This document provides information on different types of bacteria and the antibiotics used to treat infections caused by bacteria. It discusses gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including common genera and species. It also summarizes the most common types of antibiotics, including penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, and others. Finally, it lists the antibiotics typically used to treat different types of bacterial infections organized by organ system or condition.
Size of Microorganism
Shape of Bacteria
Morphology
Physiology
Classification Microorganism
Difference between Gram Positive and Gram Negative
Functions
And Demonstration of Cell wall
Size of Microorganism
Shape of Bacteria
Morphology
Physiology
Classification Microorganism
Difference between Gram Positive and Gram Negative
Functions
And Demonstration of Cell wall
When fresh liquid medium is inoculated with a given number of bacteria and incubated for sufficient period of time, it gives a characteristic growth pattern of bacteria.
If the bacterial population is measured periodically and log of number of viable bacteria is plotted in a graph against time, it gives a characteristic growth curve which is known as growth curve or growth cycle.
The slides explain introduction of antimicrobial chemotherapy and history of chemotherapy. Presented at institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Punjab.
Pseudomonas is a type of bacteria that can cause infections. Pseudomonas is a common genus of bacteria, which can create infections in the body under certain circumstances. There are many different types of Pseudomonas bacteria
When fresh liquid medium is inoculated with a given number of bacteria and incubated for sufficient period of time, it gives a characteristic growth pattern of bacteria.
If the bacterial population is measured periodically and log of number of viable bacteria is plotted in a graph against time, it gives a characteristic growth curve which is known as growth curve or growth cycle.
The slides explain introduction of antimicrobial chemotherapy and history of chemotherapy. Presented at institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Punjab.
Pseudomonas is a type of bacteria that can cause infections. Pseudomonas is a common genus of bacteria, which can create infections in the body under certain circumstances. There are many different types of Pseudomonas bacteria
3. Pathogenicity Factors
1. Adherence factors
Allow adherence to body surfaces
2. Invasins
Promote tissue invasion
3. Endotoxins/exotoxins
Cause the damage!
4. Factors that confer ability to evade immune
response
= virulence factors
= how bacteria cause disease
4. Which cause disease?
1. Classics
E.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
2. Commensals
E.g. Escherichia coli
3. Opportunists
E.g. Pneumocystis jiroveci
28. Macrolides
• Bacteriostatic
• Macrolide ring activity
– Binds irreversibly to 50S subunit of bacterial
ribosome; inhibits protein synthesis
• Used against Streptococci/MSSA in penicillin
allergy
• E.g. erythromycin
29. Aminoglycosides
• Bactericidal
• Bind irreversibly to 30S subunit of bacterial
ribosome
– Prevents elongation of polypeptide chain (tRNA)
• Good for Gram –ve aerobes
• E.g. gentamicin
34. Antibiotics used…
• Infection by organ system
• Reference: BNF
• Highlighted in red = those we probably need
to have a grasp of
35. GI
• Campylobacter enteritis
– Ciprofloxacin or erythromycin
• Salmonella
– Ciprofloxacin or cefotaxime
• Shigellosis
– Ciprofloxacin. Amoxicillin or trimethoprim can be used if
organism sensitive.
• Typhoid fever
– Ciprofloxacin or cefotaxime
• Clostridium difficile infection
– Oral metronidazole or oral vancomycin
• Biliary-tract infection
– Ciprofloxacin or gentamicin or a cephalosporin
• Peritonitis
– A cephalosporin + metronidazole or gentamicin + metronidazole
or gentamicin + clindamycin or piperacillin with tazobactam
36. CVS
• Endocarditis initial ‘blind’ therapy
– Flucloxacillin (or benzylpenicillin if symptoms less severe) +
gentamicin
• Endocarditis caused by staphylococci
– Flucloxacillin
• Endocarditis caused by streptococci (e.g. viridans
streptococci)
– Benzylpenicillin + gentamicin
• Endocarditis caused by enterococci (e.g. Enterococcus
faecalis)
– Amoxicillin (or vancomycin if penicillin-allergic or penicillin-
resistant) + gentamicin
• Endocarditis caused by haemophilus, actinobacillus,
cardiobacterium, eikenella, and kingella species (‘HACEK’
organisms)
– Amoxicillin (or ceftriaxone if amoxicillin-resistant) + low-dose
gentamicin
37. RS
• Haemophilus influenzae epiglottitis
– Cefotaxime or chloramphenicol IV
• Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
– Amoxicillin (or tetracycline or clarithromycin; approx. 20% H.
influenzae strains amoxicillin-resistant)
• Low or moderate-severity community-acquired pneumonia
– Amoxicillin (or doxycycline or clarithromycin)
• High-severity community-acquired pneumonia of unknown
aetiology
– Co-amoxiclav + clarithromycin
• Pneumonia possibly caused by atypical pathogens
– Clarithromycin.
• Hospital-acquired pneumonia
– Early-onset infection (less than 5 days after admission to hospital), co-
amoxiclav or cefuroxime
– Late-onset infection (more than 5 days after admission to hospital), an
antipseudomonal penicillin (e.g. piperacillin with tazobactam) or a
broad-spectrum cephalosporin (e.g. ceftazidime) or another
antipseudomonal beta-lactam or a quinolone (e.g. ciprofloxacin)
38. CNS
• Meningitis initial empirical therapy
– Benzylpenicillin or cefotaxime
• Meningitis caused by meningococci
– Benzylpenicillin or cefotaxime
• Meningitis caused by pneumococci
– Cefotaxime
• Meningitis caused by Haemophilus
influenzae
– Cefotaxime
• Meningitis caused by Listeria
39. Urinary
• Acute pyelonephritis
– A broad-spectrum cephalosporin or a quinolone
• Acute prostatitis
– Ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin or trimethoprim
• ‘Lower’ urinary-tract infection
– Trimethoprim or nitrofurantoin or amoxicillin or
oral cephalosporin (e.g. cefalexin)
40. Genital
• Syphilis
– Benzathine benzylpenicillin (unlicensed) or doxycycline or
erythromycin
• Uncomplicated gonorrhoea
– Ciprofloxacin. Pharyngeal infection requires ceftriaxone.
• Uncomplicated genital chlamydial infection, non-
gonococcal urethritis and non-specific genital
infection
– Azithromycin or doxycycline
• Pelvic inflammatory disease
– Doxycycline + metronidazole + i/m ceftriaxone or ofloxacin
+ metronidazole
• Bacterial vaginosis
– Oral or topical metronidazole or topical clindamycin
41. ENT
• Pericoronitis (infected wisdom tooth)
– Metronidazole or amoxicillin
• Acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis
– Metronidazole or amoxicillin
• Periapical or periodontal abscess
– Amoxicillin or metronidazole
• Periodontitis
– Metronidazole or doxycycline
• Throat infections
– Phenoxymethylpenicillin (or clarithromycin if penicillin-allergic)
• Sinusitis
– Amoxicillin or doxycycline or clarithromycin
• Otitis externa
– Flucloxacillin or clarithromycin
• Otitis media
– Amoxicillin (or clarithromycin if penicillin-allergic)
44. M/S
• Osteomyelitis
– Flucloxacillin or clindamycin if penicillin-allergic (or
vancomycin if resistant Staph. epidermidis or
metihcillin-resistant Staph. aureus)
• Septic arthritis
– Flucloxacillin or clindamycin if penicillin-allergic (or
vancomycin if resistant Staph. epidermidis or
methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus); cefotaxime if
gonococcal arthritis or Gram-negative infection
55. EBV
• Epstein Barr Virus = Human Herpes Virus 4
(HHV4)
• Cold symptoms infectious mononucleosis
• Fatigue, fever, sore throat, lymphadenopathy
• Risk if rupturing spleen so no sports for 1/12!
• Acetaminophen/NSAIDs to help fever/pain
• Normally remains in WBCs for life
• Ca risk if prolonged infection
• ? vaccines
58. Human Papilloma Virus - HPV
• Low risk – genital warts (STI)/skin warts
• High risk: Ca cervix, vagina, vulva, anus, penis
• Respiratory papillomatosis
• Untreatable; usually clears spontaneously
– Can treat the warts
• Vaccines: Cervarix, Gardasil
59. Herpes Simplex Virus - HSV
• = Human Herpes Virus (1 &2)
• Types:
– Orofacial herpes (most common), i.e. herpes labialis (cold sores)
– Genital herpes
– Herpes whitlow (hands)
– Ocular herpes (eyes)
– Herpes encephalitis (brain)…+ others!
• Watery blisters in skin/mucus membranes
• Lies latent in nerve cell bodies; outbreaks
• No cure per se
– ? vaccines under development
– Antivirals e.g. aciclovir cream
– Analgesia
– Anaesthesia (e.g. topical lignocaine)
60. Varicella Zoster Virus - VZV
• = Human Herpes Virus 3
• Fluid-filled blisters surrounded by reddened skin
• General malaise, sore throat, headache, etc.
• Rx:
– Topical antivirals e.g. aciclovir
– Ig for at risk individuals (neonates, pregnant, etc)
– Vaccine in seronegative/at risk individuals
• Varilrix/Varivax
– Pain management post shingles
61. Respiratory Syncitial Virus - RSV
• Common cause of bronchiolitis/viral pneumonia
in kids (< 6/12 mostly);
• Older children/adults get a cold (limited to URT)
• Rx:
– Paracetamol/ibuprofen
– Ribavirin
• Inhibits range of DNA/RNA viruses
– Palivizumab
• Monoclonal Ab
• Prevents serious LRTI in kids at risk
62. Influenza
• Oseltamivir and
zanamivir as post-
exposure prophylaxis
– Inhibit neuraminidase
• Vaccines
– Seasonal
• High risk individuals
– Pandemic
• Pandemrix/Celvapan for
swine ‘flu
• See lecture notes
63. Norovirus
• Winter vomiting bug; RNA virus
• Most common cause of gastroenteritis in UK
– D&V, fever, etc.
• Faeco-oral route/contaminated food & water
• Rx:
– Stay at home
– Paracetamol for fever symptoms
– Rehydrate!