Participative management involves employees contributing ideas to solve problems and make management decisions affecting their organization and jobs. There are various degrees and techniques of participation, from simply providing information to manager-made decisions, to democratic group decision-making. Effective participation requires factors like sufficient time, participants having relevant knowledge, no power threats, and job freedom in the areas participants can influence. The advantages of participation include increased acceptance of decisions, responsibility and morale, better performance and coordination, while disadvantages can include increased time and costs if not implemented properly.

1. PARTICIPATIVE MANAGEMENT

3. Islamic concept on participation And consult with them upon the conduct of affairs, and when you have resolved, then put your trust in Allah al-i-imran 3:159

4. Participative Management Participation A process in which people contribute ideas to the solution of their problems. Participative Management A system of management in which employees contribute in making management decision effecting organization and their jobs.

5. Arguments for Participation Evolution. Globalization. Flexibility. Decentralization. Theory X and Y.

6. Degree of Participation Making choices Estimating consequences Greater the effect of each other higher the degree of participation Diagnosing Finding alternatives How much value he attaches to ideas he receives Decision making involvement Boss Subordinate

7. Application Techniques FORMAL PARTICIPATION INFORMAL PARTICIPATION PROGRAMME BASED ON INDIVIDUAL BASIS ON GROUP BASIS INDIVIDUAL EFFECTS DECISION MAKING OF SUPERIOR CONSULTATIVE DEMOCRATIC

8. Major Pre-requisites to Participative Management Time Factor. Cost benefit analysis. Matter of interest. Participants to have knowledge and intelligence to participate. No language barrier …participants must be able to communicate freely. No position threat on both sides. Participation is valid only to the group’s area of Job Freedom

9. Area of Job Freedom AREA OF EMPLOYEE PARTICIPATION IN DECISION MAKING TELLS SELLS CONSULT AREA OF AUTHORITY APPLIED BY MANAGER JOINS WITHDRAWS Manager makes & announces decisions Manager seek ideas, sells decision, decisions are subject to change Manager asks for recommendation before deciding Manager decides with group “one person one vote” Manager asks group to decide Autocratic Benevolent Autocratic Consultive / Participative Management Democratic Management Free Rein Management

10. Morale and job satisfaction Satisfaction – Performance Relationship Performance Reward Effort Greater or Lesser Satisfaction Commitment OR Dis-Satisfaction Perception of equity in reward fair…unfair Economic sociological psychological

11. Advantages of participative management  Acceptance of decisions Feeling of responsibility. Ego involvement. Counter-measure to resentment.  Acceptance of change Feeling of safeguarding their interests. Workout feasibility and sort-out possible objections.

12. Advantages of participative management  Positive effect on morale … A form of recognition  Employee development  Better performance.  Positive climate.  Better coordination.

13. Disadvantages of participative management  Time consuming and costly.  Pseudo Participation.

14. Conducting a Participatory Meeting Manager...... Presents the problem Supplies Essential Facts Classifies area of freedom Allows anyone to speak at random Does not meddle Freely express appreciation Draws persons out Wait out pauses Restate accurately Asks good questions Recommendations belong to the group Summarizes as need arise

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