The document discusses active and passive voice in verbs. It defines active voice as when the subject performs the action and passive voice as when the subject receives the action. It provides examples of changing sentences from active to passive voice by making the object the subject, using a form of "be" as the main verb, and changing the active verb to the past participle. The document also discusses when to use active versus passive voice and common errors to avoid.

1. Active and Passive Voice

2. Verb Tense
The form of a verb that shows time:
I went to school. (past tense)
I go to school. (present)
I will go to school. (future)
Present; base
Past; second
Future; will + base
+ to be + -ing
Have + 3rd

3. Active and Passive Voice
Voice:
The form of a verb that shows whether the subject does or receives the
action.
Example:
I teach English. (active voice)
English is taught everywhere. (passive voice)

4. Active Voice
The form of the verb that shows the subject does the action.
Example:
You learn English. (active voice)
I am a teacher. (no voice bcz there is no action)
They are looking to us. (active voice)
Identify active? (5 forms of verbs)
1) Base form of verb: You sit alone.
2) Be + -ing form of verb: They were speaking.
3) Second form of verb: He came.
4) Auxiliary + base form of verb: She will go.
5) Have/has/had + 3rd form of verb: He has arrived.

5. Passive Voice
The form of a verb that shows the subject receives the action.
Example:
I was given 3 marks. (I received 3 marks.)
He is abused. (passive voice)
He is being eaten. (passive voice)
How to identify passive? (2 verb forms)
1) Be + 3rd form of verb: English is learned.
2) 3rd form of verb alone: I want fried potatoes.

6. The other day, I went on a picninc with my brother who had just been
deported from Iran. Although he was sad, we enjoyed everything
because it was planned well. On the other hand, our friends played
games and were treated very well.

7. How to change active to passive?
1) The object of the verb becomes subject of the sentence.
2) A be verb replaces the main verb.
- is/am/are = present
- was/were = past
- been = 3rd form
- being = ing form
- be = root form
3) The main verb changes to 3rd form – it is the passive.
4) Auxiliaries stay on their places.
5) If needed, the doer of action becomes agent in by phrase.
Example:
You learn grammar. (active)
Grammar is learned. (passive)

8. He is writing a letter.
A letter is being written.
We bought a car.
A car was bought by us.
She is at home. (this is not active voice)
You play football.
Football is played by you.

9. He can cook rice.
Rice can be cooked by him.
He will call you.
You will be called by him.
I-me you-you we-us they-them
He-him she-her it-it

10. When to use active or passive voice?
Use active voice Use passive voice
Because it is direct
- He told me.
- I was told by him.
When you want to emphasize on the receiver of the
action.
You were told.
I told you.
Clear When you want to change the focus of the sentence
Concise When you want to be more polite
You broke the chair. (impolite and blaming)
The chair was broken. (no blame)
Most of the sentences should be in active voice When you don’t know the doer of the action
This question was answered.
In scientific definitions, use passive voice.
A word that names a person, place, or thing is called
noun.

11. When not to use active or passive?
Don’t use active voice:
- If there is a mistake
- When you don’t know the doer of the action
Don’t use passive voice a lot.

12. Passive to Active
1) Use the doer as the subject.
2) Remove the to be.
3) Change the 3rd form of verb (passive) to the form of the to be.
4) Use the subject as the object.
Example:
He was invited by them.
They invited him.

13. Which verbs do not change?
If a verb has no object, it does not change to passive.
Example: I am walking. (no object, so doesn’t change to passive)
He goes to school. (school is the object of preposition)

14. Homework:
• I will love you forever.
• He can speak English.
• You brought a new car.
• He thought about you.
• She sings a beautiful song.
• We are learning English well.
• They have informed you.
• I was writing my hw.
• They will be speaking Pashto.
• She may come anytime.