The document summarizes the key steps in writing a literature review:
1. The introduction gives a quick overview of the topic and organizational structure.
2. The body contains a discussion of sources, organized chronologically, thematically, or by methodology. It analyzes and synthesizes previous research on the topic.
3. The conclusions discuss what has been learned from reviewing the literature and identifies potential gaps for future research. The overall purpose is to critically evaluate previous research and establish a foundation and need for the current study.
Original research articles constitute a major portion of academic journal publishing. These slides will help you with four important steps to of writing an original research article: choosing a research question, doing a literature search, structuring a manuscript, and formatting a research paper.
This presentation shows the best way of writing the discussion part of your dissertation. For more help, you can refer to this article and to our writing service. https://essay-academy.com/account/blog/writing-a-discussion-for-dissertation
How to write a research paper: How to write a research paper?
The research paper can be considered as the living thing which grows and changes as the student explores, interprets and evaluates sources related to a specific topic. Steps to write a research paper:
• Choose your topic.
• Begin your search.
• Making an outline.
• Write your paper.
Original research articles constitute a major portion of academic journal publishing. These slides will help you with four important steps to of writing an original research article: choosing a research question, doing a literature search, structuring a manuscript, and formatting a research paper.
This presentation shows the best way of writing the discussion part of your dissertation. For more help, you can refer to this article and to our writing service. https://essay-academy.com/account/blog/writing-a-discussion-for-dissertation
How to write a research paper: How to write a research paper?
The research paper can be considered as the living thing which grows and changes as the student explores, interprets and evaluates sources related to a specific topic. Steps to write a research paper:
• Choose your topic.
• Begin your search.
• Making an outline.
• Write your paper.
Techsparks provide you the proper thesis format. Techsparks has been successful in creating its mark among the major Institutes For Thesis which are indulged in guiding the M.tech thesis project students residing in different corners of the world including Bathinda , Jalandhar , Chandigarh , Ludhiana , Mohali , Punjab , New Delhi , Canada , USA and many more.
Techsparks, 2nd floor, D-185, Phase 8B, Industrial Area, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160055
+91-96531-59085
techsparks2013@gmail.com
http://www.techsparks.co.in/
power point presentation covering all aspects of publishing research papers viz: why to publish a research paper , necessary steps before writing a research paper, parts of a research paper, process of publishing a research paper, identifying a target journal , preparing the manuscript etc.
I hope this power point presentation will be beneficial to all PhD students
How to write a TUBITAK 1001 Research Project Proposal?Selcen Ozturkcan
How to write a successful TUBITAK 1001 research project proposal?
TUBITAK 1001 Proje Basvurusu nasıl hazırlanır?
by Assoc. Prof. Selcen Ozturkcan (Istanbul Bilgi University)
presented at TTO Event of Ozyegin University on Jan 2014
This short powerpoint helps new university students to understand how academic journal articles are structured, and ways that they can quickly and effectively make sense of an article.
Defining the h index and the calculation process. Also the main advantages and limitations besides how to increasing the h index.
Dr. Hassan Najman MUHAMED
hassan.muhamed@uod.ac
The University of Duhok - Kurdistan region of Iraq
1 - Systematic Literature Reviews: introduction and methodsVittorio Scarano
For the first of the two seminars on Systematic Literature Review, here the principles and methods of SLR are presented. The seminar is meant for PhD students and was given at the Computer Science PhD Program at the University of Salerno, Italy
Techsparks provide you the proper thesis format. Techsparks has been successful in creating its mark among the major Institutes For Thesis which are indulged in guiding the M.tech thesis project students residing in different corners of the world including Bathinda , Jalandhar , Chandigarh , Ludhiana , Mohali , Punjab , New Delhi , Canada , USA and many more.
Techsparks, 2nd floor, D-185, Phase 8B, Industrial Area, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160055
+91-96531-59085
techsparks2013@gmail.com
http://www.techsparks.co.in/
power point presentation covering all aspects of publishing research papers viz: why to publish a research paper , necessary steps before writing a research paper, parts of a research paper, process of publishing a research paper, identifying a target journal , preparing the manuscript etc.
I hope this power point presentation will be beneficial to all PhD students
How to write a TUBITAK 1001 Research Project Proposal?Selcen Ozturkcan
How to write a successful TUBITAK 1001 research project proposal?
TUBITAK 1001 Proje Basvurusu nasıl hazırlanır?
by Assoc. Prof. Selcen Ozturkcan (Istanbul Bilgi University)
presented at TTO Event of Ozyegin University on Jan 2014
This short powerpoint helps new university students to understand how academic journal articles are structured, and ways that they can quickly and effectively make sense of an article.
Defining the h index and the calculation process. Also the main advantages and limitations besides how to increasing the h index.
Dr. Hassan Najman MUHAMED
hassan.muhamed@uod.ac
The University of Duhok - Kurdistan region of Iraq
1 - Systematic Literature Reviews: introduction and methodsVittorio Scarano
For the first of the two seminars on Systematic Literature Review, here the principles and methods of SLR are presented. The seminar is meant for PhD students and was given at the Computer Science PhD Program at the University of Salerno, Italy
Guide to know about components of Research Paper and how to write one. Deep understanding of components.
According to Goddard and Melville (2001, p.1), research goes beyond the process of gathering information; rather, it is also about finding answers to unanswered questions as part of discovering and/or creating new knowledge. And in order for this newly discovered or created knowledge to be recognized or noticed, you have to prove that it is valid.
Determining the validity of your study is anchored on your research paper’s methodology. According to Somekh and Lewin (2005), a research methodology is both “the collection of methods or rules” you apply to your research, as well as the “principles, theories, and values” that support your research approach. Simply put, a research paper’s methodology section must shed light on how you were able to collect or generate your research data and demonstrate how you analyze them (SHU Library, 2020).
For novice researchers, writing the methodology of a research paper can be an overwhelming process, especially considering the intricate elements covered by this section (J. Ellis & Levy, 2009, p. 323). The goal of this article is to guide novice researchers in writing an effective research methodology by helping them gain a clear understanding of a research methodology’s structure.
An attempt to highlight the most common needs for writing a research article, this include the structure of research articles and the highly important parts needed to publish in a high level indexed journals (Clarivate ISI & Scopus).
Effective research paper writing for scientific write-up, Btech+Mtech.pptxMethusharma
Crafting an effective research paper requires a combination of meticulous planning, rigorous analysis, and clear communication. This process begins with thorough research and a deep understanding of the subject matter. Before diving into writing, it's essential to formulate a clear research question or hypothesis and outline the structure of the paper.
A well-written research paper typically follows a standard format, including an abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. Each section serves a specific purpose, guiding the reader through the study's objectives, methodology, findings, and implications.
In the introduction, provide background information on the topic and highlight the significance of the research. Clearly state the research question or hypothesis and outline the paper's structure. The literature review should critically evaluate existing research on the topic, identifying gaps and establishing the context for the study.
The methodology section should detail the research design, data collection methods, and analysis techniques used. It's crucial to provide enough detail for the study to be reproducible by other researchers. Present the results objectively, using tables, figures, and statistics to support your findings.
In the discussion section, interpret the results in the context of the research question and existing literature. Address any limitations of the study and propose areas for future research. Finally, summarize the key findings and their implications in the conclusion.
Throughout the writing process, maintain clarity, coherence, and precision in your language. Use appropriate citation styles to acknowledge sources and avoid plagiarism. Revision is a critical step in the writing process, so be prepared to revise and edit your paper multiple times to ensure clarity, accuracy, and coherence.
By following these guidelines and paying attention to detail, you can produce a research paper that effectively communicates your findings and contributes to the advancement of knowledge in your field.
the presentation on English research paper writing has shed light on the intricacies of this essential academic and professional endeavor. We've explored the fundamental components of research papers, from the definition and purpose of research papers to the critical stages of selecting a research topic, conducting a literature review, choosing research methods, and structuring the paper. The pitfalls and best practices associated with research paper writing have been highlighted, emphasizing the need to steer clear of common mistakes like plagiarism, poor structure, and unclear language.
Furthermore, the presentation delved into the ethical considerations, the importance of responsible data citation, and the value of revision and editing in refining the quality of research papers. Through a real-life case study, we witnessed the tangible impact that well-crafted research papers can have on the advancement of knowledge and practical solutions in various fields. The significance of the abstract as a concise gateway to research papers was also explored, stressing its role in assisting readers and reviewers in quickly grasping the essence of a study. We discussed the key attributes of an effective abstract, from conciseness to clarity and audience-tailoring, recognizing its pivotal role in shaping the perception of one's research.
In the realm of English research paper writing, the mastery of these principles and practices is not only a testament to one's research skills but also an avenue to contribute meaningfully to academic and professional discourse. As researchers, students, and professionals, the knowledge and insights gained from this presentation empower us to navigate the complex terrain of research paper writing with precision, impact, and integrity, thereby making valuable contributions to our respective fields and the broader world of academia and practice. English research paper is not merely a formality but a crucial entry point for readers into the depth and significance of your study. Crafting a clear, concise, and audience-focused abstract can significantly impact the visibility and accessibility of your research, making it a valuable skill for researchers in both academic and professional contexts. A well-written abstract can make a substantial difference in the visibility and accessibility of your research. Whether it's an academic paper, a conference presentation, or a professional report, the abstract is often the first thing readers or reviewers encounter. Its quality can determine whether your work is explored further.
In the world of English research paper writing, mastering the art of creating a compelling abstract is a skill that can enhance your academic and professional impact.
Use this description to introduce the concept and significance of the abstract section of your presentation on English research paper writing. This sets the stage for a more detailed discussion of abstracts in the subsequent slides. Thank you
II. Formatting Guidelines
Margins
All copies of a thesis or dissertation must have the following uniform margins throughout the entire document:
Left: 1″ (or 1 1/4" to ensure sufficient room for binding the work if desired)
Right: 1″
Bottom: 1″ (with allowances for page numbers; see section on Pagination)
Top: 1″
Exceptions: The first page of each chapter (including the introduction, if any) begins 2″ from the top of the page. Also, the headings on the title page, abstract, first page of the dedication/ acknowledgements/preface (if any), and first page of the table of contents begin 2″ from the top of the page.
Non-Traditional Formats
Non-traditional theses or dissertations such as whole works comprised of digital, artistic, video, or performance materials (i.e., no written text, chapters, or articles) are acceptable if approved by your committee and graduate program. A PDF document with a title page, copyright page, and abstract at minimum are required to be submitted along with any relevant supplemental files.
Font Type and Size
To ensure clear and legible text for all copies, choose a TrueType font recommended by ProQuest Dissertation Publishing. A list of recommended fonts can be found on ProQuest's sitepdf icon.
Fonts must be 10, 11, or 12 points in size. Superscripts and subscripts (e.g., formulas, or footnote or endnote numbers) should be no more than 2 points smaller than the font size used for the body of the text.
Spacing and Indentation
Space and indent your thesis or dissertation following these guidelines:
Spacing and Indentation with mesaurements described in surrounding text
The text must appear in a single column on each page and be double-spaced throughout the document. Do not arrange chapter text in multiple columns.
New paragraphs must be indicated by a consistent tab indentation throughout the entire document.
The document text must be left-justified, not centered or right-justified.
For blocked quotations, indent the entire text of the quotation consistently from the left margin.
Ensure headings are not left hanging alone on the bottom of a prior page. The text following should be moved up or the heading should be moved down. This is something to check near the end of formatting, as other adjustments to text and spacing may change where headings appear on the page.
Exceptions: Blocked quotations, notes, captions, legends, and long headings must be single-spaced throughout the document and double-spaced between items.
Pagination
Paginate your thesis or dissertation following these guidelines:
Use lower case Roman numerals (ii, iii, iv, etc.) on all pages preceding the first page of chapter one. The title page counts as page i, but the number does not appear. Therefore, the first page showing a number will be the copyright page with ii at the bottom.
Arabic numerals (beginning with 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.) start at chapter one or the introduction, if applicable. Arabic numbers must be included on all pages of the text, illustr
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
3. What is a scientific paper
1. A scientific paper is a written and
published report describing original
research results.
2. It must be the first publication of
original research results.
3. In a form whereby peers of the author
can repeat the experiments and test the
conclusions.
5. Essential Parts of a Scientific paper
1. Introduction: Gives a quick idea of the topic of the literature
review.
2. Materials: Describe the experimental design so it is reproducible.
3. Methods: Describe the experimental procedures.
4. Results: Summarize the findings of the study.
5. Discussion: Interpret the findings of the study
6. Summary: Summarize the findings
7. Acknowledgement: Give credit to those who helped you
8. References: List all scientific papers, books and websites that you
cited
6. The Title
• Titles should neither be too short nor too long as to be
meaningless
• It should contain the keywords that reflect the contents of the
paper.
• It should be meaningful and not general.
• Make a list of the most important keywords.
• Think of a title that contains these words
• The title could state the conclusion of the paper
• The title NEVER contains abbreviations, chemical formulas,
• Be very careful of the grammatical errors
7. • Summary of the information in a document
• It is of fundamental importance that the abstract be written
clearly and simply, as it is the first and sometimes the only part
of the manuscript read.
• It should provide a brief summary of each of the main sections
of the paper:
1. State the principal objective and scope of the investigation
2. Describe the methods used
3. Summarize the results
4. State the principal conclusions
• It is easier to write the abstract after completion of the paper
The Abstract
8. • It should not exceed 250 words
• one paragraph.
• It should be written in the past tense
• It should not cite any references
• It should never give any information or
conclusion that is not stated in the paper
• Must be accurate with respect to figures
quoted in the main text.
Criteria of the Abstract
9. The Introduction
• Gives a quick idea of the topic of the literature
review, such as the central theme or organizational
pattern.
10. • Provide full details so that the experiments are reproducible
• Describe the experimental design in detail.
• Must identify accurately experimental animals, plants, and
microorganisms used by genus, species and strain.
• The source of subjects studied, number of individuals in
each group used, their sex, age, and weight must be clearly
stated.
• Methods used for statistical analyses must be mentioned
• Do not mix some of the results in this section
• Write in the past tense
Materials and Methods
11. • Results section is written in the past
tense
• It is the core or heart of the paper
• It needs to be clearly and simply stated
• The purpose of this section is to
summarize and illustrate the findings
• The text should guide the reader
through the findings, stressing the major
points
Results
12. • Tables are appropriate for large or complicated data
sets that would be difficult to explain clearly in
text.
• Figures are appropriate for data sets that exhibit
trends, patterns, or relationships that are best
conveyed visually.
• Any table or figure must be sufficiently described
by its title and caption or legend, to be
understandable without reading the main text of the
results section.
Results
13. • It is the hardest section to write.
• Its primary purpose is to show the relationships among observed
facts
• It should end with a short summary or conclusion regarding the
significance of the work.
• Show how your results and interpretations agree or contrast with
previously published work.
• Any table or figure must be sufficiently described by its title and
caption or legend, to be understandable without reading the main
text of the results section.
Discussion
14. • You should acknowledge:
1. Any significant technical help that
you have received from any
individual in your lab or elsewhere
2. The source of special equipment,
cultures, or any other material
3. Any outside financial assistance,
such as grants, contracts or
fellowships
• Do not use the word “wish”, simply
write “I thank …..” and not “I wish to
thank…”
Acknowledgments
15. • Referencing is a standardized way of
acknowledging the sources of information and
ideas that you have used in your document.
• A list of ALL the references used in the text
must be written.
• Any papers not cited in the text should not be
included.
• Reference format varies widely:
– Harvard format (the name and year
system) is the most widely used
– Numerical system
References
16. Some important Language points:
• Avoid complex sentence structure
• Use simple and clear English.
18. Definition
Critical analysis of a segment of a
published body of knowledge
through summary, classification,
and comparison of prior research
studies, reviews of literature, and
theoretical articles.
19. A literature review discusses published
information in a particular subject area,
and sometimes information in a
particular subject area within a certain
time period.
A literature review is the effective
evaluation of selected documents on a
research topic.
Definition
20. Literature can include books, journal
articles, internet (electronic journals),
newspapers, magazines, theses and
dissertations, conference proceedings,
reports, and documentaries.
21. Structure of literature review
• Introduction
• Gives a quick idea of the topic of the
literature review, such as the central theme
or organizational pattern.
• Body
Contains your discussion of sources and is
organized either chronologically, thematically,
or methodologically.
• Conclusions/Recommendations
• Discuss what you have drawn from
reviewing literature so far. Where might the
discussion proceed?
22. Characteristics of Effective Literature
Reviews
Outlining important research trends
Assessing the strengths and weaknesses of
existing research
Identifying potential gaps in knowledge
Establishing a need for current and/or future
research projects
23. Steps for Writing a literature review
Planning
Reading and Research
Analyzing
Drafting
Revising
24. Planning
Focus
What is the specific thesis, problem, or
research question that my literature review
helps to define?
Identifying a focus that allows you to:
Sort and categorize information
Eliminate irrelevant information
Type
What type of literature review am I
conducting?
Theory; Methodology; Policy;
Quantitative; Qualitative
25. Scope
What is the scope of my literature review?
What types of sources am I using?
Academic Discipline
What field(s) am I working in?
Planning
26. Reading and Researching
Collect and read material.
Summarize sources.
Who is the author?
What is the author's main purpose?
What is the author’s theoretical
perspective? Research methodology?
Who is the intended audience?
What is the principal point, conclusion,
thesis, contention, or question?
How is the author’s position supported?
How does this study relate to other
studies of the problem or topic?
What does this study add to your
project?
27. • Tell me what the research says (Theory)
• Tell me how the research was carried out
(Methodology).
• Tell me what is missing or the gap that
research intends to fill.(Research gap)
Key points of a literature review
28. Organization of literature review
• A general organization looks
like a funnel
– Broader topics
– Subtopics
– Studies like yours
27
29. How to organize studies
• Chronological
– By publication date
– By trend
• Thematic
– A structure which considers different
themes
• Methodological
– Focuses on the methods of the researcher,
e.g., qualitative versus quantitative
approaches
30. Making links between studies
Agreements
• Similarly, author B points to…
• Likewise, author C makes the case that…
• Author D also makes this point…
• Again, it is possible to see how author E agrees
with author D…
Disagreements
• However, author B points to…
• On the other hand, author C makes the case
that…
• Conversely, Author D argues…
• Nevertheless, what author E suggests…
31. Types of Literature Review
On the purpose of research there are 3 main types
of literature review:
•Evaluative Review
•Explorative Review
•Instrumental Review
32. Evaluative Review
• Evaluative Review is a type of literature
review which focus on providing a discussion
of the literature in terms of its coverage and
contribution to knowledge in particular area.
• It is often used to directly compare research
findings of a project with other when
findings are directly available.
33. Exploratory
• This type of literature review which is seeking
to find out what actually exists In the academic
literature in terms of theory,emperical evidence
&research methods as they pertain to specific
research topic & its related wider subject area.
• It is also used to sharpen , focus,& identify
research questions that remain unanswered in
the specific topic.
34. Instrumental Review
• This type of literature review which is seeking
to find out how to conduct some research on a
highly specific research problem.
• It is not designed not to identify the state of
current knowledge in an area but to identify
the best way to carry out a research with out
incurring unnecessary & unavoidable cost.
35. Kinds of Literature to be Reviewed:
1. latest publications on the discipline.
2. Theses in the selected discipline.
3. To identify research gaps in the field.
4. To avoid duplication previous study in the field
& journals
36. Sources of Literature
Sources of literature can be divided
into 3 :
1.Primary literature sources
2.Secondary literature sources
3. Tertiary literature sources
.
37. 1.Primary literature sources
It includes:
1.Reports
Reports include market research reports, government reports etc.
2.Confrence proceedings
Conference proceedings referred to any symposia are often
published as unique titles with in journals, or as books. most
conference will have a very specific theme.
3.Theses
These are the research papers contains details of research done in a
particular topic. It is a good source of detailed information & further
reference.
38. 2.Secondary Literature sources
1.Journals
Journals are also known as periodicals, magazines
are published on a regular basis.
2.Books
Books are written for specific audiences.the material in
books are presented in a more ordered and accessible
manner than in journals.
3.News papers
News papers are good source of topical events.
39. 3. Tertiary literature sources
Tertiary literature sources also called as
“search tools” are designed either to help
to locate primary & secondary literature
or to introduce a topic. They include
indexes & abstracts as well as
encyclopaedias & bibliographies.
catalogues of libraries
40. A Good Literature Review is:
• Focused - The topic should be narrow. You should
only present ideas.
• Concise - Ideas should be presented economically.
• Logical - The flow within and among paragraphs
should be a smooth, logical progression from one
idea to the next
• Developed - Don’t leave the story half told.
• Integrative - Your paper should stress how the
ideas in the studies are related.
• Current - Your review should focus on work being
done on the cutting edge of your topic.
41. Common errors in reviewing literature
Hurrying through review to get started could
mean that you will miss something that will
improve your research.
Relying too heavily upon secondary sources.
Concentrating on findings rather than
methods.
Overlooking sources other than academic
journals. Don’t forget newspaper articles,
magazines.
Searching too broad or too narrow of a topic.