offs in the intensity
and the number of iterations required to detect an edge in an
image, with or without the presence of
suitable noise factors in the image are the necessary aspects being addressed in this paper. This paper
includes an efficient hybrid approach to address the edge detection within an image and the consideration
of vari
ous other factors, including the Shortest path out of the all the paths being produced during the
traversing of the ants within a medical image, evaluation of the time duration empirically produced by the
ants in traversing the entire image. We also constr
uct a hybrid mechanism called ABCP (As Built Critical
Path) factor to show the deviation produced by the algorithm in covering the entire medical image, for the
metrics such as the shortest paths, computation time stamps obtained eventually and the planne
d
schedules.
A N APPROACH TO MODEL OPTIMIZATION OF MA N- UFACTURING OF EMI T TER - COUPLE...ijcsitcejournal
In this paper we consider an approach to optimiz
e
manufacturing elements of emitter
-
coupled logic. The
optimization
leads
to decreas
ing
dimensions of these elements.
Framework this pa
per we consider man
u-
facturing
these
elements of emitter
-
coupled logic
framework
a heterostructure with required configur
a
tion
.
After grown the heterostructure
the
required areas
have been doped
by diffusion or ion implant
a
tion
.
It is
attracted an interest
optimization of annealing of dopant and/or radiation defects
to decrease dimensions
of the considered elements
.
We co
n
sider
an approach
to make the optimization.
The modeling part based
on modified method of functional corrections, which
gives us possibili
ty to analyzed manufacturing the
elements of emitter
-
coupled logic
without crosslinking of solutions on interfaces between layers of heter
o-
stru
c
ture
A N E XQUISITE A PPROACH FOR I MAGE C OMPRESSION T ECHNIQUE USING L OSS...ijcsitcejournal
The imminent evolution in the field of medical imaging, telehealth and teleradiology services has been on a
significant rise with a dire need for a proficient structure for the compression of a DICOM (Digital
Imaging and Communications
in Medicine) standard medical image obtained through various modalities,
with clinical relevance and digitized clinical data, and various other diagnostic phenomena and the
progressive transmission of such a medical image over varying bandwidths. The data
loss redundancy
during the process of compression is to be maintained below the alarming level, meaning it is to be under
scanner without the loss of data/information. In this paper we present an efficient time bound algorithm
that utilizes a process flow
wherein multiple ROI sectors as well as the Non
-
ROI sector of the DICOM
image are considered in the algorithmic machine and the compression is done based upon a hybrid
compression algorithm by LZW & SPIHT encoder & decoder machines. The paper provides a m
agnitude of
the overall compression ratio involved in thus compressing the DICOM standard image. It also provides a
brief description about the PSNR values obtained after suitably compressing the image. We analyze the
various encoder scenarios and have pro
jected a suitable hybrid lossless compression algorithm that helps
in the retrieval of the data/information related to the image.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
FIDO Alliance Osaka Seminar: Passkeys at Amazon.pdf
A STUDY ON OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION TECHNIQUES
1. International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering
(IJCSITCE) Vol.4, No.1, January 2017
DOI : 10.5121/ijcsitce.2017.4101 1
A STUDY ON OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION
TECHNIQUES
Narendra Sahu1, Manoj Sonkusare2
1Department of Computer Sc. & Engg., Women’s Polytechnic College, Indore, INDIA
2Department of Computer Sc. & Engg., Ujjain Engineering College, Ujjain, INDIA
ABSTRACT:
Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is the process which enables a system to without human intervention
identifies the scripts or alphabets written into the users’ verbal communication. Optical Character
identification has grown to be individual of the mainly flourishing applications of knowledge in the field of
pattern detection and artificial intelligence. In our survey we study on the various OCR techniques. In this
paper we resolve and examine the hypothetical and numerical models of Optical Character Identification.
The Optical character identification or classification (OCR) and Magnetic Character Recognition (MCR)
techniques are generally utilized for the recognition of patterns or alphabets. In general the alphabets are
in the variety of pixel pictures and it could be either handwritten or stamped, of any series, shape or
direction etc. Alternatively in MCR the alphabets are stamped with magnetic ink and the studying machine
categorize the alphabet on the basis of the exclusive magnetic field that is shaped by every alphabet. Both
MCR and OCR discover utilization in banking and different trade appliances. Earlier exploration going on
Optical Character detection or recognition has shown that the In Handwritten text there is no limitation
lying on the script technique. Hand written correspondence is complicated to be familiar through due to
diverse human handwriting style, disparity in angle, size and shape of calligraphy. An assortment of
approaches of Optical Character Identification is discussed here all along through their achievement.
KEY WORDS:
Optical Character Identification, offline Hand written Character Recognition, Pre-processing,
characteristic Extraction, categorization, Post Processing.
1. INTRODUCTION
Optical Character Identification is single of the majority enthralling and demanding areas of
pattern recognition with a variety of realistic applications. The times departed by allow
distinguish us that OCR expertise has been built by lots of researchers over a long period of time,
consisting unreservedly of impressive like a worldwide human research network. In such an
imperceptible discussion, people have made efforts, with “antagonism and collaboration,” to
advance the research effort. In this way, global symposiums and inductions are being determined
to stimulate the improvement in the domain. For example the global induction on Frontiers in
Handwriting detection and the International discussion on article psychoanalysis and Recognition
determination play an explanation task in the intellectual and matter-of-fact arena [2].
2. International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering
(IJCSITCE) Vol.4, No.1, January 2017
2
All neural networks want data to be skilled. These data consist of input and target data. The
guidance of one alphabet could be done with an input and an output vector. The length of the
input vector will be the resolution of the input. I.e. if they worked with the fourth network, then
the length will be 77 elements, every row coming after each other in it. The elements could have
values 0 or 1. If the grid part of the image represented by the vector constituent has more than
50% coverage of the letter’s features, after that the vector element’s value is 1, otherwise it is 0.
By checking this for all of the grid parts, we get the vector. During the primary neural network we
have 10 numbers. This funds we will have 10 rows of this kind of vectors, every row representing
a number. This describes the input matrix. This kind of data form is expected as inputs through
Matlab in the neural network. For a network with N outputs, the output matrix will be an NxN
dimension matrix, filled with zeros, and having ones on the main diagonal. This step of the
recognition was done manually [6].
Figure.1. the look of the input data
Until a few decades previously, explore within the domain of Optical Character identification was
restricted to document images acquired with flatbed desktop scanners [4]. The efficiency of such
methods is incomplete as they aren’t exchangeable because of huge dimension of the digital
scanners and the requirement of a computing method. Furthermore, the capturing speed of a
digital scanner is dull than that of a high resolution digital camera. Recently, with the
development of dispensation velocity and interior recollection of mobile devices such as high-end
cell-phones, Individual Digital Assistants (IDA), smart phones, iPhones, iPods, etc. having built-
in digital cameras, an innovative trend of explore has emerged into representation. Researchers
have dared to imagine of organization OCR applications on such strategy for having authentic
instant outcome. A habitual big industry credential Reader (ICR), destined for repeated
inhabitants of relevant contact in sequence starting a trade card also recognized as visiting card
into the phone book of the diplomacy is an example of such applications. Conversely, computing
in hand held approach engages a technique to of challenge. Since of the non contact environment
of digital cameras connected to hand held machines, obtained descriptions terribly often undergo
from skew and perception bend.
3. International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering
(IJCSITCE) Vol.4, No.1, January 2017
3
2. OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION
During accumulation to that, manual association in the capturing procedure, irregular and
inadequate explanation, and unavailability of difficult focusing system yield poor quality images.
The dealing out velocity and recollection size of handheld devices are not up till now sufficient
enough so as to run desktop based OCR algorithms that are computationally luxurious and
necessitate elevated quantity of recollection. In addition to the challenges in recognition of
characters, it is proficient to contribute greatly to the progression of a mechanization procedure
along with could improve the interface connecting man and machine.
It is the method to renovate mechanism in print, dispense in print or hand printed article
interested in editable manuscript arrangement. Typically, there are two dissimilar categories of
handwriting character detection: off-queue and on-queue. Inside Online character identification
script is captured by an unusual highlighter during concurrence through electronic peripheral.
Offline character detection participation have been scanned as of a plane such as expanse of
document and stored digitally. Offline character identification enclose detection of mechanism in
print, hand printed and handwritten typeset. The majority complicated difficulty in the field of
OCR is the identification of unimpeded cursive script. Place for the duration of the eighties. In
nineties, an unmarked curiosity urbanized by means of the increase new requirements. The
obtainable equipment for modeling is not until now enough by admiration to presentation
appropriate to a lot of variation of creature script. Similarity in individual quality shapes, the
overlaps, and interconnection of the neigh boring alphabets auxiliary make difficult the
predicament.
Alphabet appreciation systems offer potential advantages by provided that an interface that
facilitates interfaces connecting man and mechanism. Some of the application areas where OCR
acting a extremely significant character consist of archiving documents, automatic substantiation
of checks, data entry and wide variety of business-oriented applications [14]. During the
precedent few years’ precious research has been done in the domain of alphabet recognition, and
a huge amount of research manuscripts and news were dedicated on this subject. Pre-Processing
be able to be distinct as maintenance the manuscript representation and creation It apposite for
Input to the OCR Engine. Most significant Steps under Pre-Processing Are:
• Noise elimination
• Skew recognition/improvement
• Binarization
The sound introduces through the visual scan strategy within the effort lead to unfortunate
scheme performance. These imperfections must be detached earlier to spirit detection. Sound is
able to be introducing in an illustration through image acquirement along with communication.
Sound could be of poles separately type as Gaussian sound, Gamma sound, Rayleigh sound,
Exponential sound, Uniform sound, salty and sprinkle sound, intermittent sound etc. Sound could
be impassive by model filter, Butterworth filter and Gaussian filter. Readily available is an
opportunity of revolution of illustration as scan. Skew recognition and modification is old to line
up the document with the synchronize scheme of scanner. A variety of skew recognition
technique is projection profile, associated mechanism, Hough transform, cluster etc. Binarization,
shade or grey-level illustration is transformed addicted to twofold picture with the help of
threshold. Binary image could be achieved using Adaptive threshold, Global threshold, variable
4. International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering
(IJCSITCE) Vol.4, No.1, January 2017
4
threshold, method etc. Morphological operations are also utilized in pre-processing. Dilation and
Erosion are the morphological operations that amplify or diminish the image size. Erosion makes
an entity slighter next to erode away the pixels as of its ends. All entity pixels that are touching
backdrop pixels are altered into backdrop pixel. However, dilation creates an article generously
proportioned by accumulation pixels approximately its ends. All pixels that are touching an entity
pixel are altered into object pixel. Other morphological operations are opening and closing.
The entire identification method of optical character is calculated to covenant with bi-tonal
pictures of black passage on white environment. Yet in this outwardly plain imaging territory,
there subsist a range of picture configures because of distinctions in picture spatial colour,
programming approaches, resolutions and compression formats. Usual reproduction scanned
document images are bi-tonal (solitary bit for each pixel) with spatial resolutions of 200 dots for
every inch (dpi). This resolution may not always be sufficient for high-quality OCR.
Contemporary character recognition engines work improved with documents scanned at 300 dpi
or higher. Online libraries seeking to practically defend the original article superiority that
frequently want gray scale or smooth precise-color is inspect at 600 dpi.
High-resolution colour images, however, take their toll on a system’s storage, and could become
prohibitively large to store in large quantities. Smart digital libraries utilized different
compression schemes for text and non- text content. A general compression occupied for bi-tonal
manuscript pictures is CCITT Fax Group 3 and Group 4 [16], whereas actual humankind imagery
is greatest condensed with JPEG method. Below we characterize some of the most well-liked
representation and organizer format and their applicability to OCR.
TIFF stands for Tagged Image File Format. It is solitary of the majorities fashionable and supple
of the present communal field raster file formats considered for raster data interchange. TIFF was
developed mutually by Aldus and Microsoft Corporation. Adobe Systems acquired Aldus in
addition to at the present holds the patent for the TIFF requirement. Inside analysis of the detail
that it was proposed by developers of imprinters, monitors and scanners, it has an enormously
wealthy area of data prerequisites for colorimetric alignment and range tables.
Hypothetically, TIFF could hold up images with numerous bands (up to 64K bands), random
quantity of bits for each pixel, information cubes, and manifold images per file, together by
thumbnail sub-sampled images. Supported colour spaces include gray-scale, pseudo-colour (any
size), RGB, YCbCr, CMYK, and CIELab. TIFF’s foremost potency is that it is an extremely
supple and stand-autonomous layout to be supported by several image dispensation applications.
the most general restrictions of TIFF is the requirement of any provisions for storing vector
graphics and text description, however this is not extremely threatening to OCR as most of the
detection mechanisms effort with raster picture illustration.
The bitmap is a raster picture configure extensively employed in the Computers below operating
systems. BMP pictures are stored in a machine free bitmap format that authorizes the operating
system to reveal the bitmap on some group of exhibit machine. This identifies pixel colours in a
figure independent of the system employed by a display to describe colour. Windows versions 3.0
and afterwards sustain Run Length Encoded (RLE) formats for compact bitmaps that utilize 4 or
8 bits for every pixel. Compression decreases the floppy and memory storage necessary proposed
for a bitmap. Noticeably, this density approaches at the cost of the colour range and intensity, but
this doesn’t give a difficulty for bi-tonal or gray-scale supported OCR schemes. Bitmap records
5. International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering
(IJCSITCE) Vol.4, No.1, January 2017
5
are mainly finely equivalent for the storage of actual humankind pictures; multifaceted images
could be rasterized in combination with video, scanning, and photographic apparatus and stored
in a bitmap format. BMP is a directly forward picture configure that is entirely appropriate for
storing article pictures, but it isn’t as complex and bendy as TIFF.
PCX be individual of the oldest raster formats obtainable PC’s along with in the beginning
recognized by Z-soft for its PC base Paintbrush software. Since it has been approximately for
such a extended occasion, there are at the present lots of version of PCX. Generally software
nowadays supports description 5 of the PCX arrangement. Adaptation 3 single supports 256
standards, but it does not permit for a tradition palette. This means that while you open an
adaptation 3 PCX file, a benchmark VGA palette is old as a substitute. PCX retain all image in
sequence (comparable to BMP) but it utilizes no compression, and hence could be memory-
inefficient.
Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) is the inventive given name of the board that invented
this benchmark for lossy picture density that forfeits some picture superiority to significantly
minimize the file dimension. JPEG was designed for compressing occupied-colour or gray-scale
images of usual, existent-earth scene. It works fine on photograph, naturalistic artwork, as well as
analogous fabric; not so well on inscription easy comics, or line drawings. JPEG compression
exploits the reality so as to human eyes perceive small colour changes fewer precisely than little
changes during clarity. Therefore, JPEG be proposed for compressing images so as to
determination exist looked at through humans. Nevertheless, little faults initiated by JPEG
compactness might be challenging for mechanism vision schemes; and specified it’s fewer than
ample concert on bi-tonal imagery, JPEG isn’t a suggested picture file configure in OCR.
GIF stands for Graphic Interchange Format. It was admired in the 1980s the similar as a well
prepared resources to transmit pictures crossways details networks. Through near the beginning
1990s, GIF was adopted as a result of the World Wide Web for its effectiveness and extensive
knowledge. Today the irresistible majority of images on the Web are in GIF format. GIF files are
partial to 8-bit colour palettes supporting refusal additional than 256 colours. The GIF format
incorporates a compression system in the direction of remain folder sizes at a minimum. GIF
works for pictures of manuscript and figures that are superior to actual world pictures. This crafts
GIF a striking alternative for OCR schemes that effort with bi-level and gray-scale pictures.
PNG stands for Portable Network Graphics. This devise be intended to phase away the grown-up
and simpler GIF format, and to afford a sensible substitute toward the greatly additional
compound TIFF format. On behalf of the Web, PNG actually has three most important
advantages above GIF: alpha channels (inconsistent intelligibility), gamma improvement (cross-
platform manages of image brightness), in addition to two-dimensional interlacing (a technique of
progressive exhibit). As acts GIF, PNG supplies a lossless compactness, however acts an
enhanced trade through it. Altered GIF, PNG supports simply a solitary image for each file.
Nothing like TIFF, the PNG requirement is strict on implementation of supported format features,
which translates into much better (than TIFF) representation file portability. Nevertheless, TIFF’s
group for fax firmness or else the JBIG setup is repeatedly again secluded enhanced than 1-bit
gray-scale PNG for black and white pictures of manuscript or sketches.
6. International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering
(IJCSITCE) Vol.4, No.1, January 2017
6
These affluent varieties of picture formats could be vast to maintain in a distinct OCR method,
and picture format translators frequently have to be utilized. Such translators might be accessible
as
• Stand alone or open source service programs (for example: bmp to tiff)
• Ingredient of graphics libraries (for example: Image Magic)
• Ingredient of business picture procedure software (for example: Adobe Photo Shop)
Even if concerned with principally by digitally scanned manuscript articles, OCR method is
presently encountering extended applicability to other media for instance digital picture, video,
and the WWW. The primary task there remains the same: finding text in images; but the image
format does not have to be fixed to black-and-white. Functioning in this tough domain,
investigators practise the vital objective of structuring an OCR method that could identify any
manuscript in any motionless or motioned photo programmed in any configuration. The
subsequent subdivisions talk about picture configurations that are conventional for OCR and not
so conventional for it. By evaluate every secluded alphabet with a database of predefined
alphabets to identify it.
Fig.2. Segmented Characters
Segmented Characters consists of the following:
• Adjusting the color of the plate.
• Increasing the contrast.
• Remove all objects containing fewer pixels than expected in the alphabets.
• Filtering the obtained objects from noise.
• Isolating each alphabet.
The improvements in recognition of pattern has speed up currently caused by the lots of
promising appliances which aren’t merely tough, but moreover computationally further tough,
such conspicuous inside OCR for instance, text categorization, Computer revelation, information
Mining, alphabet detection, and Biometric validation [5]. The domain of OCR is suitable for
fundamental element of article digital scanners, and is employed in lots of applications for
instance postal procedure, handwriting identification, banking, safety (i.e. passport validation)
and speech recognition. The examination in this domain has been continue for over half a century
and the results have been surprising with victorious detection rates for written alphabets greater
than 99%, with noteworthy enhancements in act for handwritten feature recognition where
detection rates have surpassed the 90%.
7. International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering
(IJCSITCE) Vol.4, No.1, January 2017
7
A handwritten autograph is the concluding reaction to a compound cognitive and neuromuscular
development which is the effect of the growing up and learning functions. This begins through
upbringing with processions and doodles. Afterwards, immature brood initiate to employ
communication in their acquire manner, while their motor manage is frequently not extremely
perfect. Tracing assists both to improve their motor control and the learning of the shape along
with spatial associations among substance, therefore create the spatial recollection or else
cognitive map. Formerly this information is acquired and the motor skills begin to mature, it is
likely in the direction of pick an ordered progression of aim points to execute flowing and
effortless handwriting. By this phase, the human being is prepared toward describe with perform
his or her own signature [17]. While signature description, which is the foundation of inter
individual inconsistency, is scarcely customized, its implementation modifies constantly because
of lengthy and small idiom features. The lengthy idiom roving is mostly caused by aging while
small idiom changeability is caused by either psychosomatic causes or exterior features for
instance different attitudes, scripting tools, signing surfaces, or other inexplicable causes.
Modelling this variability’s is a key issue in signature examination and it is delighted another way
in numerous methodical domains.
3. LITERATURE SURVEY
This segment presents several discussions regarding numerous OCR systems existing nowadays.
In “[1]”, proposed algorithm could be damaged as a kernel utilized for solitary alphabet finding
within an entire OCR description method with no requirement for any compound mathematical
operations. The highlights of this approach are that, it doesn’t employ any databases or libraries
of picture matrices to differentiate alphabets, but it has a special algorithm to differentiate
alphabets in its position. The enthusiasm for the improvement of that algorithm was the
straightforward actuality that English alphabets are permanent glyphs and they shall not be
altered forever. Caused by this reality, procedure of non expected neural networks and vector
based information education supply approximately perfect outcomes, but these are performing
many outmoded work.
Furthermore, nearly all of the Optical Alphabet Detection process nowadays involves descriptions
from high resolution scanners and cameras. Optical Alphabet Recognition technology currently
could construct utilization of this progression in knowledge and believe techniques which were
discarded appropriate to the requirement of in attendance day imaging skill. That algorithm is
single such move towards. That algorithm has the improvement of speed, power, and recollection
with area, while it does not comprise any instruction or knowledge mechanism and also since of
lack of image database which various Optical Alphabet Detection technique need. As well, that
algorithm is the primary in organism a manifold font Optical Alphabet Recognition and also a no
preparation style Optical Alphabet Identification. To finish, the inhabited algorithm be able to
willingly be old as a kernel within an absolute OCR description to be familiar with every alphabet
after the segmentation with such adjustment operation to bring into line the alphabet parallel. The
algorithm too gives a correctness of 100% on the at hand test set of alphabets for mainly of the
fonts in all the three over mention font family at present. Potential version of this algorithm could
be usual to take out additional type of description from the input alphabet image to development
correctness and to afford support for additional alphabet sets.
8. International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering
(IJCSITCE) Vol.4, No.1, January 2017
8
In “[2]”, a license number plate is considered as the exclusive acknowledgment of a medium,
which builds the license number plate detection a crucial operation in intellectual transportation
systems (ITS). Given that very many method associated to the LPR is inadequate to specific
operational conditions, a multi filter base LPR structure for the protect localization and the
alphabet identification is projected to resolve the issue. In the localization stage, chromatic and
morphologic filters are cooperating through additional beneath flexible criterions to notice
applicant plate region precisely. Plate description, such as the distance end to end-to-width
fraction, the size of a quality, etc. are utilized in the temperament segmentation period. In the
identification stage, a back propagation (BP) neural network is taught for the disposition
detection. 800 images taken from an assortment of scene in dissimilar situation are old to assess
the correctness of the anticipated structure. The investigational consequences illustrate that the
absent velocity of localization is secure up to nothing, and the correctness of the plate localization
and the identification is 98.4% as well as 93.8% respectively. Moreover, the overall accuracy of
the multi-filter base structure is 93.1%.
For locating license plates, separating and recognizing alphabets in a plate successfully, a multi-
filter based LPR framework is proposed in that paper. The main feature of that framework is the
capability of combining multiple filters to ensure the missing rate is close to zero in localization
with high flexibility. Specifically, filters with different specific methods could be add or changed
based on the physical environment.
In “[3]”, Writer provides a well-organized algorithm for habitual recognition of any license plate,
through an emphasis on the Lebanese license plates wherever a few of their features have been
exploited well to decrease the identification mistakes. The planned algorithm has been
implemented through the illustration Processing Toolbox during MATLAB R2013b (8.2.0.701).
Their experiments exhibit to the detection inaccuracies have been focused well upon developing
the actuality that the Lebanese license shields are printed in two designs. Also, their method has
an alternative to profit from the corporation of the license shields in the front together with the
back end of the car to develop the appearance.
In “[4]”, author presented alphabetistic extraction technique in usual scene images. Along with
expand alphabet recognition scheme using alphabetistic extraction technique in natural scene
images. A graph matching method utilized structural alphabetistic of alphabet. It is recognition
technique to facilitate it consider relative of location and structural relation. It is robust technique
to change of font or rotation. In organize to proof it; they experienced two cases that training font
and test font are similar case or distinction case.
In “[5]”, they evaluate a fresh alphabet recognition technique of certify plate numeral based on
similar BP neural networks. This enhanced the correctness of the identification scheme that aims
to understand writing repeatedly the Chinese license plate. In the planned method, the quality is
binarized with the sound is eliminate in the pre-processing stage, then the alphabet alphabetistic is
extract with frame by means of the alphabet is normalize to size 8*16 pixels. As a final point, the
alphabet attribute is place addicted to the similar neural network and the alphabet is documented.
The anticipated technique in alphabet recognition is effectual, and hopeful grades have been
obtain in experiment on Chinese certify plates.
They compare the alphabet gratitude presentation using the parallel neural networks with other
methods. They gave the compare of the alphabet recognition rate and recognition time among
9. International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering
(IJCSITCE) Vol.4, No.1, January 2017
9
three methods in which method 1 represents their proposed method, method 2 is the method of
using simple BP neural networks, and method 3 is the method of using template matching. They
utilized 400 number-plates to test their algorithms. The experimental results shown that this
process could improve more than 8-10% correct rate of alphabet recognition comparing with
method 2, while 6-8% compare with method 3. The timing of recognition using their method is
close to method 2, and is less than method 3. In addition, using method 1, the probability which
two alphabets and more than two alphabets in the same number-plate are all mistake recognition
is less than 4%, that performance is better than that using other two methods. In most case, the
time of all seven alphabets recognition is close to 0.01 second, and the recognition rate of these
alphabets is about 98.88%.
In “[6]”, they tried to know printed and handwritten alphabets with projecting them on dissimilar
sized grids (5x7, 7x11, and 9x13). The consequences showed that the accuracy of the quality
recognition depends on the resolution of the alphabet projection. As well, they realized that not
each inscription approach could be expected with the similar network through the identical
accuracy. This shows that the diversity of individual handwriting habits could’t be completely
enclosed through single neural network.
In “[7]”, they analysed programmed learning systems utilized to extract functional information
from musical scripts, participate a major role in optical music recognition. Visual music
acknowledgment or OMR has been extensively utilized to take out the melodious notations and
understanding as of old scripts and thus encloses lot of significance in retrieving chronological
data. The field of pattern recognition along with knowledge illustration has to be symmetrically
utilized for music notation recognition making it a demanding problem. Nearly every one of the
methods utilized for OMR acknowledgment and extraction like HMM’s, Neural etc mentioned in
literature have mistakes which necessitate being operators to exist rectified. The paper planned
fresh automatic music recognition systems which know how to be efficiently utilized to recognize
sheet or printed scores into a playable platform under the unlike conditions of blur, explanation
variations, noise etc. The manuscript utilized an improvement supported threshold GA based pre-
processing methodology for bimodal images additional compares through the Sable filtered and
usual GA outputs for the similar. The attitude makes utilize of an enhanced image obtained by
histogram equalization followed by image segmentation using a definite threshold. The threshold
could be obtained using inherited algorithms. GA based segmentation method is codified as an
optimization problem utilized professionally to search maxima and minima from the histogram of
the image to gain the threshold for segmentation. The scheme described is able of extracting usual
images as well as images through noise, images as of older scripts.
In “[8]” They studied the problem of improving the efficiency of In common; an ALPR system
consists of four dispensation stage. In the picture gaining phase, a number of points have to be
consider when choosing the ALPR scheme camera, such as the camera motion and the shutter
speed.
In “[9]” In that work, they have utilized a license plate dataset consisting of 141 images. Note that
the dataset is no homogeneous, as it contains images of various resolutions, aspect ratios,
background contents, plate sizes, illumination conditions, camera angles, tilts, pans, etc. Most of
the images utilized were captured in Ontario -Canada and hence, the dataset contains mostly
Ontario plates. To normalize the input images, an aspect ratio of 1.33 is maintained and all of the
10. International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering
(IJCSITCE) Vol.4, No.1, January 2017
10
images are scaled to 1024x768 pixels. For images with different aspect ratio, either the height or
the width is scaled to keep the aspect ratio fixed.
In “[10]”, that paper presents, there is as well a number of achievement by handwriting
identification, mainly for inaccessible hand printed typescript and words. For example, in the on-
line case, the recently introduced PDAs haw sensible value. Correspondingly, some online
signature confirmation system has been market over the last few years and instructional tools to
help children study to write are starting to emerge. Generally offline victories have arrive in
inhibited fields, for instance postal addresses, bank cheques, and study structures. The assessment
of authorize with complex layouts, credit of degraded printed text, and the detection of running
handwriting maintain to stay mainly in the investigate arena.
In “[11]” visual quality detection refers toward a procedure whereby printed credentials be
distorted into ASCII records intended for the reason of compact storage, editing, quick recovery,
along with other file manipulations during the exploit of a processor. The appreciation phase of
an OCR procedure is prepared hard by additional noise, image deformation, in addition to the
variety of alphabet typefaces, size, with fonts to a text could contain. During to learn a neural
network come near is introduce to execute elevated correctness detection on multi-dimension
along with multi-basis typescript; a fresh centred-hesitant preparation procedure through a short
noise-sensitivity normalization method is old to attain elevated correctness grades. The revision
consists of two parts. The primary measurement focuses scheduled simply size and only font
typescript, and a two-covered neural system is skilled to be familiar through the occupied deposit
of 94 ASCII alphabet images in 12-pt dispatch rider foundation. The next part trades accuracy for
supplementary font and size potential, and a better two-encrusted neural system is taught to be
familiar with the complete set of 94 ASCII quality descriptions for every point sizes beginning S
to 32 along with for 12 frequently utilized fonts. The arrangement of these two systems is
estimated founded on a evidence of supplementary than discrete million alphabet depictions from
the harsh dataset.
In “[12]”, that papers present a straightforward, well-organized, and fewer costly approaches to
create OCR for interpretation some manuscript that has fix font size and method or handwritten
style. To full capability and less calculation rates, OCR in along the purpose of manuscript
employs database to identify English alphabets which constructs this OCR system extremely
straightforward to handle. That paper tells about OCR system intended for offline handwritten
alphabet detection. The system has the ability to yield excellent results. Pre-dispensation
technique utilized in document images as a first step in alphabet acknowledgment systems was
obtainable. The feature extraction step of optical alphabet detection is the generally important. It
could be utilized with existing OCR methods, especially for English text. This scheme suggests a
higher boundary through having an improvement specifically its extensibility, specifically while
it is organized to interpret a pre described set of article configures, at present English articles; it
could be organized to identify original categories.
The artificial invention of standing handwritten signature base on vehicle correspondence
hypothesis has been freshly planned for biometric application. Vehicle correspondences divide
the human handwriting act interested in an effectors dependent cognitive level and an effectors
self-governing vehicle altitude. The primary stage has been optional by others as an engram,
generate during a spatial network, and the flash has been emulate with kinematic filters. Their
manuscript planned an expansion of this method in which they produce energetic information and
11. International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering
(IJCSITCE) Vol.4, No.1, January 2017
11
make available an incorporated all-inclusive synthesizer for both stationary and active autograph
amalgamation. The dynamics are intended by lognormal example of the 8-linked constant
signature curve, which include, as an innovation, the pen-ups. The counterfeit productions imitate
a signature by extract the mainly perceptually applicable point of the specified authentic signature
and interpolating them. The ability to manufacture together stationary as well as energetic
signatures with an exceptional representation is evaluated according to its aptitude to get utilized
to the stationary and energetic signature inter- and intra-individual unpredictability. Our
extremely promising marks propose the opportunity of by the synthesizer in dissimilar area
further than the invention of unrestricted database for biometric instruction [17].
4. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION IN OCR
Being a glowing industrial technological field, optical alphabet detection is generally utilize today
for projects of a variety of scales, from infrequent document scanning to creation of massive
digital document archives. Yet it remainders an area of active technical research and creative
engineering. We might categorize the following most important investigation developments in the
recent OCR domain. Flexible OCR endeavours at vigorous usage of an extensive variety of
printed article imagery by addressing:
• Multi alphabets and multi language identification
• Omni alphabets manuscripts
• Involuntary article distribution
• Numerical document identification
•
Handwriting identification is a growing OCR method with the aim of to be enormously vigorous
and flexible. Normally, it stays a dynamically investigated open difficulty to facilitate solution to
a definite quantity for several distinct utilizations, for instance:
• Identification of given printed manuscript in documents
• Handwriting identification in individual cheques
• Postal packet and package address scanners
• OCR in moveable and handheld appliances
Script picture enhancement entails determining and implementing suitable picture filters to the
origin article picture to facilitate the specified OCR mechanism enhanced to identify alphabets
and phrases. Intellectual post procedure is of immense significance for getting better the OCR
identification exactness and for constructing vigorous information retrieval (IR) schemes that
employ elegant indexing and estimated series matching methods for storage and recovery of
deafening OCR outcome manuscripts. OCR in multimedia is a motivating improvement that
prepares method of optical alphabet identification in the media other than written papers, e.g.
photo, video, and the Internet.
A. FUNDAMENTALS OF OCR SYSTEM
Nowadays wide range of systems to optical alphabet recognition is available. Several of them
involve in pre distribution into identification of articles, and several of them don’t, however we
12. International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering
(IJCSITCE) Vol.4, No.1, January 2017
12
might securely suppose that some OCR algorithm would detachments these two fundamental
elements:
• A alphabetistic excerptor
• A categorizer
Given an item picture, the characteristic extractors derive the characteristic (descriptors) that the
item possesses. The traditional features are then previous as donation to the categorizer that
resolves the identified article equivalent to the examined characteristic. The classifier is also
expected to give a confidence level number that tell show certain the classifier is about the
recognized item. Let us briefly describe some of the classical optical alphabet detection methods.
Pattern corresponding is solitary of the mainly ordinary and basic classification methods. It is also
known as matrix matching. A set of every alphabet picture models, patterns, is composed and
identified a priori. The characteristic excerptor employs individual image pixels as features.
Alphabet categorization is performing with compare a contribution nature representation against
the template array. Every evaluation marks in a comparison compute (given by a known
“distance” function) connecting the contribution disposition and the pattern. The similarity
increases while a pixel in the experiential alphabet is indistinguishable to the identical pixel in the
pattern image (match). When the corresponding pixels differ (mismatch), the measure of
similarity may decrease. Accordingly, the alphabet’s characteristic are allotted to be the single
with the mainly similar pattern.
Constitutional classification systems occupy constitutional descriptions and conclusion
regulations to categorize alphabets. Constitutional definition perhaps discrete in circumstances of
tendency strokes, quality hole, or previous alphabet attribute such as corners and concavities. For
example, the dispatch “P” might be describe as a “vertical stroke with a curved stroke attach on
the higher accurate elevation making up a hole”. To classify the alphabet, the input alphabet
structural description is extract and a regulation-based organization is functional to compute the
alphabet’s class. Remind it the above discussed methods are illustrated in their canonical
structure; however they have lots of procedural deviations and fusion methods. For example,
pattern matching doesn’t have to be pixel based, e.g. one might equivalent wavelet converts of
pictures and patterns. Constitutional categorization doesn’t constantly rely on verdict regulations,
e.g. one might occupy an adjoining acquaintance categorizer through a suitable metric in the
characteristic space. Many modern OCR systems are base on arithmetical formalisms that
decrease some measure of misclassification. Such alphabet recognizers possibly will develop
pixel-base description or structural features. Let us mention some of them: Discriminate function
classifiers utilize hyper surfaces in multi-dimensional feature spaces to separate the feature
explanation of typescript as of dissimilar semantic programme. Such classifiers aim at reducing
the mean-squared classification mistake.
B. OPTICAL ALPHABET IDENTIFICATION INACCURACY THROUGH THEIR RESULT ON
USUAL SPEECH PROCESSING
A short summary of every stage in addition to its potential problem areas is listed in Table 1. The
interactions between mistakes that arise throughout OCR and later stages could be complex. A
number of common scenarios are depicted in Fig. 3. It is straightforward to visualize a solitary
13. International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering
(IJCSITCE) Vol.4, No.1, January 2017
13
mistake proliferating the entire way to the channel and recall an equivalent mistake at all of the
afterwards stages in the procedure.
Fig.3. Propagation of OCR mistakes through NLP stages [18]
Mistakes are unavoidable [18] in complex processor image application such as visual quality
detection; with the sound induce by these mistakes present a serious face up to do upstream
process that efforts to create make utilize of such information.
Table.1 Processing steps of manuscript
Processing step Intended occupation Potential difficulties
OCR
Copy contribution bitmap into
determined manuscript
Current OCR is “brittle;”
mistakes made early-on
propagate to later stages.
Sentence
boundary
reorganization
Break input into sentence-sized units,
one per text line.
Absent or bogus phrase
limitations because of OCR
mistakes on punctuation.
Tokenization
Crack all phrase into word
tokens enclosed by blank space.
Absent or bogus tokens
because of OCR mistakes on
blank space and punctuation.
Division of
language
classification
Obtains tokenized manuscript and
envoys label to every token
representative its part of speech.
Awful PoS marks because of
failed tokenization or OCR
mistakes that change
orthographies.
C. COMPLICATIONS IN OPTICAL ALPHABET RECOGNITION
Alphabets misclassifications shoot from two major bases: poor superiority identification part
pictures and insufficient unfair capability of the categoriser. There are lots of issues that donate to
deafening, tough to distinguish article imagery:
• deprived novel article superiority
• deafening, small resolution, multi invention picture scanning