The document discusses the active and passive voice in English grammar. It defines active and passive sentences, noting that the active voice has the subject performing the action while the passive voice has the subject receiving the action. The document provides examples of when to use the passive voice, such as when the focus is on the action rather than the actor, or to be more polite. It also covers the formation of the passive voice using forms of to be plus the past participle. The document provides additional examples and exceptions to the typical passive construction.

2. Active vs. Passive voice
 In active sentences, the thing or person doing
the action is the subject of the sentence and the
thing or person receiving the action is the object.
e.g. The professor teaches the students.
 In passive sentences, the thing or person
receiving the action is the subject of the sentence
and the thing or person doing the action is
optionally included near the end of the sentence.
e.g. The students are taught (by the prof.)

3. The professor teaches the students
The students are taught (by the prof.)

4. When to use the Passive voice?
 The passive voice is used when the focus is
on the action. It is not important or not
known, however, who or what is
performing the action.
e.g. My bike was stolen.
In this example, the focus is on the fact that
my bike was stolen. I don’t know, however,
who did it, or I just simply don’t care about
it.

5.  Sometimes a statement in passive is more
polite than active voice, as the following
example shows:
e.g. A mistake was made.
In this case, the focus is on the fact that a
mistake was made, but I don’t blame
anyone:
e.g. You have made a mistake.

6. Important:
Only a verb which can take an
object, that is, a transitive verb, can be
put into the Passive Voice.

7. Form of the passive voice
 Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (-ed form of the
verb or 3rd column of irregular verbs) + (by Agent + other
complements such as adverbials):
A letter + was written + (by the teacher + at 8 o’clock + in the
morning.)
 Negative and interrogative sentences are formed in the same
way in passive and active voices:
•In the end, the party wasn't held last night.
•Were you advised by your parents?
•Can the dress be taken back to the shop?
•Has the baby already been born?
•What present have you been given?
•Who was chosen as president?

9.  Be aware of subject/object forms of pronouns when the
indirect object is a person:
• She showed me her new house.
• I was shown her new house. (Note the Spanish “Me enseñó su
nueva casa.”)
 Leaving aside focus or learning issues, in English the active Oi
is usually preferred as the subject of the passive sentence
(except with explain and suggest):
• The teacher gave us a test. (Active voice)
• We were given a test by the teacher. (Passive voice)
• A test was given to us by the teacher. (Passive voice)
• Ditransitive verbs: ask, give, lend, pay, offer, promise, refuse, sell,
send, show and tell.

10.  The subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the
passive sentence (or is dropped). This object is then called by
Agent. If the agent is a pronoun, then object pronouns must be
used.
• Shakespeare didn’t write that play.
• That play wasn’t written by Shakespeare. (Note the Spanish
“Esa obra no la escribió Shakespeare.”)
• The police arrested the thief.
• The thief was arrested by the police. (Note the Spanish “El
ladrón fue arrestado por la policía.”)

11. Although the passive voice is used when the focus is not on the
agent, sometimes we will mention it:
When the agent is important: an artist, an inventor…
• The Guernika was painted by Picasso.
To include more information, not previously mentioned:
• While we were driving down the road, we were stopped by a
policeman.
When we refer to the means of doing something or a plan. In
this case we use a non-finite –ing form after the preposition by:
• The school can be improved by building emergency exit stairs.

12. Active / Passive
examples

15. Impersonal passive
The phrase It is said ... is an impersonal passive
construction. We often use it in news. (It is
reported; It is said; It is known; It is supposed; It is
considered; It is expected)
Active: Everybody thinks Cathy works very hard.
Passive 1: Cathy is thought to work very hard.
Passive 2: It is thought that Cathy works very hard.
Active: They believe Tom is wearing a white pullover.
Passive 1: Tom is believed to be wearing a white pullover.
Passive 2: It is believed that Tom is wearing a white pullover.

16. Have / Get sth done
 Have something done and get something
done are both used to refer to actions
which are done for the subject rather
than by the subject.
 The differences between have and get
something done are that have is slightly
more formal than get, and that get is
more frequent than have in the
imperative form.

17.  Liz and Meg are having/are getting their
hair dyed.
 Jake had/got his groceries delivered two
hours ago.
 You should have/get your eyes checked.
 Jenny will have/get her ears pierced.

18. Now… we need to practise
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises_list/pass