This document summarizes various pathogens including fungi, protozoa, and helminths that cause disease in humans. It outlines the causative organism, symptoms and disease manifestations, methods of diagnosis, and common treatments for each group. Key pathogens covered include Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Pneumocystis jiroveci, Plasmodium falciparum, Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, Toxoplasma gondii, Schistosoma mansoni, Taenia solium, and Echinococcus granulosus. Diagnostic approaches involve microscopy, culture, antigen detection, serology, and imaging tests. Common anti
Presentation on Antacids and antiulcer drugs. Introduction to ulcers, classification of antiulcer drugs, their pharmacological actions, uses and adverse effects.
Presentation on Antacids and antiulcer drugs. Introduction to ulcers, classification of antiulcer drugs, their pharmacological actions, uses and adverse effects.
This presentation is all about information regarding paracetamol drug. This presentation includes introduction of paracetamol, uses of paracetamol, side effects of paracetamol, paracetamol overdose, paracetamol used for children, paracetamol intersections, paracetamol combinations etc. Source of this presentation is www.paracetamol-information.blogspot.in
Acyclovir is in a class of antiviral medications called synthetic nucleoside analogues. It works by stopping the spread of the herpes virus in the body.
is used to decrease pain and speed the healing of sores or blisters in people who have varicella (chickenpox)), herpes zoster
A 28 year old male patient was admitted to the male medicine ward with complaints of fever since 1 week, bodyache, headache, slightly yellowish sclera and watery eyes.
This presentation is all about information regarding paracetamol drug. This presentation includes introduction of paracetamol, uses of paracetamol, side effects of paracetamol, paracetamol overdose, paracetamol used for children, paracetamol intersections, paracetamol combinations etc. Source of this presentation is www.paracetamol-information.blogspot.in
Acyclovir is in a class of antiviral medications called synthetic nucleoside analogues. It works by stopping the spread of the herpes virus in the body.
is used to decrease pain and speed the healing of sores or blisters in people who have varicella (chickenpox)), herpes zoster
A 28 year old male patient was admitted to the male medicine ward with complaints of fever since 1 week, bodyache, headache, slightly yellowish sclera and watery eyes.
Learn more: http://www2.dupont.com/Food__Innovations/en_GB/food-safety/pathogen-detection.html?src=fdemea_uk_sld_saf
The BAX System from DuPont Qualicon, however, uses advanced molecular science to focus on the genetic structure of the target microbe. This automated DNA-based method combines speed and ease of use with unprecedented performance to reliably detect pathogens, such as Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7, in food and environmental samples. Contact us to learn how the BAX ® System can help streamline your testing procedures and save you money.
Developing a national strategy to bring pathogen genomics into practiceExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/wgs-on-food-safety-management/en/
Developing a national strategy to bring pathogen genomics into practice. Presentation from the Technical Meeting on the impact of Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) on food safety management and GMI-9, 23-25 May 2016, Rome, Italy.
A short class presentation I gave in college detailing some opportunistic pathogens which attempt infection in HIV along with commonly used drugs for treatment.
References available in slides.
Genus Yersinia&Pasteurella.pptx these are gram negatives non motile bacteriajaphetPeter1
Plague is caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis, a zoonotic bacteria usually found in small mammals and their fleas.
People infected with Y. pestis often develop symptoms after an incubation period of one to seven days.
There are two main clinical forms of plague infection: bubonic and pneumonic. Bubonic plague is the most common form and is characterized by painful swollen lymph nodes or 'buboes'.
Plague is transmitted between animals and humans by the bite of infected fleas, direct contact with infected tissues, and inhalation of infected respiratory droplets.
Plague can be a very severe disease in people, with a case-fatality ratio of 30% to 60% for the bubonic type, and is always fatal for the pneumonic kind when left untreated.
Antibiotic treatment is effective against plague bacteria, so early diagnosis and early treatment can save lives.
Currently, the three most endemic countries are the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Madagascar, and Peru.
Y. pestis survives and produces F1 and V antigens within blood cells such as monocytes, but not in neutrophils.
Natural or induced Immunity is achieved by the production of specific antibodies against F1 and V antigens
Antibodies against F1 and V induce phagocytosis by neutrophils
Y.pestis causes plague ( a zoonotic diseases which is transmitted fron rats and rodents to humans by infected fleas)
Fleas-blood sucking wingless insect of the order Siphonaptera
Occasionally the infection occurs by inhaling the organism in the airborne droplets or
By handling the infected rodents or domestic animals (e.g cats and dogs) that harbour infected fleas
Bubonic plague
Flea (bite) to humans
Pneumonic plague
Human to human after inhalation and>lungs though blood stream
Septicaemic plague
Plague-Zoonotic disease
Spread from domestic rats to man by bite of rat flea
Plague-greatest killer in history of mankind
Severe epidemics
In India-out break in 1994 (Maharashtra, Gujarat, UP, MP, Karnataka)
In 2002-outbreak in Shimla
Scattered natural foci still exist:kolar,Bead-Lathur belt in Maharashtra, Shimla and Uttaranchal
Self limiting gastroenteritis in young children
Mesenteric adenitis and inflammatory terminal ileitis in older children
Systemic disease seem in aduld:bacteremia,meningitis arthlgia,erythema nodosum
Pathogen of rodents, particularly guinea pigs
Septicemia with mesenteric lymphadenitis similar to appendicitis
Motile at 22 degree centigrade
Pasteurella species are spherical, ovoid or rod-shaped cells 0.3-1.0µm in diameter and 1.0-2.0µm in length
Cells are Gram negative, and occur singly, or in pairs or short chains
Bipolar staining may be seen
Capsules may be present
All species are non-motile
Facultative anaerobic
Microscopy
Gram-negative coccobacilli measuring 1 to 2 μm in length.
Many pathogenic isolates are encapsulated
Cultural characteristics
Primary isolation media
Blood agar incubated in 5-10% CO2 at 35-37°C for 16–48hr ,Colonies are grey and viscous but rough irregular colonies occur
This is simplified lecture, prepared for MBBS students, Nursing students and other medical students also helpful for NEET preparation.
Reference: Essentials of Medical Microbiology by Apurba S Sastry
1. Pathogen Disease Caused/Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment
F
U
N
G
I
Filamentous
Fungi
Microsporum Canis,
Trichophyton Rubum,
Epidermophyton
Floccosum
Infects keratinous tissues of hair, nails and
skin.
Only contagious mycosis from
humans/animals
Clinical scraping for
microscopy and culture
Clotrimazole,
terbinafine
Aspergillus Fumigatus
(ubiquitous spores)
Asthma, aspergillioma (fungal ball), invasive
aspergillosis
Systemic: lung, renal, cerebral
(immunocompromised)
Sinusitis, endocarditis
IV Amphoteracin B,
po Itraconazole or
voriconazole
Yeast-like
(mainly grow as
yeasts, but can
grow in
elongated
forms or
pseudomycelia)
Candida albicans
(opportunistic pathogen),
C. tropicalis, C. glabrata
Oral and vaginal candidiasis (thrush),
candidaemia/ endocarditis, UTI
Predisposed by: diabetes,
trauma, steroids, surgery
Wet prep. For Candida,
swabs e.g. mouth, vagina,
blood cultures in candidaemia
IV Amphotericin B
(candidaemia –
systemic)
Imidazole (mouth and
vaginal infections)
True Yeast
Cyptococcus Nefomans
(encironmental organism,
opportunistic)
Meningitis in HIV
Cancer patients, pulmonary disease
Disseminated
Clinical suspicions
Microscopy: India ink stain on
CSF
Culture: CSF, blood
Antigen detection: CSF, blood
IV Amphoteracin B,
+/- flucytosine
Difficult to eradicate
Po fluconazole
maintenance to
prevent relapse
Atypical
fungus,
previously
classified as
protozoan
Pneumocystis Jiroveci
(carinii, opportunistic)
AIDS defining illness
Seen in malignancy e.g. Hodgkins
lymphoma
Causes pneumonia – can be fatal
Microcopy/cytology of
bronchoalveolar lavage
specimens
Co-trimoxazole,
pentamidine
Dimorphic
Fungi
Histoplasma capsulatum –
yeast in tissues, mould in
environment
Asymptomatic, acute/chronic respiratory
infection, disseminated diease (liver, lungs,
spleen, esp in HIV)
IV Amphoteracin B
Blastomyces Dermatiditis RTI, skin infection IV Amphoteracin B
Coccidiodes Immitis RTI, systemic infection IV Amphoteracin B
Paracoccidiodes
brasiliensis
Skin and mucosal granuloma IV Amphoteracin B
2. P
R
O
T
O
Z
O
A
N
Sporozoa
Plasmodium Falciparum
(malignant tertian malaria)
P.vivax and P.ovale
(benign tertian malaria)
P.malariae (quartan
malaria)
Influenza-like, diarrhea and vomiting,
headache, arthralgia (joints), confusion, fits,
respiratory distress
P.vivax: chloroquine
followed by
primaquine
P.falciparum: quinine
(600mg), followed by
doxycycline
Flagellates
Giardia Lamblia
(spread person-person or
via water borne cysts)
Diarrhoea, malabsorption, partial villous
atrophy, trophozoites attach to small bowel
mucosa
Metronidazole
Leishmania donovani,
L.tropica, L.braziliensis
(sandfly = host)
(LEISHMANIASIS)
Cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral
clinical presentations
Amoebae
Entamoeba Histolytica
(spread person-person or
water borne cysts,
trophozoites emerge in
small bowel and invade
large bowel)
(AMOEBISASIS)
Amoebic dysentery (diarrhoea + blood),
liver abscess via spread through portal vein
Fresh stool, colon biopsy
Serum: amoebic fluorescent
antibody test
Metronidazole
(trophozoites)
Diloxanide (cysts)
Coccidia
Toxoplasma Gondii
(cat, other animals,
rodents, bird and man =
host)
(TOXOPLASMOSIS)
Asymptomatic, tissue encystation which
results in reactivation in
immunocompromised hosts;
lymphadenopathy
Lymphadenopathy - biopsy
Brain - MRI/CT scan + biopsy
Organ involvement (serology)
Only for organ
associated or sever
systemic disease
Sulfadiazine +
pyrimethamine
H
E
L
M
I
N
T
H
S
Nematodes
(roundworms)
Filariae (vectors –
mosquitoes and other
insects)
Wuchereia bancrofti
Brugia timori/malayi
Loa loa
(FILARIASES)
Adult worms reside in lymphatics or tissues
> tissue inflammation, fibrosis
Adult female releases microfilariae which
circulate the blood and tissues >
eosinophilia
Trematodes
(flukes)
S.haematobium, S.mansoni,
S.japonicum
(SCHITOSOMIASIS)
S.mansoni: blood-stained diarrohea, rectal
ulceration and fibrosis, hepatic fibrosis and
portal hypertension
S.haematobium: painless, terminal
haematuria, recurrent UTI, renal failure
4weeks: allergic reaction, fever, rash…
3months: asymptomatic egg deposition
Serology:
ELISA
Supports parasitological
diagnosis
Praziquantal (90%
curative)
Cestodes
(tapeworms)
Taenia solium (pork), Taenia
saginatum (beef),
Diphyllobothrium latum
(fish), Echinococcus (dog) –
E.granulosus
Hydatid disease (ECHINOCOCOCCOSIS)
Man: acquired by ingestion of cysts from
contact with, or food/water contaminated
with dog excreta
Liver (60%), lung (20%), rupture of liver
cyst >> multiple peritoneal cyst
Eosinophilia, +ve hyatid
CFT, US & CT scans
Albendazole and
surgery
