This document contains over 50 medical mnemonics organized by topic to help remember various concepts in cardiovascular, drugs, ECG, electrolytes, endocrinology, epidemiology, gastroenterology, immunology, microbiology, miscellaneous, neurology, ophthalmology, respiratory, and pneumonia. The mnemonics use alphabetical ordering, numbers, word patterns, and other logical reasoning to associate pieces of information in an easy to recall format. Disclaimer is provided that the information is for educational purposes only.
This document contains summaries of anatomy topics in 3 sentences or less. It discusses the components of the bowel, lengths of parts of the duodenum, inferior markings of the liver, details of Meckel's diverticulum, differences between the aorta and vena cava, the major branches of the aortic arch, atrioventricular valves, branches of the axillary artery, branches of the brachial artery, contents of the carotid sheath, contents of the cavernous sinus, branches of the coeliac trunk, branches of the descending abdominal aorta, branches of the external carotid artery, arrangement of contents in the femoral triangle, the heart valve sequence, tributaries of the inferior vena c
This document provides information on describing heart murmurs, heart sounds, and the jugular vein pressure (JVP) waveform. It discusses the timing, shape, location, and other characteristics of murmurs. It describes the first, second, third, and fourth heart sounds and what they indicate. It also explains how to assess the JVP waveform and what the different waves mean in terms of cardiac function. Causes of elevated JVP are outlined. Key information on cardiac auscultation and assessment of the JVP is summarized.
This is a very poisonous herb - its lethal properties having been utilized since ancient times, when hunters used the sap to coat their arrow tips. The study of homoeopathic point of view in connection to its mental generals, physical generals and particulars characteristics.
This document contains information about various plants in the Ranunculaceae family. It discusses 28 plants including their symptoms of hypersensitivity, anger, fearfulness, and uses as herbal remedies for heart conditions. Key plants mentioned are Aconite, Clematis, Pulsatilla, and Staphysagria for treating hypersensitivity, anger, and fears. Digitalis, Crataegus, Kalmia, and Kali carbonicum are referenced for their use in heart ailments like palpitations, irregular pulse, and chest pain. The document examines the Ranunculaceae plants' applications in traditional herbal medicine.
This document provides details on cardiovascular examination including cardinal symptoms, chest pain characteristics, breathlessness causes, palpitations description, syncope causes, and edema types. It also describes techniques for cardiovascular auscultation including listening locations, sounds, murmur characteristics like timing, intensity location, loudness, quality, pitch, radiation, and changes with maneuvers.
Internal medicine deals with diagnosing and treating diseases in adults. It has many subspecialties including cardiology, endocrinology, and pulmonology. In diagnosing a patient, doctors take a history, do an examination, and order investigations. Cyanosis is a blue skin or mucous membrane discoloration caused by low oxygen levels in the blood. It can be central, indicating a cardiac or pulmonary problem, or peripheral, caused by vasoconstriction. Assessing cyanosis involves considering onset, symptoms, risk factors, and family history, as well as examining vital signs, listening to the heart and lungs, and obtaining oxygen saturation readings, chest x-rays, and other tests.
The document discusses the concept of suppression in homeopathy and how it can occur when the correct simillimum is not found or the cardinal principles are not followed strictly. Suppression occurs when the disease is weakened in one area but ends up strengthening in another, more important system. This happens through the 7 layers of suppression which track the progression of disease from skin to nervous system based on embryological development. Identifying and understanding the layers of suppression is important for homeopaths to avoid suppressive treatments and ensure cure by following Hering's law of cure.
Materia Medica Final Year 10 year Papers by Dr. Ankita BaliDr Ankita Bali
This a compilation of Materia Medica Papers of 10 years which showcases the question asked from each medicine along with the marking scheme in final year.
These Papers are Compiled for BHMS students of Agra University.
This document contains summaries of anatomy topics in 3 sentences or less. It discusses the components of the bowel, lengths of parts of the duodenum, inferior markings of the liver, details of Meckel's diverticulum, differences between the aorta and vena cava, the major branches of the aortic arch, atrioventricular valves, branches of the axillary artery, branches of the brachial artery, contents of the carotid sheath, contents of the cavernous sinus, branches of the coeliac trunk, branches of the descending abdominal aorta, branches of the external carotid artery, arrangement of contents in the femoral triangle, the heart valve sequence, tributaries of the inferior vena c
This document provides information on describing heart murmurs, heart sounds, and the jugular vein pressure (JVP) waveform. It discusses the timing, shape, location, and other characteristics of murmurs. It describes the first, second, third, and fourth heart sounds and what they indicate. It also explains how to assess the JVP waveform and what the different waves mean in terms of cardiac function. Causes of elevated JVP are outlined. Key information on cardiac auscultation and assessment of the JVP is summarized.
This is a very poisonous herb - its lethal properties having been utilized since ancient times, when hunters used the sap to coat their arrow tips. The study of homoeopathic point of view in connection to its mental generals, physical generals and particulars characteristics.
This document contains information about various plants in the Ranunculaceae family. It discusses 28 plants including their symptoms of hypersensitivity, anger, fearfulness, and uses as herbal remedies for heart conditions. Key plants mentioned are Aconite, Clematis, Pulsatilla, and Staphysagria for treating hypersensitivity, anger, and fears. Digitalis, Crataegus, Kalmia, and Kali carbonicum are referenced for their use in heart ailments like palpitations, irregular pulse, and chest pain. The document examines the Ranunculaceae plants' applications in traditional herbal medicine.
This document provides details on cardiovascular examination including cardinal symptoms, chest pain characteristics, breathlessness causes, palpitations description, syncope causes, and edema types. It also describes techniques for cardiovascular auscultation including listening locations, sounds, murmur characteristics like timing, intensity location, loudness, quality, pitch, radiation, and changes with maneuvers.
Internal medicine deals with diagnosing and treating diseases in adults. It has many subspecialties including cardiology, endocrinology, and pulmonology. In diagnosing a patient, doctors take a history, do an examination, and order investigations. Cyanosis is a blue skin or mucous membrane discoloration caused by low oxygen levels in the blood. It can be central, indicating a cardiac or pulmonary problem, or peripheral, caused by vasoconstriction. Assessing cyanosis involves considering onset, symptoms, risk factors, and family history, as well as examining vital signs, listening to the heart and lungs, and obtaining oxygen saturation readings, chest x-rays, and other tests.
The document discusses the concept of suppression in homeopathy and how it can occur when the correct simillimum is not found or the cardinal principles are not followed strictly. Suppression occurs when the disease is weakened in one area but ends up strengthening in another, more important system. This happens through the 7 layers of suppression which track the progression of disease from skin to nervous system based on embryological development. Identifying and understanding the layers of suppression is important for homeopaths to avoid suppressive treatments and ensure cure by following Hering's law of cure.
Materia Medica Final Year 10 year Papers by Dr. Ankita BaliDr Ankita Bali
This a compilation of Materia Medica Papers of 10 years which showcases the question asked from each medicine along with the marking scheme in final year.
These Papers are Compiled for BHMS students of Agra University.
The document discusses the anatomy and examination of the heart through percussion. It describes how to locate the heart borders and identify areas for auscultating the heart valves. Specific points are outlined for finding the right, left, upper borders and determining the heart diameter. Methods for examining the vascular bundle, heart configuration, and identifying mitral valve abnormalities through percussion findings are provided. The goals of heart percussion are disclosed as evaluating ventricular/auricular dilation and vascular bundle dilation.
This document discusses acute coronary syndrome (ACS), including unstable angina and myocardial infarction (MI). It defines the conditions and describes the pathophysiology. For diagnosis of MI, there must be a rise in cardiac biomarkers along with symptoms. Investigations include ECG, biomarkers like troponin, and echocardiography. Management of NSTEMI involves bed rest, oxygen, anti-ischemic and anti-thrombotic drugs. For STEMI, reperfusion therapy like primary PCI or fibrinolytic therapy is used within 2 hours of diagnosis. Complications can include arrhythmias, further ischemia, and embolism.
This document provides an overview of how to conduct a general physical examination, with a focus on examining the cardiovascular system. It describes examining general build and stature, posture, facial appearance, eyes, neck, spine, skin, and extremities. It also discusses common physical findings and their associations with various syndromes and diseases that can manifest cardiovascular issues, such as Marfan syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Cushing's syndrome. Examples of heart murmurs and their causes are also provided. The examination is designed to evaluate any signs, symptoms or physical clues that may indicate underlying cardiovascular conditions.
Dr. Samuel Christian Frederick Hahnemann (1755-1843) was a German physician and founder of homeopathy. He was born in Meissen, Saxony and studied medicine in Leipzig and Vienna, receiving his MD from Erlangen University in 1779. In 1790, while translating a medical text, he discovered the principle of homeopathy by taking quinine and experiencing symptoms similar to those of malaria patients. He went on to practice homeopathy and publish his findings, gaining the first official permission to practice it in 1821. Hahnemann died in Paris on July 2, 1843 at the age of 88, having established homeopathy as a new medical discipline.
Clinical assessment of the cardiovascular system. Featured: Main symptoms and physical exam. References from Bates' guide to physical examination and history taking and Medex app.
1. Stroke is defined as an abrupt onset of a neurologic deficit attributable to a focal vascular cause and can be ischemic or hemorrhagic.
2. Risk factors include hypertension, diabetes, smoking, dyslipidemia, atrial fibrillation, and previous TIA or stroke.
3. Management involves supportive care, controlling blood pressure and glucose, preventing complications, and administering fibrinolytics like alteplase within 3-4.5 hours of onset for ischemic strokes.
This document provides an overview of heart sounds and murmurs, including:
- Descriptions of the S1-S4 heart sounds and associated cardiac events
- Common causes that modify the intensity and characteristics of each sound
- Explanations of heart murmurs like ejection systolic and mid-diastolic murmurs
- Guidelines for auscultation including location, intensity, and variation with respiration
- Differentiation of innocent from pathological murmurs and descriptions of special murmurs.
Pallor is caused by decreased blood in the capillary bed, seen as paleness of the skin and mucous membranes. The most common cause is nutritional anemia such as iron deficiency anemia. Conditions causing pallor without anemia include hypopituitarism, hypothyroidism, and shock. Pallor can be graded as mild, moderate, or severe. Examination sites to check for pallor include the lower eyelid conjunctiva, tongue, hard palate, nail beds, and palms. Confirmation of anemia requires blood tests to measure hemoglobin levels, red blood cell count, and hematocrit.
An embolus is a solid, liquid, or gaseous mass that breaks off and travels through the bloodstream, lodging in and blocking smaller blood vessels. Pulmonary embolisms originate from deep leg vein thrombi in 95% of cases and can cause infarction or blockage of lung tissue. Systemic embolisms originate from heart mural thrombi in 80% of cases and commonly impact the brain or lower extremities. Fat embolisms occur after bone fractures and burns, causing pulmonary insufficiency, neurological issues, and thrombocytopenia. Air embolisms enter the circulation through chest or obstetric injuries and can block major blood vessels. Amniotic fluid embolisms are a rare
1. The document describes the homeopathic remedy Silicea terra, including its spheres of action, pathogenesis, clinical applications, and key characteristics.
2. It presents a case study of a 6-year-old girl with papular eruptions on her neck treated successfully with a single dose of Silicea 200 and subsequent doses of Silicea 30.
3. The remedy Silicea is known as a deep-acting polycrest remedy that can treat conditions like abscesses, boils, and fistulas where surgery cannot reach.
Arnica montana is a homeopathic remedy made from the yellow mountain daisy plant. It is used to treat injuries, bruising, soreness, and symptoms arising from falls, blows, or physical trauma. It addresses symptoms like feeling sore and bruised all over, sensitivity to touch, bleeding from injuries, relaxation of the bladder and bowels, and alternating between feeling hot and cold. Arnica helps heal injuries, reduces pain and swelling, and promotes recovery from physical trauma.
The heart receives its blood supply from two coronary arteries - the right and left coronary arteries. The right coronary artery supplies the right atrium, right ventricle, parts of the left atrium and ventricles. The left coronary artery is larger and divides into the anterior interventricular and circumflex arteries. These arteries and their branches supply the remaining parts of the heart. The arteries anastomose to allow for blood flow if one gets blocked. Most venous blood from the heart drains into the coronary sinus, which empties into the right atrium.
Concept of homoeopathic materia medicasarojsawant2
Materia Medica is a Latin medical term
for the body of collected knowledge
about the therapeutic properties of
any substance(drug) used for healing with their sources, preparations, doses and use.
This document provides an overview of the approach to evaluating and diagnosing chest pain. It discusses how chest pain can be caused by conditions affecting the heart, lungs, esophagus and other organs. The evaluation involves taking a detailed history of the quality, location, timing and relieving/worsening factors of the pain and performing a physical exam. Key investigations include electrocardiography, chest x-ray, cardiac biomarkers and imaging tests like CT angiography to identify potential cardiac, pulmonary, aortic or gastrointestinal causes of the chest pain. A systematic approach considering the history, exam and test results is needed to diagnose the underlying condition causing the chest pain.
Bryonia alba is a plant in the cucurbitaceae family. It is poisonous and homeopathic remedies are made from the root. Bryonia alba is used to treat inflammatory conditions, joint pains, rheumatism, typhoid, and constipation. It helps reduce inflammation. Side effects can include dizziness, vomiting, and kidney damage. Bryonia alba is prescribed in low doses as higher concentrations can be toxic. It is commonly used to treat pleurisy, pneumonia, bronchitis, and other conditions involving dry, hard pain that is worse with movement and better with rest and pressure.
This document provides a guide for medical students to interpret electrocardiograms (ECGs). It aims to enable students to determine normal ECG features, assess rate and rhythm, and identify myocardial infarctions. The guide outlines how to present ECG findings in a logical order, covering rate and rhythm, conduction intervals, cardiac axis, QRS complexes, and ST segments and T waves. Key normal and abnormal ECG patterns are defined. The guide is intended to help standardize ECG interpretation training for medical students.
This document provides an overview of hematological disorders including:
1. Leukemias are classified as either myeloid or lymphoid and acute or chronic based on the affected cell lineage and speed of onset. Acute myeloid leukemias are characterized by a rapid accumulation of blast cells in the bone marrow.
2. Myeloproliferative disorders involve the overproliferation of terminally differentiated myeloid cells and can transform into acute myeloid leukemia. Chronic myeloid leukemia is caused by the Philadelphia chromosome translocation.
3. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is the most common childhood leukemia and is characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of lymphocyte precursors in the bone marrow presenting as p
The document discusses the anatomy and examination of the heart through percussion. It describes how to locate the heart borders and identify areas for auscultating the heart valves. Specific points are outlined for finding the right, left, upper borders and determining the heart diameter. Methods for examining the vascular bundle, heart configuration, and identifying mitral valve abnormalities through percussion findings are provided. The goals of heart percussion are disclosed as evaluating ventricular/auricular dilation and vascular bundle dilation.
This document discusses acute coronary syndrome (ACS), including unstable angina and myocardial infarction (MI). It defines the conditions and describes the pathophysiology. For diagnosis of MI, there must be a rise in cardiac biomarkers along with symptoms. Investigations include ECG, biomarkers like troponin, and echocardiography. Management of NSTEMI involves bed rest, oxygen, anti-ischemic and anti-thrombotic drugs. For STEMI, reperfusion therapy like primary PCI or fibrinolytic therapy is used within 2 hours of diagnosis. Complications can include arrhythmias, further ischemia, and embolism.
This document provides an overview of how to conduct a general physical examination, with a focus on examining the cardiovascular system. It describes examining general build and stature, posture, facial appearance, eyes, neck, spine, skin, and extremities. It also discusses common physical findings and their associations with various syndromes and diseases that can manifest cardiovascular issues, such as Marfan syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Cushing's syndrome. Examples of heart murmurs and their causes are also provided. The examination is designed to evaluate any signs, symptoms or physical clues that may indicate underlying cardiovascular conditions.
Dr. Samuel Christian Frederick Hahnemann (1755-1843) was a German physician and founder of homeopathy. He was born in Meissen, Saxony and studied medicine in Leipzig and Vienna, receiving his MD from Erlangen University in 1779. In 1790, while translating a medical text, he discovered the principle of homeopathy by taking quinine and experiencing symptoms similar to those of malaria patients. He went on to practice homeopathy and publish his findings, gaining the first official permission to practice it in 1821. Hahnemann died in Paris on July 2, 1843 at the age of 88, having established homeopathy as a new medical discipline.
Clinical assessment of the cardiovascular system. Featured: Main symptoms and physical exam. References from Bates' guide to physical examination and history taking and Medex app.
1. Stroke is defined as an abrupt onset of a neurologic deficit attributable to a focal vascular cause and can be ischemic or hemorrhagic.
2. Risk factors include hypertension, diabetes, smoking, dyslipidemia, atrial fibrillation, and previous TIA or stroke.
3. Management involves supportive care, controlling blood pressure and glucose, preventing complications, and administering fibrinolytics like alteplase within 3-4.5 hours of onset for ischemic strokes.
This document provides an overview of heart sounds and murmurs, including:
- Descriptions of the S1-S4 heart sounds and associated cardiac events
- Common causes that modify the intensity and characteristics of each sound
- Explanations of heart murmurs like ejection systolic and mid-diastolic murmurs
- Guidelines for auscultation including location, intensity, and variation with respiration
- Differentiation of innocent from pathological murmurs and descriptions of special murmurs.
Pallor is caused by decreased blood in the capillary bed, seen as paleness of the skin and mucous membranes. The most common cause is nutritional anemia such as iron deficiency anemia. Conditions causing pallor without anemia include hypopituitarism, hypothyroidism, and shock. Pallor can be graded as mild, moderate, or severe. Examination sites to check for pallor include the lower eyelid conjunctiva, tongue, hard palate, nail beds, and palms. Confirmation of anemia requires blood tests to measure hemoglobin levels, red blood cell count, and hematocrit.
An embolus is a solid, liquid, or gaseous mass that breaks off and travels through the bloodstream, lodging in and blocking smaller blood vessels. Pulmonary embolisms originate from deep leg vein thrombi in 95% of cases and can cause infarction or blockage of lung tissue. Systemic embolisms originate from heart mural thrombi in 80% of cases and commonly impact the brain or lower extremities. Fat embolisms occur after bone fractures and burns, causing pulmonary insufficiency, neurological issues, and thrombocytopenia. Air embolisms enter the circulation through chest or obstetric injuries and can block major blood vessels. Amniotic fluid embolisms are a rare
1. The document describes the homeopathic remedy Silicea terra, including its spheres of action, pathogenesis, clinical applications, and key characteristics.
2. It presents a case study of a 6-year-old girl with papular eruptions on her neck treated successfully with a single dose of Silicea 200 and subsequent doses of Silicea 30.
3. The remedy Silicea is known as a deep-acting polycrest remedy that can treat conditions like abscesses, boils, and fistulas where surgery cannot reach.
Arnica montana is a homeopathic remedy made from the yellow mountain daisy plant. It is used to treat injuries, bruising, soreness, and symptoms arising from falls, blows, or physical trauma. It addresses symptoms like feeling sore and bruised all over, sensitivity to touch, bleeding from injuries, relaxation of the bladder and bowels, and alternating between feeling hot and cold. Arnica helps heal injuries, reduces pain and swelling, and promotes recovery from physical trauma.
The heart receives its blood supply from two coronary arteries - the right and left coronary arteries. The right coronary artery supplies the right atrium, right ventricle, parts of the left atrium and ventricles. The left coronary artery is larger and divides into the anterior interventricular and circumflex arteries. These arteries and their branches supply the remaining parts of the heart. The arteries anastomose to allow for blood flow if one gets blocked. Most venous blood from the heart drains into the coronary sinus, which empties into the right atrium.
Concept of homoeopathic materia medicasarojsawant2
Materia Medica is a Latin medical term
for the body of collected knowledge
about the therapeutic properties of
any substance(drug) used for healing with their sources, preparations, doses and use.
This document provides an overview of the approach to evaluating and diagnosing chest pain. It discusses how chest pain can be caused by conditions affecting the heart, lungs, esophagus and other organs. The evaluation involves taking a detailed history of the quality, location, timing and relieving/worsening factors of the pain and performing a physical exam. Key investigations include electrocardiography, chest x-ray, cardiac biomarkers and imaging tests like CT angiography to identify potential cardiac, pulmonary, aortic or gastrointestinal causes of the chest pain. A systematic approach considering the history, exam and test results is needed to diagnose the underlying condition causing the chest pain.
Bryonia alba is a plant in the cucurbitaceae family. It is poisonous and homeopathic remedies are made from the root. Bryonia alba is used to treat inflammatory conditions, joint pains, rheumatism, typhoid, and constipation. It helps reduce inflammation. Side effects can include dizziness, vomiting, and kidney damage. Bryonia alba is prescribed in low doses as higher concentrations can be toxic. It is commonly used to treat pleurisy, pneumonia, bronchitis, and other conditions involving dry, hard pain that is worse with movement and better with rest and pressure.
This document provides a guide for medical students to interpret electrocardiograms (ECGs). It aims to enable students to determine normal ECG features, assess rate and rhythm, and identify myocardial infarctions. The guide outlines how to present ECG findings in a logical order, covering rate and rhythm, conduction intervals, cardiac axis, QRS complexes, and ST segments and T waves. Key normal and abnormal ECG patterns are defined. The guide is intended to help standardize ECG interpretation training for medical students.
This document provides an overview of hematological disorders including:
1. Leukemias are classified as either myeloid or lymphoid and acute or chronic based on the affected cell lineage and speed of onset. Acute myeloid leukemias are characterized by a rapid accumulation of blast cells in the bone marrow.
2. Myeloproliferative disorders involve the overproliferation of terminally differentiated myeloid cells and can transform into acute myeloid leukemia. Chronic myeloid leukemia is caused by the Philadelphia chromosome translocation.
3. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is the most common childhood leukemia and is characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of lymphocyte precursors in the bone marrow presenting as p
Microbiology - bacteria, fungi, yeasts and virusesmeducationdotnet
This document provides information on different types of bacteria and the antibiotics used to treat infections caused by bacteria. It discusses gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including common genera and species. It also summarizes the most common types of antibiotics, including penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, and others. Finally, it lists the antibiotics typically used to treat different types of bacterial infections organized by organ system or condition.
This document discusses fractures, including their causes, types, patterns, locations, and management. It provides information on commonly fractured bones like the clavicle, radius/ulna, and femoral neck. Key points covered include the goals of fracture treatment being sound union without deformity or loss of function. Management principles involve reduction, immobilization, and rehabilitation. Complications like infection, malunion, and compartment syndrome are also summarized.
Anemia is a medical condition where the number of red blood cells or their oxygen-carrying capacity is insufficient to meet physiological needs. It can be caused by blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, or increased red blood cell breakdown. Symptoms of anemia include fatigue, weakness, dizziness, shortness of breath, headaches, and pale skin.
The document discusses various classifications of fractures including the Neer classification of proximal humeral fractures, the Garden's classification of hip fractures, Evan's classification of intertrochanteric fractures, and the Weber classification of ankle fractures. The Neer classification categorizes humeral fractures based on the number of fracture parts and degree of displacement. Garden's classification divides femoral neck fractures into 4 stages based on displacement. Evan's classification organizes intertrochanteric fractures. The Weber classification sorts ankle fractures into types A, B, and C depending on the fracture level and stability.
This document summarizes various pathogens including fungi, protozoa, and helminths that cause disease in humans. It outlines the causative organism, symptoms and disease manifestations, methods of diagnosis, and common treatments for each group. Key pathogens covered include Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Pneumocystis jiroveci, Plasmodium falciparum, Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, Toxoplasma gondii, Schistosoma mansoni, Taenia solium, and Echinococcus granulosus. Diagnostic approaches involve microscopy, culture, antigen detection, serology, and imaging tests. Common anti
The document summarizes thyroid function and disorders. It describes how thyroid stimulating hormone regulates thyroid hormone production and release. It also outlines the causes, symptoms, signs and treatments of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Specifically, it discusses Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, thyroid testing, and complications like thyroid storm.
Thank you for explaining the process. I will be sure to follow the mark scheme closely when consenting patients. Effective communication is so important to ensure informed consent.
1. The document provides guidelines for cancer referrals from NICE, including criteria for urgent referral for various cancers like lung cancer, upper GI cancer, lower GI cancer, breast cancer, gynaecological cancers, urological cancers, haematological cancers, skin cancer, head and neck cancers, thyroid cancer, brain cancers, sarcomas, and cancers in children.
2. It describes signs and symptoms that warrant urgent referral, such as haemoptysis and weight loss for lung cancer, dysphagia and weight loss for upper GI cancer, rectal bleeding and change in bowel habits for lower GI cancer.
3. It also provides information on different types of leukaemia, noting
This document provides information from a student-led tutorial on interpreting electrocardiograms (ECGs). It defines the ECG waveform and relates it to electrical activity in the heart. It discusses normal ranges for intervals like PR, QRS, and QT. Examples of rhythms like sinus arrhythmia, heart block, and atrial fibrillation are presented. Appendices provide guidance on calculating heart rate from ECG tracings and identifying rhythm based on regularity of QRS complexes. Causes and clinical features of different types of heart block are also summarized.
Cushing's syndrome is caused by excessive cortisol levels due to hyperfunction of the adrenal glands or pituitary gland. It results in central obesity, mood changes, high blood pressure, and other signs and symptoms. The dexamethasone suppression test is used to diagnose Cushing's syndrome by showing that cortisol levels are not suppressed as expected. Addison's disease is caused by primary adrenal insufficiency leading to cortisol and aldosterone deficiencies. Patients present with weakness, low blood pressure, and hyperpigmentation. The short Synacthen test shows no increase in cortisol levels in response to synthetic ACTH stimulation. Both conditions require lifelong hormone replacement therapy and treatment of underlying causes.
This document provides information about different classes of antibiotics, including their mechanisms of action, examples within each class, and how bacteria can develop resistance. It discusses six classes: penicillins and cephalosporins which act on the bacterial cell wall; macrolides, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and others which inhibit bacterial protein synthesis; metronidazole and fluoroquinolones which act on bacterial DNA; and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole which inhibit bacterial folic acid synthesis. It also outlines several mechanisms by which bacteria develop resistance, such as genetic mutations, acquisition of resistance genes from other bacteria, and destruction or inactivation of antibiotics.
This document provides information on various respiratory conditions including definitions, signs and symptoms, investigations, and management. It covers topics such as asthma, COPD, tuberculosis, pulmonary embolism, pleural effusion, pneumonia, and others. For asthma, it defines it as a chronic inflammatory airway disease, lists common symptoms and signs, and outlines acute and chronic management according to BTS guidelines. For COPD, it defines the condition and describes the differences between emphysema and bronchitis. It also provides details on assessing severity and treatment approaches.
This document summarizes key concepts in muscle and cardiovascular physiology:
1. It describes the classification, structure, and proteins of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles. Sarcomeres are the basic contractile units of skeletal muscle composed of actin and myosin filaments.
2. The cardiovascular section covers the anatomy and electrical conduction system of the heart as well as the cardiac cycle and heart sounds. It defines cardiac output and its regulation through factors like heart rate, preload, and afterload.
3. Hemodynamics concepts like blood pressure, venous return, and blood flow are explained. Arterial blood pressure is maintained through cardiac output and peripheral resistance, and is regulated by nervous, renal, local
Hematology Mnemonics provides several mnemonics to help summarize key information in hematology:
1. Macrocytic Anemia Leaves Big Fat Reticulocytes and Myxoedema, Alcohol, Liver disease, B12 def., Folate def., Reticulocytosis summarize causes of macrocytic anemia.
2. HOT LIPS and Haemoglobinopathy, Obs jaundice, Thallasaemia, Liver abscess, Iron def., Polycythaemia, Sideroblastic anaemia summarize causes of target cells.
3. BAHRAIN UV - Bone pain, Anaemia, Hyper Ca2+, Renal failure,
1. The FMGE-Screening Test is conducted by the National Board of Examinations to allow Indian citizens with foreign medical qualifications to practice in India.
2. Appearing in the FMGE does not automatically grant provisional or permanent registration with the Medical Council of India or any State Medical Council. Registration is subject to fulfilling criteria under the Indian Medical Council Act.
3. The next FMGE Screening Test session will be held on June 29-30, 2015. Online registration must be completed by June 10, 2015. Possession of mobile phones and electronic devices is strictly prohibited at examination centers.
This document provides numerous mnemonics and acronyms to help remember important medical information. It covers topics like layers of the adrenal cortex, branches of arteries, cranial nerves, amino acids, and more. Mnemonics include "Go Find Rex, Make Good Sex" for adrenal cortex layers and "My Aunt Raped My Uncle" for branches of the brachial plexus from most lateral to most medial.
This document provides guidelines for empiric antibiotic therapy for common ear, nose, throat, head and neck infections. It lists recommended first-line and alternative antibiotic options for various infections like acute otitis media, acute mastoiditis, acute rhinosinusitis, tonsillopharyngitis, epiglottitis and more. For each infection, it specifies the preferred antibiotic choice as well as acceptable alternative options and provides a brief rationale. It also includes tables listing antibiotics by category and the microbes they are most effective against. The document aims to guide physicians in appropriate initial antibiotic selection for these common infections.
Nồng độ apolipoprotein b huyết tương ở bệnh nhân mắc bệnh tim thiếu máu cục bộTÀI LIỆU NGÀNH MAY
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This document provides an overview of anticoagulation and summarizes the current and emerging options. It discusses the coagulation cascade and how it can be inhibited at different points. Currently, vitamin K antagonists like warfarin are most commonly used but have limitations due to food and drug interactions and a need for regular INR monitoring. Newer direct thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors offer fixed dosing advantages over warfarin and are increasingly used for conditions like venous thromboembolism, atrial fibrillation and acute coronary syndromes. Emerging agents continue to be studied.
This document is the notice page for the 9th edition of the Pharmacotherapy Handbook by Barbara G. Wells, Joseph T. DiPiro, Terry L. Schwinghammer, and Cecily V. DiPiro. It notes that medicine is constantly evolving so the information provided may become outdated or inaccurate over time. It advises readers to confirm any medical information with other sources. The notice concludes by listing international publishing locations for McGraw-Hill Education.
This document is the notice page for the 9th edition of the Pharmacotherapy Handbook by Barbara G. Wells, Joseph T. DiPiro, Terry L. Schwinghammer, and Cecily V. DiPiro. It notes that medicine is constantly evolving so the information provided may become outdated or inaccurate over time. It advises readers to confirm any medical information with other sources. The notice concludes by listing international publishing locations for McGraw-Hill Education.
Pharmacotherapy hand book clinical pharmacy .pdfUVAS
This document is the notice page for the 9th edition of the Pharmacotherapy Handbook by Barbara G. Wells, Joseph T. DiPiro, Terry L. Schwinghammer, and Cecily V. DiPiro. It notes that medicine is an evolving field, and recommends verifying drug dosages and contraindications due to the possibility of human error or changes in medical knowledge. Readers are advised to check the product information included with medications. The notice concludes by listing international publishing locations for McGraw-Hill Education.
2017 eacts guidelines on perioperative medication in adult cardiac surgeryJimmy Wea
This document provides guidelines on perioperative medication management for adult cardiac surgery patients. It addresses recommendations for antiplatelet therapy, anticoagulation, beta-blockers, statins, antibiotics and other medications before, during and after surgery. Specific guidance is given for conditions like atrial fibrillation and different types of surgical procedures. The goal is to provide evidence-based guidance to reduce risks and optimize outcomes for cardiac surgery patients.
This document discusses the development of a method to capture load measurements on the mitral valve to inform the design of a percutaneous mitral valve repair system. It provides background on mitral valve regurgitation and current surgical treatment. The motivation is to understand valve loads to design implant components with sufficient safety margins while navigating restrictions of percutaneous access. An experiment used supporting hardware like catheters and anchors to apply and measure loads on excised heart tissue to obtain initial performance results and recommendations.
This document presents a protocol for a randomized controlled trial assessing the efficacy of low-dose aspirin (75mg and 160mg) for the primary prevention of heart attacks in men and women. The study aims to determine if daily low-dose aspirin effectively prevents heart attacks and to compare the risks and benefits of different aspirin doses. The 5-year study will recruit healthcare professionals and randomly assign them to receive placebo, 75mg aspirin, or 160mg aspirin daily. Participants will complete monthly questionnaires to report any adverse effects or medical endpoints like heart attacks. Statistical analysis will evaluate the relative risks and effectiveness of the interventions. The results could offer a treatment for primary heart attack prevention and reduce healthcare burdens.
Arritmias ventriculares y muerte subita sec 2015Roman Cordero
This document provides guidelines from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. It was created by a Task Force of experts and endorsed by several ESC associations and councils. The guidelines cover definitions, epidemiology, risk prediction, screening and evaluation of patients, pharmacological and device-based therapies, and management recommendations for specific cardiac conditions like coronary artery disease and heart failure.
2015 ESC guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhyth...João Antônio Granzotti
This document provides guidelines from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. It was created by a Task Force of experts and endorsed by several ESC associations and councils. The guidelines cover definitions, epidemiology, risk prediction, screening and evaluation of patients, pharmacological and device-based therapies, and management recommendations for specific cardiac conditions like coronary artery disease and heart failure.
2018 esc guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease during pregn...Vinh Pham Nguyen
This document provides guidelines for the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy published by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) in 2018. It was developed by an international task force and provides recommendations on risk assessment, diagnosis, treatment and management for a variety of heart conditions that may occur during pregnancy. The guidelines reflect recent advances and aim to improve outcomes for both mothers and infants.
Nutrition for the ageing brain: Towards evidence for an optimal dietNutricia
This article reviews the latest research on nutrition and cognitive aging. It discusses normal and pathological cognitive decline in aging. Several key mechanisms of brain aging are explored, including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and autophagy. The review examines the potential for specific nutrients and dietary patterns to prevent cognitive decline through these mechanisms. While some studies link nutrients like polyphenols, flavonoids, vitamins and omega-3 fatty acids to cognitive benefits, the research is inconsistent and more work is needed to determine optimal doses and relationships between diet and brain health in older adults.
This review article summarizes research on the impact of coffee consumption on health. It finds that coffee contains several bioactive compounds like caffeine, chlorogenic acids, and diterpenes. While caffeine can increase blood pressure short-term, coffee drinking appears to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases like heart disease and stroke. Coffee is also associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes and liver disease. The effects of coffee on cancer risk depend on the specific cancer type, but coffee drinking may lower overall cancer risk and mortality. However, the clinical evidence comes mostly from observational studies rather than randomized trials.
This document provides guidelines from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. It was created by a Task Force of experts and provides recommendations based on the latest evidence. The guidelines cover definitions, epidemiology, risk prediction, screening and evaluation of patients, pharmacological and device-based therapies, and management recommendations for specific cardiac conditions like coronary artery disease, heart failure, and inherited arrhythmia syndromes. The goal is to provide practical guidance to improve outcomes for patients at risk of sudden cardiac death.
This document summarizes a research article that proposes a new mechanism to explain lactose and food intolerance, as well as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). It suggests that symptoms are caused by toxic metabolites produced by gut bacteria digesting carbohydrates not fully absorbed in the small intestine. These metabolites, such as methylglyoxal, induce calcium signals in bacteria and affect their growth. They also impact cell signaling in the body, explaining the wide range of symptoms. Evidence presented includes studies demonstrating effects of metabolites on bacteria and eukaryotic cells, covalent modification of insulin, and similarities to Charles Darwin's long-term illness. The hypothesis could provide insight into other conditions like type 2 diabetes and some cancers.
This document summarizes a research article that proposes a new mechanism to explain lactose and food intolerance, as well as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). It suggests that symptoms are caused by toxic metabolites produced by gut bacteria digesting carbohydrates not fully absorbed in the small intestine. These metabolites, such as methylglyoxal, induce calcium signals in bacteria and affect their growth. They also impact cell signaling in the body, explaining the wide range of symptoms. Evidence presented includes studies demonstrating effects of metabolites on bacteria and eukaryotic cells. The mechanism may also explain Charles Darwin's long-term illness and provide insight into diseases like type 2 diabetes and some cancers.
This document provides information about a study guide book for obstetric anesthesia certification and recertification. The book is titled "Absolute Obstetric Anesthesia Review" and is authored by Cassandra Wasson, Albert Kelly, David Ninan, and Quy Tran. It is intended to provide a concise study guide for anesthesiology residents, obstetric anesthesiology fellows, and anesthesiologists providing care to obstetric patients. The book is organized based on the outline from the American Board of Anesthesiology and covers topics relevant to the boards and clinical practice of obstetric anesthesia.
Healing From Cancer...Insulin Potentiation TherapyMedicineOfHope
This document discusses an integrative medicine approach to treating cancer. It presents cancer as having biological phases driven by emotional conflicts, rather than as a random occurrence. The approach aims to empower patients through healing options like targeted low-dose chemotherapy, nutrition, and mind-body therapies. It argues conventional definitions of treatment success can be expanded through non-toxic integrative therapies that address the underlying causes of cancer.
1. Brown-Séquard syndrome was first described in 1850 based on observations of machete injuries in sugar cane farmers, with key features being ipsilateral motor paralysis and mixed sensory loss below the level of the spinal cord lesion.
2. Understanding the anatomy of ascending and descending spinal tracts is important for explaining the clinical features of Brown-Séquard syndrome and other spinal cord injuries.
3. Injuries can disrupt motor or sensory tracts differently, causing varying neurological deficits depending on whether the lesion involves upper or lower motor neurons.
The document discusses several inflammatory arthropathies known as spondylarthropathies. They are commonly associated with the HLA B27 gene and involve entheses, synovium, and the spine. Major types include ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthropathy, reactive arthritis, and enteropathic arthritis. They often present with enthesitis, uveitis, and spondylitis and are treated with NSAIDs, DMARDs, anti-TNF drugs, or surgery depending on the specific condition and symptoms.
Lung cancer is classified into two main types - non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). NSCLC makes up about 80% of cases and can be further divided into squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. SCLC accounts for 10-15% of lung cancers and grows more quickly. The main symptoms are cough, chest pain, and coughing up blood. Risk factors include smoking, asbestos exposure, and radiation exposure. Diagnosis involves tests such as sputum analysis, biopsies, CT scans, and PET scans to determine the cancer type and stage. Treatment options depend on the cancer type and stage but may include surgery, chemotherapy
Eczema herpeticum is a potentially life-threatening herpes infection that occurs when herpes simplex virus infects disrupted skin in patients with pre-existing skin conditions like eczema or atopic dermatitis. It presents with clusters of vesicles and punched-out erosions that spread and become hemorrhagic and crusted. Diagnosis involves identifying characteristic lesions along with fever and pain, and can be confirmed with tests like Tzanck smear, viral culture, or antibody testing. Aggressive treatment with IV acyclovir is required to prevent complications like herpes keratitis, which can lead to blindness. Early recognition and effective antiviral therapy are important given the potential severity of eczema her
The vagus nerve connects organs in the neck and below to the brainstem. It has both sensory and motor functions and helps control the heart rate, digestion, and other involuntary processes. Stimulation of the vagus nerve has been shown to reduce seizures, experimental pain, and inflammation, and may help treat conditions like epilepsy, obesity, and heart disease. Damage to the vagus nerve or its connections in the brainstem can impact swallowing, heart rate variability, and level of consciousness.
Poor water and sanitation are responsible for a huge global burden of disease, with contaminated water alone contributing to about 2.4 million preventable deaths per year, mainly in children. While progress has been made in increasing access to safe water and improved sanitation, current rates of progress will not meet the Millennium Development Goal targets. Water and sanitation remain a low priority on international development agendas despite their importance for health and achieving the MDGs. Coordinated efforts are still needed to address this critical issue.
This document discusses medical student electives in developing countries. It notes potential benefits like exposure to rare diseases and personal growth, but also flags ethical issues. Electives could exploit local health systems and raise false expectations. They may perpetuate neo-colonial practices by benefiting students and health systems in wealthy countries more than local populations. The document also examines how non-governmental organizations can undermine public health systems and calls for electives to minimize harm, respect local needs, and establish long-term exchange programs to provide mutual benefit.
This document provides an overview of global health by defining key terms, outlining major players and organizations, and summarizing the history and evolution of the field from 1945 to the present day. It describes how global health has shifted from a focus on infectious disease control to addressing social determinants of health and health issues that transcend national borders. Major milestones discussed include the founding of the UN and WHO, the Alma-Ata Declaration, structural adjustment policies, the Millennium Declaration and MDGs, debt relief campaigns, and the establishment of the Global Fund. The summary highlights the ongoing tension between disease-specific and comprehensive primary healthcare approaches.
The document discusses how international organizations like the WTO and treaties it has established like TRIPS and GATS impact healthcare. The WTO aims to liberalize trade and its dispute process enforces agreements. TRIPS established intellectual property standards that require drug patenting, raising prices. Some countries like Brazil and South Africa have issued compulsory licenses to produce cheaper generics, facing opposition from pharmaceutical companies but helping improve access to treatment.
Global health examines influences on health across borders, including issues like globalization, poverty, and human rights. It draws from multiple disciplines. Globalization refers to reducing barriers between countries, leading to increased trade, investment, and communication. This has effects like economic growth but also rising inequalities. Agreements like TRIPS have increased pharmaceutical patent protection globally, raising concerns about access to medicines, especially in developing countries. Networks of both commercial and civil society actors have been important in debates over balancing intellectual property with public health.
Migration of health care workers has both positive and negative effects on health. It reduces the availability of health services in source countries while increasing access in destination countries. This unequal distribution of health workers is driven by push factors like low pay and poor working conditions in source countries and pull factors like higher wages in destination countries. As a result, source countries experience worse health outcomes due to lack of health workers, while destination countries receive an indirect subsidy through the receipt and employment of trained medical professionals from poorer nations. Proposed policy responses aim to strengthen health systems in source countries, implement ethical recruitment practices, and foster partnerships between nations to promote more equitable health worker distribution.
Global institutions play major roles in health financing and policy. The key players discussed are the World Health Organization (WHO), World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), and World Trade Organization (WTO). The WHO is the UN agency for health, working with 192 member states. The World Bank aims to reduce poverty through loans and policy advice to developing countries. The IMF promotes international monetary cooperation and provides temporary financial assistance. The WTO, formed in 1995, ensures trade flows freely through treaties and enforcement mechanisms, which some criticize can undermine public health systems.
Haemochromatosis is an autosomal recessive condition characterized by excessive iron accumulation in the body. It affects around 0.5% of Caucasians and usually presents in the 40s-50s with a triad of pigmentation, diabetes mellitus, and hepatomegaly. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing elevated serum iron, transferrin saturation over 50%, and elevated serum ferritin. Liver biopsy can confirm iron deposition and damage. Treatment aims to reduce iron stores through weekly venesection of 1 unit of blood for 6-12 months followed by maintenance venesection.
Ascites is an abnormal collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, commonly caused by portal hypertension due to cirrhosis. It results from sodium and water retention triggered by vasodilation and activation of the renin-angiotensin system, as well as increased hydrostatic pressure and transudation of fluid from the liver and spleen into the peritoneal cavity. Hypoalbuminemia due to decreased liver function also contributes by reducing plasma oncotic pressure. Spironolactone is used as treatment as it is an aldosterone antagonist. Management involves dietary sodium restriction, diuretics, stopping alcohol, monitoring for complications, and procedures such as paracentesis or shunts.
The liver has two lobes, separated by veins, and is divided into sections supplied by individual blood vessels. Blood flows through hepatic arteries and portal veins into sinusoids, where waste is filtered by Kupffer cells in the space of Disse before draining into hepatic veins. The liver performs many functions including synthesizing proteins, metabolizing carbohydrates and lipids, and detoxifying hormones and drugs. Liver function can be assessed through blood tests of enzymes and proteins.
Antidepressants such as SSRIs, TCAs, and MAOIs work by increasing levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, or both in the brain. SSRIs are generally first-line treatment and safer in overdose than TCAs, but TCAs may be better for severe depression. Both classes of drugs can cause side effects like dry mouth, nausea, and sexual dysfunction. Antidepressants may take 10-20 days to work and should be continued for at least 6 months after symptoms improve to prevent relapse. Combining certain antidepressants can be dangerous due to increased serotonin levels.
Gout is caused by deposition of uric acid crystals in the joints, which leads to acute inflammation. It typically presents as sudden severe pain, swelling and redness in one joint, most commonly the big toe. Diagnosis is made based on symptoms and identification of crystals in joint fluid under polarized microscopy. Treatment involves medications to reduce symptoms during acute attacks as well as long-term drugs like allopurinol or probenecid to lower uric acid levels and prevent future episodes. Without treatment, gout can progress to a chronic stage with multiple joint involvement and growth of tophi deposits in the tissues.
Review of orthopaedic services: Prepared for the Auditor General for Scotland...meducationdotnet
1. Orthopaedics is a large specialty that treats musculoskeletal conditions through surgery, medication, and rehabilitation. It accounts for a significant portion of NHS spending and activity in Scotland.
2. Waiting times for orthopaedic services have reduced in recent years through changes to service delivery and additional funded activity. However, further improvements to meet 18-week referral targets will be challenging to sustain.
3. There is variation in orthopaedic efficiency across Scotland that is not fully explained by resources or procedures. The report finds opportunities to use existing resources more efficiently through measures like increasing day surgery and reducing hospital length of stay.
This document discusses the use of muscle relaxants in anesthesia and the potential role of sugammadex as a reversal agent. It provides background on why muscle relaxants are used, types of muscle relaxants, and current problems with reversal agents. It then summarizes research on sugammadex, which appears to be a more effective reversal agent than anticholinesterases, allowing faster recovery from neuromuscular blockade. Sugammadex may allow safer use of muscle relaxants and replace agents like suxamethonium, but economic factors will also influence its adoption.
This document contains a series of slides related to ophthalmology. It tests the reader's knowledge on topics like visual acuity measurements, refractive errors, eye abnormalities, causes of vision loss, and eye examination techniques. The slides include images showing conditions like cataracts, glaucoma, retinal detachments, and more. Key details are provided about diagnoses, symptoms, investigations, and treatments.
1. Mohammed Khaledur Rahman| Student at King’s College London
GKT Medical School
26th
March -
09th June
ROUGHLY 50 MEDICAL MNEMONICS
2. All my medical mnemonics can be found at
Sites.google.com/site/gktmedicalstudent
www.facebook.com/KhaledurMedicalMnemonics
Disclaimer: Although all effort has been made to ensure the information found in this booklet is
correct and accurate. I cannot take any responsibility for any form of harm resulting from this
mnemonic booklet.
3. Contents
Cardiovascular.........................................................................................................................................4
Atrioventricular Valves........................................................................................................................4
Cardio Exam: .......................................................................................................................................4
Malar flush......................................................................................................................................4
Mitral valve: ....................................................................................................................................4
COarctation of the aorta = COngenital ...............................................................................................4
Heart Rate...........................................................................................................................................4
ISChaemia ...........................................................................................................................................4
Drugs.......................................................................................................................................................4
Antacids: .............................................................................................................................................4
AntiBiotics...........................................................................................................................................5
ASpirin:................................................................................................................................................5
Calcium channel blockers (CCB)..........................................................................................................5
Penicillin..............................................................................................................................................5
PharmacoDynamincs and pharmacokinetics......................................................................................5
Proton Pump Inhibitors.......................................................................................................................5
Drugs ending in -PRazole are PRoton pump inhibitors e.g. Omeprazole (Losec),
lansoprazole (Zoton), pantoprazole, rabeprazole, esomeprazole (Nexium)............................5
ECG..........................................................................................................................................................5
Electrolytes .............................................................................................................................................6
Hypomagnesaemia And Hypokalaemia..............................................................................................6
Endocrinology .........................................................................................................................................6
Diabetes: Type 1 vs. Type 2.................................................................................................................6
Epidemiology...........................................................................................................................................6
Gastro......................................................................................................................................................6
CROhn's disease..................................................................................................................................6
dysphaSia and dysphaGia ...................................................................................................................6
Small Intestine.....................................................................................................................................6
Immunology............................................................................................................................................7
Flu vs. cold...........................................................................................................................................7
Neutrophils .........................................................................................................................................7
Microbiology...........................................................................................................................................7
Baby with a group B strep infection....................................................................................................7
4. Cocci....................................................................................................................................................7
Miscellaneous .........................................................................................................................................8
Anaemia..............................................................................................................................................8
Auscultation........................................................................................................................................8
Calculating BMI ...................................................................................................................................8
Parenchyma vs. Stroma: .....................................................................................................................9
Lungs (& The Heart) ............................................................................................................................9
Neuro ......................................................................................................................................................9
Epilepsy:..............................................................................................................................................9
Upper Motor Neurone Lesion.............................................................................................................9
Ophthalmology .......................................................................................................................................9
Cone vs. Rods......................................................................................................................................9
Refraction of Light...............................................................................................................................9
Respiratory..............................................................................................................................................9
Asthma Aetiology (E)'s = .....................................................................................................................9
FEV1/FVC...........................................................................................................................................10
Hoarseness........................................................................................................................................10
Lungs .................................................................................................................................................10
Pneumonia:...........................................................................................................................................10
Investigations....................................................................................................................................10
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae.................................................................................................................10
Respiratory Failure Type...................................................................................................................11
5. Cardiovascular
Atrioventricular Valves
arrange in alphabetical order and match accordingly.
Left atrioventricular valve, Right atrioventricular valve
Bicuspid/Mitral valve, Tricuspid valve
Therefore Left atrioventricular valve = Bicuspid/Mitral valve
Right atrioventricular valve = Tricuspid valve
* mitraL = Left atrioventricular valve
Cardio Exam:
Malar flush
Malar flush = Mitral Stenosis
Mitral valve:
MitraL listen with stethoscope’s belL
COarctation of the aorta = COngenital
Heart Rate
INcreases during Inspiration
ISChaemia:
intracellular levels in the heart
Increase in Sodium during ischaemia,
followed by increase in Calcium during reperfusion
Drugs
Antacids:
Aluminium-based (e.g. Al-hydroxide),
Magnesium based (e.g. Mg-trisilicate),
MiXed (e.g. MaaloX)
6. AntiBiotics
kills Bacteria, no effect against viruses or fungi
ASpirin:
Absorbed in the Stomach
Calcium channel blockers (CCB)
Cancels vasoConstriction therefore vasodilates.
Penicillin
Penicillin Based Antibiotics:
Penicillin based antibiotics end in -(i/a)cillin
PharmacoDynamincs and pharmacokinetics
PharmacoDynamincs = DRUGs effect on the body
therefore Pharmacokinteics = effect of body on drug (e.g. metabolism of drug)
Proton Pump Inhibitors
Drugs ending in -PRazole are PRoton pump inhibitors e.g. Omeprazole (Losec), lansoprazole (Zoton),
pantoprazole, rabeprazole, esomeprazole (Nexium).
ECG
QRS complex (QRS = 3 letters) 3 squares wide
qrS = Should be leSS than 3 Small squares wide
Q-T interval (Q-T two letters) should noT be more than Two large squares in duration.
T (T for Two) wave should noT be more than TWO large squares tall.
A Z:
QRS before (QT or T) in alphabetical order, therefore QRS is small squares and QT or T is large
squares
7. Electrolytes
Hypomagnesaemia And Hypokalaemia
"serum magnesium concentrations should be normalised, as hypomagnesaemia makes hypokalaemia
difficult or impossible to correct".
(M)g before (P)otassium when in alphabetical order
M comes before K+ in M K Rahman!
Endocrinology
Diabetes: Type 1 vs. Type 2
the number 2 is bigger than 1 therefore patients with type 2 diabetes often overweight
1 is smaller than 2 therefore type 1 are younger (usually <30) and type two are older (usually >30)
Epidemiology
incidence vs. prevalence
iNcideNce = New cases
Prevalence = Proportion of population
PREvalence = how sPREad across the population
Gastro
CROhn's disease
can occur anywhere aCROss the GI tract from mouth to anus
dysphaSia and dysphaGia
S=speech
G=Gastro = i.e. swallowing
Small Intestine
Six to Seven metres
the only numbers that begin with S are numbers to do with 6 or 7. therefore the Small intestine is
Six or Seven metres.
8. Immunology
Flu vs. cold
which one is a stuffy nose more common in?
flu = 3 letters
cold = 4 letters
nose = 4 letters
therefore runny and stuffy nose is more common in cold.
Neutrophils
NEUtrophils - first to respond to a NEW problem in immunology.
"neutrophils are one of the first-responders of inflammatory cells to migrate towards the site of
inflammation" (wiki)
Microbiology
Baby with a group B strep infection
Baby needs to be treated with penicillin on birth
Cocci
cock - slang for Penis
any bacteria with the word cocci = Gram Positive cocci
Yeast – Cryptococcus,
watch out for INFORMAL names for microorganisms that DONT fit this pattern such as
gonococcus and meningococcus
9. Miscellaneous
Anaemia
mIcrocytic = Iron deficiency
mIcro vs. mAcro
Auscultation
AUSCULTATION
Low pitch noise - listen with the beLL
High pitch listen with the dIapHraGm
Calculating BMI
Weight (kg) / Height2
(Metres)
Image of Carrying weight (world) on top of shoulders.
Therefore Weight goes on top of height in the formula.
10. Parenchyma vs. Stroma:
Supporting Tissue = STroma
therefore parenchyma = functional part of organ
Lungs (& The Heart)
effusion in lung = EF off = F.Off = swear word = lung pushes heart away
COLlapse = heart is pulled towards lungs = COmes Closer
Neuro
Epilepsy:
PROdrome: PRecedes the seizure (is not part of the seizure)
(A)ura: (A)ware of the "feeling" during the seizure
Upper Motor Neurone Lesion
uPPer motor neurone lesion effects the oPPosite side of the body to the lesion.
Ophthalmology
Cone vs. Rods
(C)ones = (C)olour vision and (C)entral vision.
Plus: (C)ones mainly confined to (C)entral yellow spot (macula)
Refraction of Light
The refraction of light can be emmetropic (normal), myopic (short sighted) and hypermetropic (long-
sighted).
H comes before M in alphabetical order.
and L comes before S in alphabetical order.
therefore when arranged in alphabetical order:
(H)ypermetropic is (L)ong-sighted
(M)yopic is (S)hort-sighted.
Hypermetropic is a Longer word than Myopic which is Shorter
Respiratory
Asthma Aetiology (E)'s =
IgE: Atopy is the term used in individuals who readily develop immunoglobin E (IgE) antibodies
against common Environmental antigens.
11. FEV1/FVC
FEV1/FVC is in alphabetical order
FEV1/FVC
Obstructive comes before Restrictive in alphabetical order.
therefore obstructive is less than 70%
and restrictive is more than 80%.
Hoarseness
Hoarseness = Horse = Horse in Chess moves in the shape of an L
Hoarseness = horse= L shape = L words below.
Hoarseness in respiratory disease may be due to damage to the (L)eft recurrent (L)aryngeal nerve by
(L)ung cancer at the (L)eft hilum. The (L)eft vocal cord cannot adduct to the midline, causing a
prolonged, (L)ow-pitched and "bovine" cough.
(Info taken from Macleod's Clinical Examination, pg. 164)
Lungs
arrange alphanumerically
Arrange in Alphabetical Order: Left Lung, Right Lung
Arrange lobes in Ascending Order: 2 lobes, 3 Lobes
When arranged in such order they match, i.e. Left lung has 2 lobes and right lung has 3 lobes.
Pneumonia:
Investigations
Patients admitted to hospital require investigations to identify the cause and severity of the
pneumonia:
Serology: some organisms can be diagnosed by detection of a raised IgM antibody
by immunoflourescent tests e.g. Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
commonly presents in young adults with generalised features such as headaches and Malaise
May precede chest symptoms by 1 - 5 days
Treatment is with Macrolides e.g. erythroMycin, or clarithroMycin or azithroMycin for 7-10 days.
Extra pulmonary complications will occasionally dominate the clinical picture:
Myocarditis, Meningoencephalitis, erythema Multiforme and haemolytic anaemia.
(info from Baby K&C pg. 536-7)
12. Respiratory Failure Type
Type 1 PaO2 <8kPa PaCO2 <6.5
Type 2 PaO2 <8kPa PaCO2 >6.5
Type 1 - ONE gas Oxygen is abnormal i.e. PaO2 <8kPA
Type 2 - TWO gases are abnormal PaO2 (i.e. O2) and PaCO2 (CO2)
CO2 comes before O2 in alphabetical order. Therefore CO2 is different in both types.
1 is smaller than and comes before 2 in numerical order.
Type 1 CO2 is smaller than 6.5
Type 2 CO2 is greater than 6.5