A dissertation or research report consists of several key parts including an abstract, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. The abstract provides a concise summary of the overall goals and outcomes of the research. A literature review analyzes previous work on the topic to identify connections and gaps. The methodology section explains how the research was conducted, including the design, sample, and data collection/analysis methods. The results section presents the findings from applying the methodology. The discussion section interprets the results in the context of prior literature. The conclusion summarizes the main findings and implications. Together, these sections allow the researcher to investigate and report on an original topic of inquiry.

1. TOPIC-
DISSERTATION/RESEAR
CH REPORT ARTICLE

2. CONTENT
• What is dessertation?
• Part of dessertation
• Title
• Abstract
• Letrature review
• Methods
• Statistics
• Illustration
• Results
• Disscusion
• Summry and conclusion
• Bibliography
• Reccomendation.

3. DISSERTATION
• A FORMAL DOCUMENT THAT PRESENT ORIGINAL RESEARCH TO THE
• PANEL AND TO THE PUBLIC.. A DISSERTATION IS A PIECE OF RESEARCH
CONSISTS OF EXPLANATIONS
• THAT ARE MORE DETAILED, AND MOST IMPORTANTLY, IT IS ORIGINAL . IT
DEALS WITH THE COLLECTION OF DATA AND DOING PRIMARY RESEARCH.
• IT IS A KIND OF ASSESMENT WHICH IS DONE BY THE STUDENT IN THE
FINAL YEAR OF THEIR STUDY AND IT IS DIFFERENT FROM THE OTHER
WAYS OF ASSESMENT MODULES.

4. RESEARCH ARTICLE
• • A Research article on the results of a study or experiment.
• It is written by the person or people who did the research.
• It is new, original work that has not been done before.

5. RESEARCH REPORT
• A research report is completed study that reports an investigation or exploration
of a problem, identifies questions to be addressed, and includes data collected,
analysed, and interpreted by a researcher.

6. WHAT IS DISSERTATION?
• A Dissertation is a particular kind of acedemic task. You will usually be asked to
generate a topic for yourself; to plan and execute a project investigating that topic;
and to write-up-what you did and what your findings were.important stages in the
dissertation process include:
• Chosing a topic;
• Developing a research question;
• Effective planning of the research
• Being organised and methodical while conducting your research and
• Reporting the research.

7. PARTS OF DISSERTATION ARE
• A title
• Introduction
• Abstract
• Review of literature
• Material and methods
• Results and disscussion
• Summary and conclusion
• Bibilography
• Recommendation

8. • TITLE – A Dissertation starts with a title page.it contains the reserch title and the
name of the institution where the reserch being submitted. Different disclipines
require different arrangements of the title page components. Be sure to inquire
with your faculty.
• ABSTRACT- it is the research summary. An abstract gives the overall goal of the
research in a page or less. Anyone reading an abstract should have a rough idea
of the whole research since it contains a stand-alone thesis.

9. Introduction
The Introduction explains more on the abstract.as earlier stated, the abstract is short and concise
hence the introduction brodens its contents. A reader can identify how, what and why of the specific
research after reading the introduction.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
To wite a literature review one needs to read previous work and research on the topic Journals books
and research articles are used in collection of information which is later analysed,then connections are
made from the different information collected. Gaps are identified, hence finding ways to build more on
what present.

10. MATERIAL AND METHODS
• It explains how the research is conducted. The type of research to be used is
presented, the method used to collect data, the research area is stated, data
analysis is described, any tool used, limitations and the justification of the choices
made when collecting data. The methodology needs to be convincing to meet the
research goals.

11. • RESULTS
The findings give the result of the methodology.
In some departments, findings and discussion may be explained together while in others they are
different entities. Charts,histograms.
Tables are useful in showing the findings
• DISCUSSION
The findings are explained in details forming different relationships from the
literature review. Recommendations are presented to help improve the
issue being discussed.

12. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
It brings all the dissertation together to explain the findings and research
questions.contribution to the current literature is highlighted in the conclusion
section.
BIBILOGRAPHY
A bibilography is a detailed list of all sources consulted and cited in a research
paper or project. It includes authors name title of the work, year of publication,
publisher etc.

13. TITLE
A Dissertation starts with a title page.it contains the reserch title and the name of
the institution where the reserch is being submitted. Different disclipines require
different arrangements of the title page components. Be sure to inquire with your
faculty.

14. An abstract is a short summary of a longer work
(such as a dissertation or research paper). The
abstract concisely report the aims and outcomes of
your research so that readers know exactly what
the paper is about.
ABSTRACT

15. An abstract is a concise summary of an academic text ( Such as
a journal article or dissertation) it serves two main purposes.
Step 1 : Describe the purpose and value of your research
Here you need to concisely explain the purpose and value of your research. In other
words, you need to explain what your research set out to discover and why that’s
important. When stating the purpose of research, you need to clearly discuss the
following:
•What were your research aims and research questions?
•Why were these aims and questions important?
PURPOSE OF ABSTRACT

16. It’s essential to make this section extremely clear, concise and
convincing. As the opening section, this is where you’ll “hook”
your reader (marker) in and get them interested in your project. If
you don’t put in the effort here, you’ll likely lose their interest
Step 2: Briefly outline your study’s methodology. In this part of
your abstract, you need to very briefly explain how you went about
answering your research questions. In other words, what research
design and methodology you adopted in your research. Some
important questions ato address here includes.

17. Did you take a qualitative or quantitative approaches?
•Who/what did your sample consist of ?
•How did you collect your data?
•How did you analyse your data?
Simply put, this section needs to address the “How” of
your research. It doesn’t needs to be lengthy (this is just a
summary, after all), but it should clearly address the four
questions above.

18. Step 3 : Present your key. Findings
Next, you need to briefly highlight the key findings. Your research
likely produced a wealth of data and findings, so there may be a
temptation to ramble here. However, this section is just about the
key finings – in other words, the answers to the original questions
that you set out to address.
Again, brevity and clarity are important here. You again, brevity
and clarity are important here. You need to concisely present the
most important findings for your reader.

19. Step 4: Describe the implications of your research
Have you ever found yourself reading through a large report, struggling to figure
out what all the findings mean in term of the bigger picture? Well, that’s the
purpose of the implications section – to highlight the “so what?” of your
research.
In this part of your abstract, you should address the following questions:
• What is the impact of your research finding on the industry/field investigated?
In other words, what’s the impact on the “real world”
•What is the impact of your findings on the existing body of knowledge? For
example, do they support the existing research?
•What might your findings mean for future research conducted on your topic?

20. 1. Descriptive abstract
2. Informative abstract
3. Critical abstract
4. Highlight abstract
TYPE OF ABSTRACT :-

21. 1. Informative Abstract :-
Informative abstract detail the background major points research
methods significant finding the condusion reached and any
recommendation so that readers understand the main elements of
the paper before delving further.
2. Discriptive Abstract :-
Descriptive abstract provide an overview of the content
detailing major points and research methods involved however
contrary to informative abstract they do not provide significant
findings condusion or recommendations.

22. 3. CRITICAL ABSTRACT :
Unlike the previous two critical abstract evaluate and offer
analysis on the paper findings and provide an overview of the
paper.
4. HIGHLIGHT ABSTRACT:
Highlight abstract are infrequently used in academia because
they are meant to grasp the reader’s attention to read the work
more so than acts as stand-alone overview.

24. Generally review of literature provides in depth
understanding and explanation on how your finding are
similar to or novel from previous research work.
To accomplish review of literature you need to locate
read and evaluate research documents, reports as well as
thesis and other sources of academic materials.
LITERATURE REVIEW

25. FUNCTIONS OF LITERATURE REVIEW
Provides theoretical background
to your study or field of interest
Establish the links between what you purpose to examine and
what has already been found it helps you to refine. Your
research methodology

26. IMPORTANCE OF LITERATURE REVIEW
Improve your research methodology
Focus on research problem
Cater knowledge based for research area
Contextualizing research finding
Ensure novelty in your work

27. TYPES OF LITERATURE REVIEW
Narrative literature review : Also referred to as
traditional literature review, critiques literature and
summarizes the body of a literature.
Systematic literature review: Requires more rigorous
and well defined approach compared to most other types
of literature review.
Scoping literature review : As implied by its name is
used to identify the scope or coverage of a body of
literature on a given topic.

28. Argumentative literature review : as the name implies examines
literature selectively in order to support or refute an argument
deeply imbedded assumption or philosophical
Problem.
Integrative literature review : Review critiques and synthesizes
secondly data about research topic in an integrated way such that
new frameworks and perspectives on the topic are generated.
Theoretical literature review : Focuses on a pool of theory that
has accumulated in regard to an issue, concept, theory
phenomena.

29. PURPOSE FOR A LITERATURE REVIEW
•Delimiting the research problem
•Seeking new lines of inquiry
•Avoiding fruitless approaches
•Gaining methodological insights
•Identifying recommendation for further research
•Seeking support for grounded theory

30. METHODS :
• The methods section should provide a detailed
• exposition of the research design.
• The methods section should be organized under meaningful subheadings and describe
techniques used in sufficient detail to allow others to replicate the
• study. New or substantially modified methods should be clearly described, with reasons given
for using them and with their limitations outlined.
• Sample details should be explained in detail (size,
• gender, age, included and excluded criteria of sample)
• Time and place of work should be clearly identified.

31. • The methods section should not:
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• Components of thesis.
• Slides:
• Refer to patients and animals as material; patients and animals are living things; not
inanimate “material”. The term “material” should be used only if inanimate specimens have
been used.
• Use proprietary names of drugs; generic names should be used.

32. STATISTICS :
• Statistical methods should be to standard works when possible
• Any computer programs used should be
• identified.
• Statistical terms, abbreviations, and symbols should be defined. It is
recommended to include the word “considered” in descriptions of statistical
• significance such as “a P value of less than 0.05
• was considered statistically significant”

33. MATERIAL & METHODS :
• Where, & when was the work conducted?
• What was the source o your sample?
• How was the procedure?
• What was done?
• No results, no conclusions, no references. •

34. RESULTS :
1. Results that do not relate to the research objective should not be mentioned.
2. Sufficient detail should be given to allow other scientists to assess the validity and accuracy of the results.
Tables:
1. A table should be readily understood without reference to the text.
2. A table should be cited in the text, be numbered, and have a title which exactly describes the content of the table.
3. It should have short or abbreviated headings for columns and rows and, if necessary.
4. A footnote for explanation of non-standard abbreviations that are used, and for Identification of
statistical measures of variations.
5. Columns should be arranged from left to right in a logical sequence. • Rows should be arranged from
top to bottom in a logical order.

35. ILLUSTRATION
• Graphs are used to illustrate relationships.
• Titles and detailed explanations belong in the legends for illustrations not on the
illustrations themselves.
• Figures should be numbered consecutively according to the order in which they
have been first cited in the text.
• When symbols, arrows, numbers, or letters are used to identify parts of the
illustrations, each
• One should be explained clearly in the legend.

36. RESULTS :
.Clear exposition of findings..
Tables & figures should be clear,
simple,
proper numbering & proper title.

37. DISCUSSION :
• Statement of principal findings, This should not
• normally be more than a few sentences.
• Strengths and weaknesses of the study
• strengths and weaknesses in relation to other
• studies meaning of the study, possible mechanisms and implications for clinicians and
policymakers
• unanswered questions and future research.
• Clear, factual.
• Supported by findings from results…
• Correlate your findings to findings of other people.

38. SUMMARY
• “Summary of findings is the last part of the thesis or dissertation. It is where the findings or the
result of the thesis study is written”
CHARACTERISTICS :-
1. Summary of findings should be a short statement such as the main purpose of the study, the
population or respondents, period of the study, method of research used, research instrument and
sampling design.
2. Findings should be written in textual generalization, that is, a summary of the important data
consisting of text and numbers.
3. Only Important findings should be included in the summary
4. No new information or data should be included in the summary of findings.
5. Findings should be stated concisely, not explained or elaborated anymore.

39. STEP OF WRITING SUMMARY
Keep all the
important point and
evidences in front of
your eyes
Cluster the main idea of
the whole piece and the
main evidence for each
idea.

40. CONCLUSION
“conclusion is typically created at the end of the writing process. The conclusion of
a research thesis reaffirms the thesis statement, discusses the issues, and reaches
a final judgment. The conclusion is not a summary; it is a belief based on your
reasoning and on the evidence you ave accumulated. This is the place to share with
readers the conclusions you have reached because of your research.”

41. PURPOSE OF CONCLUSION
1. Tie together, integrate and synthesize the various issues raised in the
discussion sections, whilst reflecting the introductory thesis statement (s) or
objectives.
2. To provide answers to the thesis research questions.
3. Identify the theoretical and policy implications of the study with respect to the
overall study area.
4. Highlights the study limitations
5. Provide direction and areas for future research

42. BIBLIOGRAPHY
WHAT IS A BIBLIOGRAPHY
"BIBLIOGRAPHY A SCIENCE OF THE TRANSMISSION OF LITERARY DOCUMENTS
*A BIBLIOGRAPHY IS AN ORDERLY LIST OF RESOURCES ON A PARTICULAR SUBJECT
"A BIBLIOGRAPHY PROVIDES THE FULL REFERENCE INFORMATION FOR ALL THE
SOURCES WHICH YOU MAY HAVE CONSULTED IN PREPARING A PARTICULAR PROJECT
*THE PURPOSE OF A BIBLIOGRAPHY IS TO ALLOW THE READER TO TRACE THE SOURCES USED.

43. WHATSHOULDBEINCLUDED?
We should include:
• Title of Publication
• Author/ Editor/Corporate Author (surname always comes first)
• Place of Publication (POP)
• Publisher
• Copyright date
• Volume/URL/Pagination/Month (These are not applicable to books)

44. ARRANGMENT OFBIBLIOGRAPHY
• The bibliography must be arranged in alphabetical order using the
surnames of authors/editors and names of corporate bodiesThe
bibliography must be arranged in alphabetical order using the
surnames of authors/editors and names of corporate bodies

45. RECOMMENDATION
Research often exposes further problems and introduces more questions. As a
student, there is a time limit to your research project, so it is unlikely that your work
would have solved all the problems associated with the area of study

46. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
RECOMMENDATIONS
• Based upon the findings and conclusions.
• Feasible, practical, and attainable.
• action-oriented (recommend action to remedy or unfavorable condition
discovered)
• limited only to the subject of the study but recommend further research on the
same subject.