The document is a lab report submitted by Rida Aqsa to Sir Irfan at the University of Engineering and Technology Lahore. It describes 3 experiments conducted regarding particle technology: 1) measuring the angle of balls carried against the wall of a ball mill, 2) measuring the angle of repose for rice and wheat using a rotary cylinder, and 3) describing the operation of an ultrafine grinder which uses a vertical shaft and multi-chambered rotor units to grind materials at high speed. The ball mill and ultrafine grinder experiments aimed to optimize grinding efficiency while the angle of repose experiment analyzed how solids flow out of containers.
Fluid Mechanic Lab - Reynold's Number ExperimentMuhammadSRaniYah
1. The document summarizes an experiment conducted by Muhammad Sulaimon Rasul to determine different types of fluid flow (laminar, transitional, turbulent) using Reynolds apparatus.
2. The experiment measured the volume of water and time taken to fill a graduated cylinder for different flow rates. This was used to calculate Reynolds number to identify flow type.
3. All results showed Reynolds numbers less than 2000, indicating laminar flow for all trials according to the theoretical boundaries between flow types.
The report is being made on the experience of 3 weeks office training.
briefly describes the quality tests of Fine and Coarse aggregates .
Complete calculation of concrete mix design is included with solved numerical equations.
Cement, water and admixtures quality test is not performed because the contractor purchase it from other chemical and cement manufacturer company.
Notches are devices used to measure the flow rate of liquids through channels. Notches are classified based on their shape as rectangular, triangular, or trapezoidal. Rectangular notches offer more pressure drop than other shapes. Flow through rectangular and trapezoidal notches depends on the upstream depth, while flow through triangular notches depends on the notch angle. Triangular notches are useful for measuring low flow rates. Trapezoidal notches have discharge equal to the sum of a rectangular and two triangular notches. Weirs are larger structures used to store and measure large river and canal flows, while notches are smaller devices that measure small stream or canal flows.
VENTURIMETER -Application of Bernoulli's LawKundan Kumar
A venturimeter uses Bernoulli's theorem to measure fluid flow rate in a pipe. It consists of a converging cone that accelerates the fluid, a cylindrical throat where pressure is measured, and a diverging cone that recovers pressure. By relating the pressure difference between the inlet and throat to the velocity difference via Bernoulli's equation, the flow rate can be calculated. Venturimeters are commonly used to measure gasoline or blood flow. While accurate, they are more expensive and bulky than orifice meters.
The document discusses bag filters, including:
1. The mechanisms of particle capture in bag filters including impaction, diffusion, electrostatic forces, and cake building.
2. Common cleaning methods for bag filters such as collapse, shaking, reverse air pulse, and reverse air jet.
3. Key factors in bag filter design like temperature limitations, fabric choice, filtration velocity, and sizing considerations.
The document discusses size reduction, which is the process of reducing the size of solid materials through mechanisms like impact, attrition, compression, and cutting. Size reduction is important to increase surface area for applications like reactions. Common size reduction equipment includes crushers, grinders, and cutting machines. Crushers are used for coarse size reduction through impacts. Grinders provide intermediate and fine size reduction through impacts or abrasion. Factors that influence equipment choice include the feed and desired product sizes, material properties, and capacity needs. The efficiency of size reduction depends on factors like the energy required to generate new surface area.
(No "Download lock")........... Study it, Download it, Understand it, Apply it and Serve the community.
رَبِّ زدْنيِ عِلْماً (Arabic)..............Ameen.
Fluid Mechanic Lab - Reynold's Number ExperimentMuhammadSRaniYah
1. The document summarizes an experiment conducted by Muhammad Sulaimon Rasul to determine different types of fluid flow (laminar, transitional, turbulent) using Reynolds apparatus.
2. The experiment measured the volume of water and time taken to fill a graduated cylinder for different flow rates. This was used to calculate Reynolds number to identify flow type.
3. All results showed Reynolds numbers less than 2000, indicating laminar flow for all trials according to the theoretical boundaries between flow types.
The report is being made on the experience of 3 weeks office training.
briefly describes the quality tests of Fine and Coarse aggregates .
Complete calculation of concrete mix design is included with solved numerical equations.
Cement, water and admixtures quality test is not performed because the contractor purchase it from other chemical and cement manufacturer company.
Notches are devices used to measure the flow rate of liquids through channels. Notches are classified based on their shape as rectangular, triangular, or trapezoidal. Rectangular notches offer more pressure drop than other shapes. Flow through rectangular and trapezoidal notches depends on the upstream depth, while flow through triangular notches depends on the notch angle. Triangular notches are useful for measuring low flow rates. Trapezoidal notches have discharge equal to the sum of a rectangular and two triangular notches. Weirs are larger structures used to store and measure large river and canal flows, while notches are smaller devices that measure small stream or canal flows.
VENTURIMETER -Application of Bernoulli's LawKundan Kumar
A venturimeter uses Bernoulli's theorem to measure fluid flow rate in a pipe. It consists of a converging cone that accelerates the fluid, a cylindrical throat where pressure is measured, and a diverging cone that recovers pressure. By relating the pressure difference between the inlet and throat to the velocity difference via Bernoulli's equation, the flow rate can be calculated. Venturimeters are commonly used to measure gasoline or blood flow. While accurate, they are more expensive and bulky than orifice meters.
The document discusses bag filters, including:
1. The mechanisms of particle capture in bag filters including impaction, diffusion, electrostatic forces, and cake building.
2. Common cleaning methods for bag filters such as collapse, shaking, reverse air pulse, and reverse air jet.
3. Key factors in bag filter design like temperature limitations, fabric choice, filtration velocity, and sizing considerations.
The document discusses size reduction, which is the process of reducing the size of solid materials through mechanisms like impact, attrition, compression, and cutting. Size reduction is important to increase surface area for applications like reactions. Common size reduction equipment includes crushers, grinders, and cutting machines. Crushers are used for coarse size reduction through impacts. Grinders provide intermediate and fine size reduction through impacts or abrasion. Factors that influence equipment choice include the feed and desired product sizes, material properties, and capacity needs. The efficiency of size reduction depends on factors like the energy required to generate new surface area.
(No "Download lock")........... Study it, Download it, Understand it, Apply it and Serve the community.
رَبِّ زدْنيِ عِلْماً (Arabic)..............Ameen.
This document summarizes an experiment conducted to determine the softening point of an unknown bitumen sample using the ring and ball apparatus. The experiment involved preparing the bitumen sample in brass rings and determining the temperature at which the sample touched the base plate as it was heated in a liquid bath. The mean of two recorded temperatures was taken as the softening point. The sample's softening point was then reported and compared to standard values. Primary uses of asphalt include road construction, crack filler, waterproofing and roof sealing.
Gradation of fine aggregate by sieve analysisMuhammad Saleem
1. This document summarizes a student's laboratory experiment analyzing the gradation of fine aggregate through sieve analysis.
2. Sieve analysis involves separating a dried aggregate sample through a series of sieves to determine the particle size distribution, which is then compared to specifications.
3. The student's results found the fineness modulus of 3.35 for the tested aggregate sample, which is outside the specified range of 2.2-3.2, indicating the aggregate did not meet specifications.
This document describes the penetration test method for bituminous materials (ASTM D5-13). The penetration test determines the consistency of a bitumen sample by measuring the depth in tenths of a millimeter that a standard needle vertically penetrates the sample under specific conditions. A higher penetration value indicates a softer consistency. The method involves heating the sample, cooling it, and using a penetrometer to take three measurements at the test temperature. The measurements are averaged and the penetration grade is reported.
The document describes procedures for determining the liquid limit and plastic limit of soil samples. The liquid limit test involves adding water to soil and determining the moisture content at which a groove closes after 25 blows. The plastic limit is the moisture content at which a soil ball crumbles after rolling out to 3mm diameter. These limits are used to classify soils and predict properties like strength and compressibility. The plasticity index, defined as the liquid limit minus the plastic limit, provides further information on soil type and reactivity. Proper determination of the Atterberg limits is important for building foundations to ensure suitable shear strength and volume change with moisture fluctuations.
The sand replacement test determines the in situ density of natural or compacted soils using sand pouring cylinders. The test involves excavating a soil sample, measuring its mass, and replacing the excavated volume with sand of a known density to find the sample volume. This allows calculating the dry density based on the sample mass and volume. The test establishes a relationship between dry density and moisture content. It is used to evaluate compaction levels in the field according to acceptance criteria for different depths.
This document contains information about notches and weirs used to measure fluid discharge. It defines notches and weirs, describes common types of each including rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal, and Cippoletti, and provides the key equations for calculating discharge over each type. The main difference between notches and weirs is that notches are openings in tank walls used to measure small discharges, while weirs are larger concrete structures built across rivers or canals to measure larger discharges.
Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortar | Jameel AcademyJameel Academy
This document summarizes a test to determine the compressive strength of cement mortar cubes. Six cement mortar cubes were created and tested to failure. The compressive strength was calculated for each cube based on the failure load and cross-sectional area. The average compressive strength of the cubes was calculated to be 34.45 MPa. This result exceeds the standard requirement of 24 MPa or greater for cement mortar at 7 days. Therefore, the cement mortar tested was determined to be suitable for use in construction projects.
Effect of the use of crumb rubber in conventional bitumen on the marshall sta...eSAT Journals
Abstract In today’s era, solid waste management is the thrust area. Out of this various waste materials, plastic waste, tyre waste and municipal solid waste are of great concern. On the other side, the road traffic is increasing. The traffic intensity isalso increasing. The load bearing capacities of the road are to be increased. Our present work is helping to take care of both these aspects.Plastic waste, consisting of carry bags, cups, thermocoles, etc. can be used as a coating over aggregate and this coated stone can be used for road construction. Secondly the waste tires are powdered and the powder is blended with bitumen and this blend is used along with plastic coated aggregate. The mix polymer coated aggregate and tyre modified bitumen have shown higher strength. Use of this mix for road construction helps to use both plastics waste and tyre waste.Stone aggregate is coated with the molten waste plastics. The coating of plastics reduces the porosity, absorption of moisture and improves soundness.The polymer coated aggregate bitumen mix forms better material for flexible pavement construction as the mix shows higher Marshall Stability value and suitable Marshall Coefficient. Moreover the polymer coated aggregate helps to use Crumb rubber modified bitumen resulting in better result. Moreover the polymer coated aggregate helps to use Crumb rubber modified bitumen resulting in better result.Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen (CRMB) is hydrocarbon binder obtained through physical and chemical interaction of crumb rubber (produced by recycling of used tires) with bitumen and some specific additives. The Flextal range of CRMB offers binders which are stable and easy to handle with enhanced performances.( www.total.co.in)[1] Keywords:CRMB, Pavement, Bitumen, Crumb Rubber, and Marshall Stability Value
A jaw crusher uses compressive force for breaking rocks into smaller pieces by placing the rock between two surfaces, one of which moves back and forth relative to the other to crush the rock. Jaw crushers produce coarse particle size ranges from 150-250mm and can be either single toggle or double toggle designs. The crusher described in the document is a single toggle jaw crusher that uses an eccentric motion to crush rocks in a crushing chamber between the fixed jaw and swing jaw plate.
Venturi meters use a restriction in a pipe to measure fluid flow rates. They have a converging section that narrows to a throat and then diverges again. This creates a pressure difference that can be used to calculate flow rate. Venturi meters have no moving parts, a small head loss, and do not easily clog. They work by applying Bernoulli's theorem between the inlet and throat, where the flow velocity increases and pressure decreases in the throat. Venturi meters can measure flow rates of various liquids and gases and are useful for high flow rates in large pipes, though they are large in size.
This document describes the working principle and experimental setup for calibrating a venturimeter. A venturimeter consists of an inlet section followed by a converging section, cylindrical throat, and gradually diverging cone. It works by creating a pressure difference between the inlet and throat sections due to an increase in flow velocity at the throat. This pressure difference is measured to determine the flow rate. The experiment involves taking pressure and flow rate measurements at the inlet and throat sections using a manometer and collecting water over time. The data is then used to calculate discharge coefficients and Reynolds numbers to calibrate the venturimeter.
This document discusses particle size analysis through sieve analysis. It explains that sieve analysis involves separating particulate materials into size fractions using screens with different sized meshes/openings and then determining the mass or volume of material in each fraction. This allows analyzing the particle size distribution. Screening methods like using grizzlies, stationary screens, mechanically vibrating screens, gyrating screens, and centrifugal screens are described for separating particles of different sizes. Key terms related to sieve analysis and screening are also defined.
Capillarity refers to the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces due to intermolecular forces between the liquid and surrounding solid surface. Capillarity occurs due to the balance between cohesive forces within the liquid and adhesive forces between the liquid and surrounding surface. There are two types of capillarity: capillary rise, where adhesion is greater than cohesion causing liquid to flow upward; and capillary fall, where adhesion is less than cohesion causing liquid to flow downward. The height of capillary rise or fall can be calculated based on properties of the liquid and surrounding material. Common examples of capillarity include the wicking of oil up a lamp wick and the absorption of ink into blotting paper.
A crusher is a machine that reduces large rocks into smaller pieces by using impact, attrition, shear, or compression. There are four main types of crushers: jaw crushers, gyratory crushers, cone crushers, and roll crushers. Jaw crushers use compression force to break rocks between a fixed and moving surface, while gyratory and cone crushers use a similar principle with a gyrating motion to break rocks inside an enclosed chamber. Roll crushers use cylindrical rollers to crush material. Each crusher type has different features that make it suitable for different applications depending on the material properties.
This document discusses grain size analysis of soils, which determines the size distribution of particles in a soil sample. It describes two common methods: sieve analysis for particles larger than 0.075 mm and hydrometer analysis for smaller particles. Sieve analysis involves shaking a soil sample through a nested set of sieves to separate particles by size. A particle size distribution curve shows the percentage of particles finer than each size cutoff. Soil properties like effective size, uniformity, and gradation can be determined from this curve. Sieve analysis data is collected and a particle size distribution curve can be generated to classify the soil and assess its engineering properties.
Here are the steps to solve this problem:
(a) Surface area of cuboid = 2*(5*3 + 5*1 + 3*1) = 38 mm^2
Surface area of sphere = 4*π*r^2
Equating the two: 38 = 4*π*r1^2
r1 = √(38/4/π) = 3 mm
Surface diameter = 2*r1 = 6 mm
(b) Surface area of cuboid = 38 mm^2
Volume of cuboid = 5*3*1 = 15 mm^3
Surface area to volume ratio of cuboid = 38/15 = 2.53 mm^-1
Surface
This ppt is more useful for Civil Engineering students.
I have prepared this ppt during my college days as a part of semester evaluation . Hope this will help to current civil students for their ppt presentations and in many more activities as a part of their semester assessments.
I have prepared this ppt as per the syllabus concerned in the particular topic of the subject, so one can directly use it just by editing their names.
The document discusses open channel flow, providing definitions and key equations. It begins by defining an open channel as a channel with a free surface not fully enclosed by solid boundaries. Important equations for open channel flow are then presented, including Chezy's and Manning's equations for calculating velocity and discharge using variables like hydraulic radius, channel slope, and roughness coefficients. Factors influencing open channel flow like channel shape, surface roughness, and flow regime (e.g. laminar vs turbulent) are also addressed.
The first lecture in the module Particle Technology, delivered to second year students who have already studied basic fluid mechanics. Some applications of Particle Technology are described, in industry and nature, and particle size analysis and means of representing the data. The format for the laboratory classes for the module and their reports are covered.
This document provides an introduction to a course on particle technology. It discusses key topics that will be covered, including characterization of solid particles by size, shape, and density. Particle size is an especially important property, as it influences many material behaviors. Size can be analyzed through techniques like screen analysis to determine distributions. Average particle sizes are defined in several ways. The course will also cover topics like particle motion, separation methods, and more.
This document summarizes an experiment conducted to determine the softening point of an unknown bitumen sample using the ring and ball apparatus. The experiment involved preparing the bitumen sample in brass rings and determining the temperature at which the sample touched the base plate as it was heated in a liquid bath. The mean of two recorded temperatures was taken as the softening point. The sample's softening point was then reported and compared to standard values. Primary uses of asphalt include road construction, crack filler, waterproofing and roof sealing.
Gradation of fine aggregate by sieve analysisMuhammad Saleem
1. This document summarizes a student's laboratory experiment analyzing the gradation of fine aggregate through sieve analysis.
2. Sieve analysis involves separating a dried aggregate sample through a series of sieves to determine the particle size distribution, which is then compared to specifications.
3. The student's results found the fineness modulus of 3.35 for the tested aggregate sample, which is outside the specified range of 2.2-3.2, indicating the aggregate did not meet specifications.
This document describes the penetration test method for bituminous materials (ASTM D5-13). The penetration test determines the consistency of a bitumen sample by measuring the depth in tenths of a millimeter that a standard needle vertically penetrates the sample under specific conditions. A higher penetration value indicates a softer consistency. The method involves heating the sample, cooling it, and using a penetrometer to take three measurements at the test temperature. The measurements are averaged and the penetration grade is reported.
The document describes procedures for determining the liquid limit and plastic limit of soil samples. The liquid limit test involves adding water to soil and determining the moisture content at which a groove closes after 25 blows. The plastic limit is the moisture content at which a soil ball crumbles after rolling out to 3mm diameter. These limits are used to classify soils and predict properties like strength and compressibility. The plasticity index, defined as the liquid limit minus the plastic limit, provides further information on soil type and reactivity. Proper determination of the Atterberg limits is important for building foundations to ensure suitable shear strength and volume change with moisture fluctuations.
The sand replacement test determines the in situ density of natural or compacted soils using sand pouring cylinders. The test involves excavating a soil sample, measuring its mass, and replacing the excavated volume with sand of a known density to find the sample volume. This allows calculating the dry density based on the sample mass and volume. The test establishes a relationship between dry density and moisture content. It is used to evaluate compaction levels in the field according to acceptance criteria for different depths.
This document contains information about notches and weirs used to measure fluid discharge. It defines notches and weirs, describes common types of each including rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal, and Cippoletti, and provides the key equations for calculating discharge over each type. The main difference between notches and weirs is that notches are openings in tank walls used to measure small discharges, while weirs are larger concrete structures built across rivers or canals to measure larger discharges.
Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortar | Jameel AcademyJameel Academy
This document summarizes a test to determine the compressive strength of cement mortar cubes. Six cement mortar cubes were created and tested to failure. The compressive strength was calculated for each cube based on the failure load and cross-sectional area. The average compressive strength of the cubes was calculated to be 34.45 MPa. This result exceeds the standard requirement of 24 MPa or greater for cement mortar at 7 days. Therefore, the cement mortar tested was determined to be suitable for use in construction projects.
Effect of the use of crumb rubber in conventional bitumen on the marshall sta...eSAT Journals
Abstract In today’s era, solid waste management is the thrust area. Out of this various waste materials, plastic waste, tyre waste and municipal solid waste are of great concern. On the other side, the road traffic is increasing. The traffic intensity isalso increasing. The load bearing capacities of the road are to be increased. Our present work is helping to take care of both these aspects.Plastic waste, consisting of carry bags, cups, thermocoles, etc. can be used as a coating over aggregate and this coated stone can be used for road construction. Secondly the waste tires are powdered and the powder is blended with bitumen and this blend is used along with plastic coated aggregate. The mix polymer coated aggregate and tyre modified bitumen have shown higher strength. Use of this mix for road construction helps to use both plastics waste and tyre waste.Stone aggregate is coated with the molten waste plastics. The coating of plastics reduces the porosity, absorption of moisture and improves soundness.The polymer coated aggregate bitumen mix forms better material for flexible pavement construction as the mix shows higher Marshall Stability value and suitable Marshall Coefficient. Moreover the polymer coated aggregate helps to use Crumb rubber modified bitumen resulting in better result. Moreover the polymer coated aggregate helps to use Crumb rubber modified bitumen resulting in better result.Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen (CRMB) is hydrocarbon binder obtained through physical and chemical interaction of crumb rubber (produced by recycling of used tires) with bitumen and some specific additives. The Flextal range of CRMB offers binders which are stable and easy to handle with enhanced performances.( www.total.co.in)[1] Keywords:CRMB, Pavement, Bitumen, Crumb Rubber, and Marshall Stability Value
A jaw crusher uses compressive force for breaking rocks into smaller pieces by placing the rock between two surfaces, one of which moves back and forth relative to the other to crush the rock. Jaw crushers produce coarse particle size ranges from 150-250mm and can be either single toggle or double toggle designs. The crusher described in the document is a single toggle jaw crusher that uses an eccentric motion to crush rocks in a crushing chamber between the fixed jaw and swing jaw plate.
Venturi meters use a restriction in a pipe to measure fluid flow rates. They have a converging section that narrows to a throat and then diverges again. This creates a pressure difference that can be used to calculate flow rate. Venturi meters have no moving parts, a small head loss, and do not easily clog. They work by applying Bernoulli's theorem between the inlet and throat, where the flow velocity increases and pressure decreases in the throat. Venturi meters can measure flow rates of various liquids and gases and are useful for high flow rates in large pipes, though they are large in size.
This document describes the working principle and experimental setup for calibrating a venturimeter. A venturimeter consists of an inlet section followed by a converging section, cylindrical throat, and gradually diverging cone. It works by creating a pressure difference between the inlet and throat sections due to an increase in flow velocity at the throat. This pressure difference is measured to determine the flow rate. The experiment involves taking pressure and flow rate measurements at the inlet and throat sections using a manometer and collecting water over time. The data is then used to calculate discharge coefficients and Reynolds numbers to calibrate the venturimeter.
This document discusses particle size analysis through sieve analysis. It explains that sieve analysis involves separating particulate materials into size fractions using screens with different sized meshes/openings and then determining the mass or volume of material in each fraction. This allows analyzing the particle size distribution. Screening methods like using grizzlies, stationary screens, mechanically vibrating screens, gyrating screens, and centrifugal screens are described for separating particles of different sizes. Key terms related to sieve analysis and screening are also defined.
Capillarity refers to the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces due to intermolecular forces between the liquid and surrounding solid surface. Capillarity occurs due to the balance between cohesive forces within the liquid and adhesive forces between the liquid and surrounding surface. There are two types of capillarity: capillary rise, where adhesion is greater than cohesion causing liquid to flow upward; and capillary fall, where adhesion is less than cohesion causing liquid to flow downward. The height of capillary rise or fall can be calculated based on properties of the liquid and surrounding material. Common examples of capillarity include the wicking of oil up a lamp wick and the absorption of ink into blotting paper.
A crusher is a machine that reduces large rocks into smaller pieces by using impact, attrition, shear, or compression. There are four main types of crushers: jaw crushers, gyratory crushers, cone crushers, and roll crushers. Jaw crushers use compression force to break rocks between a fixed and moving surface, while gyratory and cone crushers use a similar principle with a gyrating motion to break rocks inside an enclosed chamber. Roll crushers use cylindrical rollers to crush material. Each crusher type has different features that make it suitable for different applications depending on the material properties.
This document discusses grain size analysis of soils, which determines the size distribution of particles in a soil sample. It describes two common methods: sieve analysis for particles larger than 0.075 mm and hydrometer analysis for smaller particles. Sieve analysis involves shaking a soil sample through a nested set of sieves to separate particles by size. A particle size distribution curve shows the percentage of particles finer than each size cutoff. Soil properties like effective size, uniformity, and gradation can be determined from this curve. Sieve analysis data is collected and a particle size distribution curve can be generated to classify the soil and assess its engineering properties.
Here are the steps to solve this problem:
(a) Surface area of cuboid = 2*(5*3 + 5*1 + 3*1) = 38 mm^2
Surface area of sphere = 4*π*r^2
Equating the two: 38 = 4*π*r1^2
r1 = √(38/4/π) = 3 mm
Surface diameter = 2*r1 = 6 mm
(b) Surface area of cuboid = 38 mm^2
Volume of cuboid = 5*3*1 = 15 mm^3
Surface area to volume ratio of cuboid = 38/15 = 2.53 mm^-1
Surface
This ppt is more useful for Civil Engineering students.
I have prepared this ppt during my college days as a part of semester evaluation . Hope this will help to current civil students for their ppt presentations and in many more activities as a part of their semester assessments.
I have prepared this ppt as per the syllabus concerned in the particular topic of the subject, so one can directly use it just by editing their names.
The document discusses open channel flow, providing definitions and key equations. It begins by defining an open channel as a channel with a free surface not fully enclosed by solid boundaries. Important equations for open channel flow are then presented, including Chezy's and Manning's equations for calculating velocity and discharge using variables like hydraulic radius, channel slope, and roughness coefficients. Factors influencing open channel flow like channel shape, surface roughness, and flow regime (e.g. laminar vs turbulent) are also addressed.
The first lecture in the module Particle Technology, delivered to second year students who have already studied basic fluid mechanics. Some applications of Particle Technology are described, in industry and nature, and particle size analysis and means of representing the data. The format for the laboratory classes for the module and their reports are covered.
This document provides an introduction to a course on particle technology. It discusses key topics that will be covered, including characterization of solid particles by size, shape, and density. Particle size is an especially important property, as it influences many material behaviors. Size can be analyzed through techniques like screen analysis to determine distributions. Average particle sizes are defined in several ways. The course will also cover topics like particle motion, separation methods, and more.
This document discusses hopper design for storing powdered materials. It begins by explaining the historical development of hopper design, noting that Andrew Jenike's work in the 1960s established the theory and methods for properly designing hoppers based on material flow properties. The document then discusses the different modes of material flow in hoppers - mass flow, funnel flow, and expanded flow. It identifies problems that can occur in hopper design like ratholing, arching, or segregation. The key to proper design is predicting mass flow, which depends on material properties like internal friction that must be tested for using equipment like the Jenike Shear Tester. Mass flow hoppers have advantages over funnel flow but require more headroom.
The third lecture in the module Particle Technology, delivered to second year students who have already studied basic fluid mechanics. Hindered systems is mainly about sedimentation of concentrated suspensions.
The way concentrated dispersions behave is also covered: buoyancy correction and viscosity for Newtonian suspensions. Industrial thickener design is included, based on incompressible settling behaviour.
Detailed working of each equipments, formulas and calculations. Easy to understand. Very helpful for those students who face difficulty in making lab reports
The second lecture in the module Particle Technology, delivered to second year students who have already studied basic fluid mechanics.
Dilute particle systems is mainly about sedimentation of single particles and dilute suspensions. The Particle Reynolds number determines the degree of turbulence in the fluid and techniques are provided for settling in laminar and turbulent systems. Industrial clarification is included.
The eighth lecture in the module Particle Technology, delivered to second year students who have already studied basic fluid mechanics. Two phase flow, rheology and Powders covers flow of dispersions of powders in liquids and gases, as well as the storage of powders and why they sometimes do not flow. Equations to predict the pressure drop in pumped systems are provided, for both streamline and turbulent flows.
This document discusses key factors to consider in the design and operation of industrial chemical plants. It covers determining the product and production quantities, choosing between batch and continuous manufacturing processes, ensuring safe and environmentally-sound production, accounting for costs, and establishing operational procedures. Design elements like equipment selection, facility location, and legislative compliance are also addressed. Various industrial chemical processes are reviewed as examples, including aspirin production, oil refining, and the Haber process for ammonia synthesis. Recent industrial incidents are also briefly described.
Episode 40 : DESIGN EXAMPLE – DILUTE PHASE PNEUMATIC CONVEYINGSAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Episode 40 : DESIGN EXAMPLE – DILUTE PHASE PNEUMATIC CONVEYING
DESIGN EXAMPLE – DILUTE PHASE PNEUMATIC CONVEYING
A plastics production plant wants to increase the capacity through an existing conveying system. The existing system has 6 inch ID pipes and is configured as shown in the diagram below.
The High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) particles have an average size of 4 mm. The conveying gas is at 68oF. The existing blower can produce 1375 SCFM.
The desired capacity increase is from 20,000 lbm/hr to 30,000 lbm/hr. Can the existing blower and pipe system meet this increase in capacity?
Assume the pressure drop across the cyclone is 5 inches of water. The pressure drop across the blower inlet pipe and silencers is 0.3 psi. The pipe bends have R/D = 6. Pipe roughness is k = 0.00015 ft. The particles have density pρ = 59 lbm/ft3. Terminal velocity of the particles is = 30.6 ft/s.
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Determination of molecular weight of polymers by visometryudhay roopavath
This document discusses methods for determining the molecular weight of polymers using viscometry. It defines various types of average molecular weights and explains how intrinsic viscosity is measured through polymer solution viscosity. Viscosity measurements are used to calculate intrinsic viscosity and relate it to molecular weight through the Mark-Houwink-Sakurada equation. Double extrapolation plots of reduced viscosity and inherent viscosity versus concentration are used to determine intrinsic viscosity.
This document discusses storage bins, silos, and hoppers used to store bulk solids. It covers various design considerations for hopper discharge including throttling material flow. Mass flow and core flow hoppers are described. Recommended proportions for hopper dimensions to store a given volume are provided. Caking issues and common causes of silo failure are also summarized. Different types of mechanical feeders used to regulate discharge from hoppers are introduced, including belt, apron, rotary table, and screw feeders. Pneumatic and vibrational methods for discharging material are briefly outlined.
Unit operations of chemical engineering, 5th edition.Hewa Sh
This document outlines the company's strategy to acquire smaller competitors to expand its market share and product offerings. It discusses the benefits of consolidation, identifying three companies that would complement the company's current business lines and strengthen its position in the industry if acquired. The overall goal of the acquisitions would be to create a larger, more diverse business and become a dominant leader in the market.
This document describes the sieve analysis test of sand. The test involves sieving various sizes of sand particles through a series of sieves and calculating the percentage of sand retained on each sieve. This determines the particle size distribution. Well graded sand has a wide range of particle sizes, uniformly graded sand has similar sized particles, and gap graded sand is missing some sizes. The test procedure, equipment used, and results/conclusions are explained.
The document discusses particle size distribution (PSD). It defines PSD and explains that it refers to the relative amounts of particles sorted by size. The significance of PSD is that it affects properties like flow, reactivity, and stability. Common techniques to measure PSD include sieve analysis, sedimentation methods, and laser diffraction. Sieve analysis separates particles by passing them through sieves of different sizes, while sedimentation methods measure settling rates of dispersed particles to determine sizes.
Transport Processes and Unit Operation -SOLUTION MANUAL-GeankoplisRinka Meari
The document discusses the history and importance of chocolate in human civilization. It notes that chocolate originated in Mesoamerica over 3000 years ago and was prized by the Aztecs and Mayans for its taste. Cocoa beans were used as currency and their cultivation was tightly regulated. The Spanish brought cocoa beans back to Europe in the 16th century, starting chocolate's global spread and popularity as both a drink and confection.
This document outlines the syllabus for a Particle Technology course offered in the Chemical Engineering department at Wah Engineering College. The course is taught by Mr. Waqas Ahmad and covers topics including particle characterization, screening, conveying, mixing, size reduction, size enlargement and crystallization. Students will learn fundamentals, equipment operation and design parameters. Evaluation includes quizzes, assignments, projects, midterm and final exams. Attendance of 80% of both lectures and labs is required to sit for exams. Academic misconduct, such as copying answers, will result in zero scores.
This document summarizes an expert lecture on unit operations for wastewater treatment. It discusses various unit treatment processes including screening, mixing, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration. It provides details on the design considerations and criteria for preliminary treatment systems including channels, screens, grit chambers, and skimming tanks. The primary functions and design of bar screens, equalization tanks, screen chambers, grit chambers, and primary sedimentation tanks are also outlined. Settling velocities and loading rates for different treatment units are defined through mathematical equations.
Production systems utilize inputs like materials, labor, and infrastructure to produce goods. There are two basic types of production systems: flow processes, which produce goods continuously, and intermittent processes, which produce goods in starts and stops. Examples of intermittent processes include job production, batch production, project production, and mass production. Mass production uses standardized methods to produce large volumes of standardized items. Assembly production involves assembling different equipment to produce a final product like a car.
There are two basic types of production systems: flow processes and intermittent processes. Flow processes include mass production and assembly production, which use standardized methods and machines to produce large volumes of standardized items continuously. Intermittent processes include job production, batch production, and project production, which are used to produce smaller volumes of varied products on a start-and-stop basis. Continuous production processes are also flow processes that run for long periods without stopping to produce high volumes of uniform outputs.
This document discusses size reduction, which is the process of reducing larger particles into smaller particles of a desired size and shape using external forces. It defines size reduction and comminution, and lists the objectives of size reduction such as increasing surface area and achieving intimate mixing. The document describes various size reduction mechanisms, factors affecting size reduction, and theories related to the energy required. It provides details on different size reduction equipment like hammer mills, ball mills, fluid energy mills, edge runner mills, and end runner mills.
Grinders are power tools that use abrasive wheels to grind materials via shear deformation of abrasive grains on the wheel's surface. There are several types of grinders that differ in their mechanisms of size reduction including ball mills, hammer mills, tube mills, rolling mills, attrition mills, agitated mills, and fluid energy mills. Grinders are widely used in industries, laboratories, and domestic applications to grind materials into powder for various uses.
Tooling, Testing and Processing of polymeric materials,describe about machines tooling, how's processing unit working and testing of polymeric materials.....
Iaetsd advancement in clicker machine and dieIaetsd Iaetsd
This document discusses advancements in clicker machines used in shoe manufacturing. It proposes using a magnetic piston that can attach multiple dies, and installing springs inside the dies. This would allow easier removal of cut material and use of multiple dies without manual changes. Calculations are shown for selecting appropriate springs and a pneumatic cylinder to power the piston. The design aims to reduce labor and increase accuracy in shoe production.
Casting Process and different types of casting defectsSheetalUdgave1
Foundry casting processes can be categorized into several types, each suited for different applications, materials, and production volumes. Here are some common types of foundry casting processes:
Sand Casting:
Sand casting is one of the most versatile and widely used casting processes. It involves creating a mold using a mixture of sand and a binder around a pattern. Sand casting is suitable for both ferrous and non-ferrous metals.
Investment Casting:
Also known as precision or lost-wax casting, investment casting involves creating a wax pattern, coating it with a ceramic shell, and then melting the wax out to leave a hollow mold. This process is capable of producing intricate and high-precision parts.
Die Casting:
Die casting involves forcing molten metal into a reusable steel mold or die under high pressure. It is commonly used for producing high-precision parts with a smooth surface finish. Common metals used in die casting include aluminum, zinc, and magnesium.
Permanent Mold Casting:
Permanent mold casting, or gravity die casting, uses a reusable mold made of metal (usually steel or cast iron). Molten metal is poured into the mold, and gravity is used to fill the cavity. This process is suitable for high-volume production.
Centrifugal Casting:
In centrifugal casting, molten metal is poured into a spinning mold. Centrifugal force distributes the metal along the mold's interior, creating cylindrical or disk-shaped parts. This method is often used for producing pipes, tubes, and cylindrical components.
Shell Molding:
Shell molding is a type of sand casting that uses resin-coated sand to create thin, shell-like molds. It provides a good surface finish and dimensional accuracy, making it suitable for medium to high production volumes.
Continuous Casting:
Continuous casting is primarily used for producing metal sheets, strips, and rods. It involves continuously pouring molten metal into a mold that is open at the top and bottom. As the metal solidifies, it is continuously withdrawn from the bottom.
Squeeze Casting:
Squeeze casting combines elements of die casting and forging. Molten metal is injected into a mold under high pressure while a mechanical force, or squeeze, is applied to enhance the filling of the mold and reduce porosity.
V-Process Casting:
V-Process casting, or vacuum molding, uses a vacuum to create a mold without the need for a traditional flask. It involves the use of a thin plastic film as the mold surface and is known for producing fine details and complex shapes.
Slush Casting:
Slush casting is a low-pressure casting method used for hollow or semi-hollow parts. Molten metal is poured into a mold, and after a short period, the excess metal is poured out, leaving a solidified shell.The choice of casting process depends on factors such as the type of metal, the complexity of the part, production volume, and required precision. Each casting method has its advantages and limitations,
This document discusses various methods of size reduction. It defines size reduction as reducing the size of larger particles into smaller particles of a desired size and shape using external forces. The objectives of size reduction are listed as increasing surface area, separating constituents, achieving intimate mixing, improving handling characteristics, and facilitating disposal of solid wastes. Common size reduction mechanisms are impact, compression, attrition, and cutting. Factors that affect size reduction include properties of the materials, energy requirements, and theories like Rittinger's, Bond's, and Kick's. Common size reduction equipment discussed are hammer mills, ball mills, fluid energy mills, edge runner mills, and end runner mills.
The document discusses vertical roller mills, which can grind and dry materials efficiently in one machine. It describes the mill's main functions of grinding, drying, separation, and transport. Materials are ground between rollers and a grinding table and then separated. Drying occurs through contact with hot gases. The document covers general design principles, dimensioning criteria for sizing mills based on grinding and drying needs, and operational aspects like throughput, energy use, and maintenance.
SIZE REDUCTION AND FACTORS AFFECTING SIZE REDUCTION IN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRYAkankshaPatel55
In the realm of pharmacy, size truly matters! Particle size reduction, often referred to as comminution, plays a crucial role in transforming raw materials into effective and readily absorbable medications. It's like shrinking giants - turning bulky substances into microscopic warriors ready to combat ailments.
Why is size reduction so important? Imagine trying to swallow a whole apple compared to taking a bite. The smaller the pieces, the greater the surface area exposed, and the faster and more efficiently something dissolves or reacts. In the world of medicine, this translates to:
Enhanced drug bioavailability: Smaller particles dissolve quicker and more readily in the digestive system, leading to faster absorption and action of the medication. Think of it as opening wider doors for the drug to enter the bloodstream and reach its target.
Improved drug stability: Smaller particles tend to be more stable and less prone to degradation, ensuring the medication's potency and effectiveness over time.
Uniformity and mixing: Precise size control allows for consistent drug distribution within a dosage form, guaranteeing accurate and reliable dosing.
Tailored drug delivery: Size reduction facilitates the development of specialized drug delivery systems, like inhalers or sublingual tablets, where minute particles are crucial for targeted action.
How is size reduction achieved? A variety of techniques are employed, each with its own advantages and best suited for specific materials:
Milling: Mechanical grinding using ball mills, hammer mills, or jet mills physically breaks down larger particles into smaller ones.
Micronization: Specialized techniques like air jet milling or fluidized bed milling achieve ultra-fine particle sizes in the micron range (1-10 micrometers).
Cryo-milling: Grinding at cryogenic temperatures minimizes heat generation, preserving sensitive drug compounds.
Size reduction isn't just about brute force. Choosing the right technique and particle size depends on various factors, including the drug's physical and chemical properties, desired release profile, and dosage form. It's a delicate dance between effectiveness, stability, and manufacturability.
The impact of size reduction extends far beyond individual medications. It enables the development of innovative drug delivery systems, like controlled-release tablets or transdermal patches, that improve patient compliance and treatment outcomes. It also plays a vital role in research and development, allowing scientists to study drug interactions and optimize formulations at the microscopic level.
So, the next time you pop a pill, remember the invisible giants behind it - the power of size reduction silently working its magic to deliver healing and hope.
The document discusses different types of size reduction equipment used in coarse, intermediate, and fine size reduction. For coarse size reduction of hard materials, jaw crushers and gyratory crushers are used. For coarse size reduction of soft materials, hammer mills and tooth roll crushers are used. Intermediate size reduction equipment includes cone crushers and crushing rolls. Fine size reduction or grinding equipment includes ball mills, Raymond mills, and bowl mills. The key mechanisms of size reduction in these equipment are impact, pressure, and shear forces.
Bucket wheel excavators are large continuous mining machines used for soft to semi-hard materials like clay, sand, gravel, and coal. They have a large wheel with buckets that removes material in a continuous process. The largest bucket wheel excavators can be over 90 meters tall and 240 meters long, with a 21-meter diameter wheel. They are commonly used in strip mining and lignite mining to continuously remove overburden and deliver large volumes of material.
This document provides an overview of spheronization as a process for producing spherical pharmaceutical granules. It defines spheronization and discusses the key advantages such as improved flow properties and uniform packing. The document describes the basic spheronization process which involves extrusion to form rods followed by spheronization to round the rods into spheres. It also outlines important machine parameters that influence the process like disc speed and pattern, as well as product parameters related to granule rheology.
Ball mills are tube mills used for grinding materials like cement and involve several components. The document discusses the movement of grinding media in ball mills, optimal ball charge and filling levels, key components like linings, diaphragms, drives and bearings, and factors that influence mill operation such as ventilation, water injection and grinding aids. Case studies are presented to illustrate problems that can occur with improper ball charge sizes and material filling levels.
The document describes a report on ball mills submitted to professors at Cairo University. It discusses the basic principles of ball mills, their components, design equations, manufacturers, and cost estimates. Ball mills are widely used in grinding materials in industries like chemical and are available in both dry and wet types. They can be batch or continuous and are efficient tools for reducing materials to fine powder.
This document discusses various methods of size reduction used in pharmaceutical engineering. It begins by defining size reduction as reducing the size of larger particles into smaller particles of a desired size and shape using external forces. It then outlines objectives like increasing surface area and achieving intimate mixing. Mechanisms of size reduction discussed include impact, compression, attrition and cutting. Theories on energy requirements for size reduction include Rittinger's, Kick's and Bond's theories. Common size reduction equipment described are hammer mills, ball mills, fluid energy mills, edge runner mills and end runner mills. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are provided.
The ball miller machine is a tumbling mill that uses steel milling balls as the grinding media, applied in either primary grinding or secondary grinding applications.
This document summarizes a research paper on the design of a pyramid type plate bending machine. It begins with an introduction that describes different types of plate bending machines and their main components. It then discusses the literature review conducted, which examined the working principles, common components, and types of three-roll pyramid plate bending machines. The document outlines the material selection and manufacturing processes considered for the various machine parts. It concludes with the design calculations and specifications for the bottom rollers, sliding blocks, top roller, power screw, and other components based on their dimensions, material properties, and stress considerations.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
1. LAB REPORT OF
PARTICLE TECHNOLOGY
SUBMITTED TO: SIR IRFAN
SUBMITTED BY: RIDA AQSA
( 2O13-BET-CHEM-21)
UNIVERSTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY LAHORE
3. 2
2013-BET-CHEM-21
Rida Aqsa
Ball Mill
Objective:
Calculate angle α (to which the balls are carried against the wall of the ball mill), between
perpendicular (top of the ball mill) and the point at which the outermost ball lose contact with the
wall of the mill
MaterialRequired:
Ball mill
Balls
Vibratory shaker and a set of sieves
Collecting tray
Solid for a study
Theory:
Ball mill (also named grinding ball) is one of the most important grinding mills in the mining
industry which is used to break all kinds of minerals and other materials in the industries of ore
beneficiation, construction materials and chemical engineering. There are two grinding modes:
wet type and dry type. The discharging ways can be divided to grid type and over flow type. Ball
mills are in many shapes: short drum one, long drum one, pipe one and cone shaped one.
4. 3
2013-BET-CHEM-21
Rida Aqsa
Materials enter the first cabin of ball mills via the feeding device
across the hollow shaft uniformly. In the first cabin, there is a ladder scale board or a ripple scale
board with different steel balls which will be lifted to certain height in the effect of centrifugal
force produced by the rotating cylinder. Then the balls fall to impact and grind the materials.
After the rough grinding process, materials enter the second cabin through the single layer cabin
separating board. There is a scale board with steel balls in the second cabin which will grind
materials. The finished powder materials are discharged from the unloading plate, thus finishing
the grinding process.
Procedure:
Measure the inside diameter of the ball mill.
Measure the size of the ball with the help of venire calipers.
Fill the ball mill to about half of its volume with balls of the same diameter.
Feed t ball mill with 250 g mass of sugar of homogenous size (obtained by screening) and
note the particle diameter.
Before turn on the mill, set speed regulators to maximum.
Measure the speed of rotation of the ball mill in the revolutions per minutes.
Analyze the product with the help of screen and note the particle diameter
Calculate the angle α (to which the balls are carried against the wall of the ball mill)
between perpendicular (top of the ball mill) and the point at which the outermost balls
lose contact with the wall of the mill.
Calculate the critical speed of the ball mill.
Describe the speed of the revolution of the ball mill as the percentage of the critical
speed.
5. 4
2013-BET-CHEM-21
Rida Aqsa
Observationand calculation:
Mesh
No.
Differential Analysis
𝒙 𝒊
𝑫̅ 𝒑 𝒊
𝒙 𝒊
𝑫̅ 𝒑 𝒊
𝟐
𝒙 𝒊
𝑫̅ 𝒑 𝒊
𝟑 𝑫̅ 𝒑 𝒊
. 𝒙 𝒊
Cumulative
Analysis
Mass
retained
(g)
Opening
of sieve
(mm)
Average
particle
size
𝑫̅ 𝒑 𝒊
(mm)
Mass
fraction
(𝒙 𝒊)
8 160 2.38 - 0.64 - - - - 1
10 22 1.68 2.03 0.088 0.0433 0.0214 0.0105 0.1786 0.36
14 22 1.19 1.435 0.088 0.0613 0.0427 0.0298 0.1263 0.272
20 2 0.841 1.0155 0.008 0.0079 0.0078 0.0076 0.0081 0.184
25 8 0.707 0.774 0.032 0.0413 0.0534 0.0690 0.0248 0.176
Pan 36 - - 0.144 - - - - 0.144
Advantages:
1. high production capacity and crushing ratio;
2. low power consumption, uniform particle size;
3. simple structure, easy to operate;
4. low investment cost, big profit;
5. perfect services, both before-sales servies and after-sales services.
Ball mill is mainly made up of feeding part, discharging part, rotary part, rotating part (reduction
box, small rotating gear, motor, electronic control). Hollow shaft adopts steel casting, and inner
plate is replaceable. Rotary wheel adopts casted hobbling. Inside the barrel, it has wearable liner.
Ball mill works very stably, and can choose dry ball mill and wet ball mill.
Industrial Application:
An industrial ball mill has the ability to operate continuously. These ball mills are often
controlled by a machine that feeds materials through one end of the mill and out the other end.
Smaller mills can only operate with the help of a cylindrical container containing a tight cap.
These mills are part of a pulley system that uses belts and pulleys to operate smaller ballmills.
6. 5
2013-BET-CHEM-21
Rida Aqsa
A ball mill is a grinding device that is used to turn material into fine powder. Ball mills are
cylindrical in shape, and are often the grinder of choice when it comes to mashing paints, ores,
ceramic materials, and certain hard chemicals. By rotating on a horizontal axis, a ball mill can
effectively convert a hard material into a loose powder.
In addition to the material that is meant to be ground, ball mills also contain a grinding material.
Ceramic balls, stainless steel balls, and flint pieces are often used as grinding materials. When
this matter grinds against another matter, the result is a crushed powder that can then be used for
other applications.
7. 6
2013-BET-CHEM-21
Rida Aqsa
Experiment#2
Pebble Mill
Angle of Repose:
1. To report the angle of repose of the given sample
Require Materials:
1. Rotary cylinder
2. Solid Objects to study
Theory:
The angle of repose or the critical angle of repose, of a granular material is the steepest angle of
descent or dip relative to the horizontal plane to which a material can be piled without slumping.
At this angle, the material on the slope face is on the verge of sliding. The angle of repose can
range from 0° to 90°. Smooth, rounded sand grains cannot be piled as steeply as can rough,
interlocking sands. If a small amount of water is able to bridge the gaps between particles,
electrostatic attraction of the water to mineral surfaces will increase soil strength.
When bulk granular materials are poured onto a horizontal surface, a
conical pile will form. The internal angle between the surface of the
pile and the horizontal surface is known as the angle of repose
and is related to the density, surface area and shapes of the
particles, and the coefficient of friction of the material.
However, a 2011 study shows that the angle of repose is
also gravity-dependent. Material with a low angle of
repose forms flatter piles than material with a high angle
8. 7
2013-BET-CHEM-21
Rida Aqsa
of repose.
The term has a related usage in mechanics, where it refers to the maximum angle at which an
object can rest on an inclined plane without sliding down. This angle is equal to the arctangent of
the coefficient of static friction μs between the surfaces.
Procedure:
Take the sample of granules solid of a particle size around sugar grains or similar, and
with suitable humidity grade.
Fill the rotary cylinder to half using pneumatic conveyer system (sucking up from a
hopper and separating the particle through a cycle)
Turn the cylinder slowly, clockwise, until the very moment that particles start sliding.
Take note of the angle described by the solid.
Now rotate the cylinder anticlockwise and take note of the angle described by the solid.
Calculate angle of repose as the mean between these two measures.
Repeat the test several times for better thoroughness of the data.
Observationand Calculation:
ANGLE OF REPOSE OF RICE:
Clockwise Anticlockwise
30o
31o
Mean angle of repose = 30.5o
ANGLE OF REPOSE FORE WHEAT:
Clockwise Anticlockwise
38o
35o
10. 9
2013-BET-CHEM-21
Rida Aqsa
Experiment#3
Ultrafine Grinder
Ultrafine Grinder is an elegant vertical type of pulverizer that is globally appreciated for being
most innovative regarding excellent functionality. The modern machine is a unique assembly of
multi-chambered rotor units which have been strategically interpolated with circular disc. It is
mounted on a vertical shaft.
A standard base frame and drive are offered with the ultrafine grinder machine. It is made to
grind materials with not just desired perfection but also lightning fast speed.
As it doesn’t require any special feeding system like, screw conveyor or rotating valve, it’s very
user-friendly
.
There is High-pressure spring which can bear 1,500kg to 2,000 kg force tighten on the roller
grinder of the High-pressure Grinder Mill. Inside the mainframe, the roller subassembly is
suspended on the roller suspender through horizontal supporting axis, and the roller suspender
fixed up with the main shaft and shovel stand. Located outside of the roller bearing house, the
pressure springs make rollers push down the inside surface of ring through horizontal supporting
axis. Shovels installed on the shovel stand and rollers rotate together when the motor drives main
shaft through transmission device and the rollers roll appressed the inside surface of ring and
rotate at the same time. The separator impellers are driven by motor through transmission device
to rotate, more higher the speed of separator impellor, more fine the powders been separated.
11. 10
2013-BET-CHEM-21
Rida Aqsa
Operation:
1. It is most convenient to drive the grinder with a motor.
2. When driven by internal combustion engine or any other power mechanism, the
following two precaution must be kept in mind.
a. The rotational speed required by the grinder must be guaranteed, therefore, if necessary,
the pulley of the driving mechanism can be replaced, or, a medium driving apparatus can
be adopted.
b. To Guarantee a smooth and steady operations, it is advisable to fix the base of the grinder
to a cement platform or other solid supports.
3. To guarantee safety, reliable protection apparatus should be adopted; the material to be
crushed should be selected carefully and no tiny metal pieces and other foreign materials
should be allowed; Constant inspection on the grinder, especially on the fastness of the
gears, should be made and the grinder should not be operated if any trouble have not been
done away with. During the course of operations. No repair is allowed; once any trouble
ore abnormal noise is found , operation should be stopped, can be inspection and repair
be carried out.
4. Operation of Hopper:
When fodder, such as soyabean cake and dried sweet potato slices are crushed, and the
hopper should be adjusted. To help the filling and crushing, soyabean cake should be
firstly broken into pieces of 20-40mm. According to the specification, when crushing
fresh sweet-potato or fresh fruit, they must be sliced beforehand and mixed with enough
water.
5. Replacement of Screens:
12. 11
2013-BET-CHEM-21
Rida Aqsa
The sieve size of various screens is different and they can be replaced according to the
thickness of the product required.
When replacing screens are placed in machine, the inner joint should be in the same
direction with the revolution of rotator.
6. Exit (outlet)
When processing various grains, the exit should be covered with a cloth sack., of which
both ends are open. During the course of the operation, one end of the sack should be
fastened onto the exit so that the processed material will be able to pass through to get
into the flour bag. It is not necessary to hold the operation to alter grains. The grains can
be altered while the machine is in operation.
In crushing fodder, cloth sacks are not necessary; instead, pits or other means are
available.
Observationand calculation:
Mesh
No.
Differential Analysis
𝒙 𝒊
𝑫̅ 𝒑 𝒊
𝒙 𝒊
𝑫̅ 𝒑 𝒊
𝟐
𝒙 𝒊
𝑫̅ 𝒑 𝒊
𝟑 𝑫̅ 𝒑 𝒊
. 𝒙 𝒊
Cumulative
Analysis
Mass
retained
(g)
Opening
of sieve
(mm)
Average
particle
size
𝑫̅ 𝒑 𝒊
(mm)
Mass
fraction
(𝒙 𝒊)
7 80 1 - 0.40 - - - - 1
6 68 0.5 0.750 0.34 0.4533 0.6044 0.8059 0.2550 0.60
5 12 0.355 0.428 0.06 0.1404 0.3283 0.7680 0.0257 0.26
4 14 0.212 0.284 0.07 0.2469 0.8709 3.0721 0.0198 0.20
3 9 0.15 0.181 0.03 0.1657 0.9157 5.0592 0.0054 0.13
2 6 0.106 0.128 0.03 0.2344 1.8311 14.3051 0.0038 0.10
1 4 0.0603 0.083 0.02 0.2405 2.8927 34.7891 0.0017 0.07
Pan 10 - - 0.05 - - - - 0.03
Advantages:
Higher yields of particles in your target range, less recycling
More uniform particle size, shape and distribution
Fine to coarse particles from soft to hard materials
Higher production rates
Lower operating cost
Small footprint
Easy to clean
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Uses:
The machine is mainly used in processing powder of mineral materials of metallurgy, building
materials, chemical industry, mining, etc. It can grind non-flammable and non-explosive
materials with moisture less than 6% such as Feldspar, calcite, talc, barite, fluorite, rare earth,
marble, ceramics, bauxite, manganese ore, iron ore, copper ore, phosphate rock, iron oxide red,
slag, slag, activated carbon, dolomite, granite, iron oxide yellow, bean cake, chemical fertilizer,
compound fertilizer, fly ash, bituminous coal, coke, lignite, Ling U.S. sand, gold, red mud, clay,
Kaolin, coke, coal gangue, porcelain clay, kyanite, fluorspar, bentonite, muddy green rock, leaf
wax rock, shale, purple rock, Diego rock, basalt, gypsum, graphite, insulation material, etc.
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Experiment#4
Double roll crusher
Objective:
To report different types of diameters for the product obtained from Double roll Crusher, such as
Bond’s diameter, weight mean diameter, mean volume diameter, surface mean diameter, and
mean length diameter.
Require Material:
1. Scale
2. Tray
3. Vibrating sieve
4. Set of sieves with different mesh no.
5. Material to study
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Theory:
Double Roll Crushers provide a 4:1 reduction ratio and are typically used as secondary or tertiary
crushers for materials such as ROM coal with refuse, limestone, gypsum, trona, shale, bauxite,
oil shale, clean coal, coke, salt, quicklime, burnt lime, glass, kaolin, brick, shale, and wet, sticky
feeds. They can also be used following other McLanahan equipment, such as Feeder-Breakers,
Rotary Breakers, primary DDC-Sizers, or Single Roll Crushers, when further reduction of
primary crushed material is required.
In a Double Roll Crusher, the impact forces needed to crush material are created through the
rotating energy of the opposing rolls. Since each machine is custom engineered, roll elements
and tooth patterns are selected depending on each unique application to produce a cubical
product with minimal fines.
Designed for safety and many years of operation, effective tramp protection against non-
crushable materials is provided by an automatic spring-and-toggle system. This allows a
movable roll to open, pass the material and return to its original setting for continued operation.
Hydraulic product size adjustment allows producers to adjust for changes in product size
requirements or to compensate for roll wear.
Double-Roll-Crushers are used for the crushing or medium-hard rock as well as for sticky and
soft materials, i.e. lignite and mineral coal, clay, marl, limestone and similar raw materials as
well as for overburden and ores.
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Procedure:
Prepare 5 kg of feed (red bricks) of the size that can pass through
From one end of the crusher. Start introducing the feed pieces one by one and start the
stop watch simultaneously, in order to measure the total time (T) required for the
crushing.
When crushing is completer stop the stop watch and turn off the crusher. Note down the
total time required for crushing.
Analyze the material by sieving and weigh out the mass retained on each sieve.
Observationand calculation:
Mesh
No.
Differential Analysis
𝒙 𝒊
𝑫̅ 𝒑 𝒊
𝒙 𝒊
𝑫̅ 𝒑 𝒊
𝟐
𝒙 𝒊
𝑫̅ 𝒑 𝒊
𝟑 𝑫̅ 𝒑 𝒊
. 𝒙 𝒊
Mass
retained
(g)
Opening
of sieve
(mm)
Average
particle
size
𝑫̅ 𝒑 𝒊
(mm)
Mass
fraction
(𝒙 𝒊)
4 198 4.76 - 0.2475 - - -
8 280 2.38 3.57 0.3500 0.098 0.0275 0.007692 1.2495
10 72 1.68 2.03 0.0900 0.0443 0.0218 0.01076 0.1827
14 60 1.19 1.435 0.0750 0.05226 0.0364 0.0254 0.107625
20 10 0.841 1.015 0.0125 0.01231 0.01212 0.01195 0.012688
25 26 0.707 0.774 0.0325 0.0419 0.0543 0.070091 0.025155
Pan 154 - - 0.1925 - - - -
Advantages & Disadvantages of Double Roll Crusher:
(Application)
In the chemical plant, crushing grinding machine widely used in crushing and grinding raw
materials and used to grind income products. Due to many of the crushing machine type and
models, so they are in the repair process in common limited to broken parts and protection of
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components (repair process. In all of this kind of machine, these parts All is abradability gallery
wipe and impact conditions of work.
Double roll crusher:
1.The two roll surface are smooth; 2. Two roll surface are band saw; 3.A roller surface is
smooth, and on A roller Surface foot with door of the branch.
For two roll surface are smooth double roll crusher, and the material is mainly by
extrusion effect. The second is grinding effect and crushing. Is mainly used in crushing
clay, coal , clinker and limestone, etc in fine broken.
The two roll surface are belt saw double roll crusher, and the material is mainly by
splitting broken and tear effect and crushing.
On to a roll surface smooth and another roll surface with convex branch of the double
stick crusher, material squash, bending and grinding effect and crushing. They are mainly
used to Crushing clay and coal.
Double roll crusher is the main advantages:
simple structure, easy maintenance, low manufacturing cost. The main drawback is: the machine
unit mass production capacity Low, covers an area of big, the roll surface grinding damage
uneven, need often repair
In order to improve the roll crusher of crushing ratio, can use two crushing roller, put a pair of
crushing roller device in the top of the other pair. So the above a pair of broken Broken roll used
as a crusher, and below a pair is used as a secondary crusher.
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Experiment#5
Jaw Crusher
Objective:
To report the results of the screen analysis, for the product obtained by the jaw crushers, in the form of
cumulative and fractional distributions
Required materials:
1. Scale
2. Tray
3. Vibrating sieves
4. Set of sieves with different mesh no.
5. Material
Theory:
Jaw Crushers are used for the rapid, powerful crushing and pre-crushing of medium hard,
hard, brittle and tough materials. The variety of materials offered, their efficiency and safety
make them ideal for sample preparation in laboratories and industrial plants.
Jaw crushers are often used as primary crushers and are perhaps the most popular crusher
worldwide. These compressive crushers are suitable for most any type of material.
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In this type of crusher, reduction takes place between a stationary jaw plate and a moving jaw
plate. The moving jaw plate is mounted on the pitman, which is given a reciprocating motion.
Crushing takes place when the pitman moves toward the stationary jaw, compressing the
material.
Two main types of jaw crushers :
1.single toggle
2. toggle.
McLanahan produces single toggle jaw crushers, which feature a pitman mounted on an
eccentric shaft at the top. At the bottom of the assembly, the pitman is held in position by a
toggle plate. The combination of eccentric motion at the top and rocking motion at the bottom
provides a positive downward thrust throughout the crushing chamber.
Single toggle jaw crushers have better feed acceptance capability than the corresponding double
toggle crushers. Jaw crushers are reliable, robust machines, offering a 6:1 reduction ratio in most
applications, and will accommodate hard, abrasive materials.
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Other types
Procedure:
Prepare 5 kg of feed (red bricks) of the size that can pass through a 3 in hole and retain on
a 2 in hole.
Note down the time (t1) required for 2 revolutions (n1) of the energy meter disc under un-
loaded conditions. Also note down the energy meter factor (N).
Note down the initial meter reading (R1) and turn on the crusher. Start introducing the
feed pieces one by one and start stop watch simultaneously in order to measure to total
time (T) required for the crushing
When crushing is completed, stop the stopwatch and turn off the crusher. Note down the
total time required for crushing and the final material reading (Rs)
Again turn on the crushers and note down the time required for two revolutions under
unloaded conditions. Take the average value of the two t1s.
Analyze the material by sieving (preferably using 2, 4, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 70, and 100 US
ASTM mesh sieves) and weigh out the mass retained on each sieve and in the pan.
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Experiment # 6
1.Apparent density
Apparent Density of the Solid Particles:
1. Calculate the apparent density of the given material.
2. Calculate the material density of the given material.
3. Calculate the crushing rate of the give sample of particulate solids
Required Materials:
1. Polypropylene 1000 ml graduated test tube.
2. Vibrating sieves
3. Solid Object to study
Theory:
Apparent Density:
The weight per unit volume of a material, including voids that exist in the tested material. Also
called Bulk Density. Provides a measure of the "fluffiness" of a material in its supplied form.
Bulk Factor:
The ratio of the density of a material after molding to the density of the raw material. Provides a
measure of the volume change that can be expected during processing.
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Material density: more often referred to simply as density, is
a quantitative expression of the amount of mass contained
per unit volume . The standard unit is the kilogram per meter
cubed (kg/m 3 or kg · m -3 ).
Density is sometimes expressed in grams per centimeter
cubed (g/cm 3 or gm · cm-3). Pure liquid water at a
temperature of 4 degrees Celsius has a density of 1 g/cm 3 ,
which is the equivalent of 1 kg per 1000 cm 3 , or 1 kilogram
per liter . To convert from kg/m 3 to g/cm 3 , multiply by
0.001. Conversely, to convert from g/cm 3 to kg/m 3 ,
multiply by 1000.
Occasionally, density is expressed in unusual units such as
pounds per cubic foot, pounds per cubic inch, or metric tons
per cubic meter. Expressions such as this can be confusing
unless reduced to standard form for comparison. Sometimes
density is expressed in relative terms as the specific gravity (sp gr), which is the ratio of the
density of a given substance to the density of pure liquid water at 4 degrees Celsius.
Method Use Test
A For fine granules and powders
that can be poured through a
small funnel.
Test is performed by pouring the material through a
funnel into a cylinder of known volume. The
apparent density is calculated by dividing the
weight of the material in the cylinder by the volume
of the cylinder.
B For coarse, granular materials
that either can't be poured or
that pour with difficulty
through the funnel from
Method A.
Test is performed by pouring the material through a
funnel into a cylinder of known volume. The
apparent density is calculated by dividing the
weight of the material in the cylinder by the volume
of the cylinder.
C For coarse flakes, chips, cut
fibers or strands that can't be
tested with Methods A or B.
Test is performed by pouring the material into a
graduated cylinder and allowing a 2300g plunger to
pack the material for one minute. The apparent
density is taken as the mass of the material divided
by the settled volume.
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Procedure:
Weight the given sample of dry solid
Pour the sample into the test tube and determine the volume that it takes up without
compacting.
Calculate the apparent density of the sample particles with data.
Put the graduated tube in the sieve and fit it with a lid to immobilize it.
Subject it to a vibrations cycle for some minutes until the taken volume does not decrease
anymore.
Once the solid has been compacted, note down the value of the volume taken by the solid
and calculate the material density.
Calculate crushing ratio of the particles dividing the apparent density by the material
density.
Results:
Apparent density = 1.61 g/ml
Bulk density = 1.785
2.Deposit Unloading
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Objective:
1. Calculate the unloading masic flow
2. Compare the experimental masic flow with those predicted by the Johanson and Beverloo
equations.
Required Material:
1. Hoppers
2. Scale
3. Tray
4. Chronometer
5. Solid to study
Theory:
1. Depositions that happen because of a chemical reaction:
o Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
o Electrodeposition
o Epitaxy
o Thermal oxidation
These processes exploit the creation of solid materials directly from chemical reactions in
gas and/or liquid compositions or with the substrate material. The solid material is usually
not the only product formed by the reaction. Byproducts can include gases, liquids and
even other solids.
2. Depositions that happen because of a physical reaction:
o Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD)
o Casting
Common for all these processes are that the material deposited is physically moved on to
the substrate. In other words, there is no chemical reaction which forms the material on the
substrate. This is not completely correct for casting processes, though it is more
convenient to think of them that way.
Deposition is a thermodynamic process, a phase transition in which gas transforms into solid.
The reverse of deposition is sublimation. One example of deposition is the process by which,
in sub-freezing air, water vapor changes directly to ice without first becoming a liquid.
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Procedure:
1. Select one of the four available hoppers, each with a different hole size.
2. Weight the sample whose unloading characteristics are to studied with the help of scale
and a tray.
3. Measure the apparent density of the particles
4. Calculate the diameter of the particles
5. Fill up hopper with a dry solid, approximately 2/3 of its total capacity.
6. Open the discharge valve below the hopper and it starts being unloaded on the tray.
7. Note the unloading time with a chronometer.
8. With the mass and unloading time, calculate the unloading masic flow m.
9. Calculate the masic flow using Jhonson and Baverloo equations.
10. Compare the results of the result of these equations with that obtained practically.
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3.Angle of Repose
Objective:
To report the angle of repose of the given sample
Require Materials:
1. Rotary cylinder
2. Solid Objects to study
Theory
The angle of repose or the critical angle of repose, of a granular material is the steepest angle of
descent or dip relative to the horizontal plane to which a material can be piled without slumping.
At this angle, the material on the slope face is on the verge of sliding. The angle of repose can
range from 0° to 90°. Smooth, rounded sand grains cannot be piled as steeply as can rough,
interlocking sands. If a small amount of water is able to bridge the gaps between particles,
electrostatic attraction of the water to mineral surfaces will increase soil strength.
When bulk granular materials are poured onto a horizontal surface, a conical pile will form. The
internal angle between the surface of the pile and the horizontal surface is known as the angle of
repose and is related to the density, surface area and shapes of the particles, and the coefficient of
friction of the material. However, a 2011 study shows that the angle of repose is also gravity-
dependent. Material with a low angle of repose forms flatter piles than material with a high angle
of repose.
The term has a related usage in mechanics, where it refers to the maximum angle at which an
object can rest on an inclined plane without sliding down. This angle is equal to the arctangent of
the coefficient of static friction μs between the surfaces.
Procedure:
Take the sample of granules solid of a particle size around sugar grains or similar, and
with suitable humidity grade.
Fill the rotary cylinder to half using pneumatic conveyer system (sucking up from a
hopper and separating the particle through a cycle)
Turn the cylinder slowly, clockwise, until the very moment that particles start sliding.
Take note of the angle described by the solid.
Now rotate the cylinder anticlockwise and take note of the angle described by the solid.
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Calculate angle of repose as the mean between these two measures.
Repeat the test
Observationand Calulations:
Application:
It is commonly used by mountaineers as a factor in analyzing avalanche danger in mountainous
areas. This angle of repose is also crucial in correctly calculating stability in vessels.
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Experiment # 7
Solid handling unit:-
1.Cyclone and Pneumatic conveying
Objective:
1. Calculate the solid mass flow by an aerocylone.
Required material:
1. Pneumatic transport system
2. Cyclone
3. Hopper
4. Solids for study
5. Chronometer
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Theory:
Precious Pneumatic Conveying Systems are designed to convey dry powder or grains from one
place to another, which may a combination of horizontal as well as vertical conveying, even
through some intricate path. While conveying material it may be lifted from one or more than
one place and similarly may be dropped at one or at many places.
Basically the system works with the help of one or more suction fans to generate negative
pressure, which picks up the material and material moves with the air. Usually air and material
are separate in the cyclone separator where the material comes down in the cyclone and air
comes out from the top of cyclone, which is being delivered to a filter bag house. In some cases
air mixed with material may directly be taken in the filter bags avoiding the cyclone.
To design the conveying systemfollowing information must be forwarded to us:
1. Physical Properties of the material like density, abrasiveness, particle size distribution,
temperature, moisture content etc.
2. Any other special characteristics of the material like explosive, hygroscopic, heat
sensitive, corrosive, affinity/reaction with Mild Steel.
2. Rate of conveying that is quantity to be conveyed in one hour.
4. Distance, Height, bends etc. with full layout of the suggested path of the conveying.
5. Any specific material of construction if require.
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Procedure:
Weigh some amount of solid, such as salt or fine sand.
Place the solid in hopper with the discharge valve closed.
Turn on air compressor and regulate the air inlet with the flow meter valve and note this
valve.
Place the suction pipe in the hopper precisely and the solids start conveying from the
hopper to the cyclone.
At the same time start the chronometer and place the particle discharge pipe of the
cyclone to another hopper with discharge valve closed.
When the conveying of solids is finished, stop the chronometer.
Calculate the solid masic flow.
Observationand Calculation:
Mesh no.
Mass passing before
erocyclone (g)
Mass after passing
erocyclone (g)
Efficiency %
7 38 35 92
6 50 48 96
5 50 49 98
4 50 46 92
Application:
Industrial cyclones are used in pollution control applications most commonly as a first stage,
lower cost method for removing larger particulate matter (PM) from effluent gas streams.
They can also be constructed to withstand harsh operating conditions.
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2.Agitator:
Industrial agitators are machines used in industries that process products in the chemical, food,
pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, in a view of :
mixing liquids together
promote the reactions of chemical substances
keeping homogeneous liquid bulk during storage
increase heat transfer (heating or cooling)
The agitation is achieved by generating movement of the liquid phase, thanks to the impeller.
This is due, on mechanical agitators, to the rotation of an impeller. The bulk can be composed of
different substances and the aim of the operation is to blend it or to improve the efficiency of a
reaction by a better contact between reactive product. Or the bulk is already blended and the aim
of agitation is to increase a heat transfer or to maintain particles in suspension to avoid any
deposit.
The agitation of liquid is made by one or several agitation impellers. Depending on its shape, the
impeller can generate:
the moving of the liquid which is characterized by its velocity and
direction.
Turbulence which is an erratic variation in space and time of local
fluid velocity.
Shearing given by a velocity gradient between two filets of fluids.
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3.Ball mill
Objective:
Calculate angle α (to which the balls are carried against the wall of the ball mill), between
perpendicular (top of the ball mill) and the point at which the outermost ball lose contact with the
wall of the mill
MaterialRequired:
Ball mill
Balls
Vibratory shaker and a set of sieves
Collecting tray
Solid for a study
Theory:
Ball mill (also named grinding ball) is one of the most important grinding mills in the mining
industry which is used to break all kinds of minerals and other materials in the industries of ore
beneficiation, construction materials and chemical engineering. There are two grinding modes:
wet type and dry type. The discharging ways can be divided to grid type and over flow type. Ball
mills are in many shapes: short drum one, long drum one, pipe one and cone shaped one.
Materials enter the first cabin of ball mills via the feeding device across the hollow shaft
uniformly. In the first cabin, there is a ladder scale board or a ripple scale board with different
steel balls which will be lifted to certain height in the effect of centrifugal force produced by the
rotating cylinder. Then the balls fall to impact and grind the materials. After the rough grinding
process, materials enter the second cabin through the single layer cabin separating board. There
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is a scale board with steel balls in the second cabin which will grind materials. The finished
powder materials are discharged from the unloading plate, thus finishing the grinding process.
Procedure:
Measure the inside diameter of the ball mill.
Measure the size of the ball with the help of venire calipers.
Fill the ball mill to about half of its volume with balls of the same diameter.
Feed t ball mill with 250 g mass of sugar of homogenous size (obtained by screening) and
note the particle diameter.
Before turn on the mill, set speed regulators to maximum.
Measure the speed of rotation of the ball mill in the revolutions per minutes.
Analyze the product with the help of screen and note the particle diameter
Calculate the angle α (to which the balls are carried against the wall of the ball mill)
between perpendicular (top of the ball mill) and the point at which the outermost balls
lose contact with the wall of the mill.
Calculate the critical speed of the ball mill.
Describe the speed of the revolution of the ball mill as the percentage of the critical
speed.
Industrial Application:
A ball mill is a grinding device that is used to turn material into fine powder. Ball mills are
cylindrical in shape, and are often the grinder of choice when it comes to mashing paints, ores,
ceramic materials, and certain hard chemicals. By rotating on a horizontal axis, a ball mill can
effectively convert a hard material into a loose powder.
In addition to the material that is meant to be ground, ball mills also contain a grinding material.
Ceramic balls, stainless steel balls, and flint pieces are often used as grinding materials. When
this matter grinds against another matter, the result is a crushed powder that can then be used for
other applications.
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Experiment # 8
Blake jaw Crusher:
Objective:
To report the results of the screen analysis, for the product obtained by the Blake jaw crushers, in
the form of cumulative and fractional distributions
Required materials:
1. Scale
2. Tray
3. Vibrating sieves
4. Set of sieves with different mesh no.
5. Material
Theory:
The Blake crusher was patented by Eli Whitney Blake in 1858. The Blake type jaw crusher has a
fixed feed area and a variable discharge area. Blake crushers are of two types- single toggle and
double toggle jaw crushers.
In the single toggle jaw crushers, the swing jaw is suspended on the eccentric shaft which leads
to a much more compact design than that of the double toggle jaw crusher. The swing jaw,
suspended on the eccentric, undergoes two types of motion- swing motion towards the fixed jaw
due to the action of toggle plate and vertical movement due the rotation of the eccentric. These
both motions, when combined, lead to an elliptical jaw motion. This motion is useful as it assists
in pushing the particles through the crushing chamber. This phenomena leads to higher capacity
of the single toggle jaw crushers but it also results in higher wear of the crushing jaws. This type
of jaw crushers are preferred for the crushing of softer particles.
In the double toggle jaw crushers, the oscillating motion of the swing jaw is caused by the
vertical motion of the pitman. The pitman moves up and down. The swing jaw closes, i.e., it
moves towards the fixed jaw when the pitman moves upward and opens during the downward
motion of the pitman. This type is commonly used in mines due to its ability to crush tough and
abrasive materials.
Procedure:
Prepare 5 kg of feed (red bricks) of the size that can pass through a 3 in hole and retain on
a 2 in hole.
Note down the time (t1) required for 2 revolutions (n1) of the energy meter disc under un-
loaded conditions. Also note down the energy meter factor (N).
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Note down the initial meter reading (R1) and turn on the crusher. Start introducing the
feed pieces one by one and start stop watch simultaneously in order to measure to total
time (T) required for the crushing
When crushing is completed, stop the stopwatch and turn off the crusher. Note down the
total time required for crushing and the final material reading (Rs)
Again turn on the crushers and note down the time required for two revolutions under
unloaded conditions. Take the average value of the two t1s.
Analyze the material by sieving (preferably using 2, 4, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 70, and 100 US
ASTM mesh sieves) and weigh out the mass retained on each sieve and in the pan.