The document discusses various components of a complete blood count (CBC) including hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell count and indices, white blood cell count and differentials, platelets, and serum iron. It provides the normal ranges for each component as well as potential causes for increases and decreases. The CBC provides important information about the types, populations, and health of blood cells and can help diagnose and assess conditions like anemia, infections, and blood disorders.
The document discusses normal ranges and interpretation of various clinical laboratory values from a complete blood count (CBC). It provides reference ranges for hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell count, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, reticulocytes, white blood cell count, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils. For each value, it describes potential causes of increases or decreases outside the normal ranges, as well as optimal versus alarm ranges.
Vitamin B12 plays an essential role in the production of healthy red blood cells. It acts as a coenzyme facilitating DNA synthesis and is required for the function of an enzyme involved in hemoglobin synthesis. Without sufficient B12, the body cannot produce enough hemoglobin to form functional red blood cells, which can result in large, abnormally shaped cells and decreased oxygen delivery to tissues. Maintaining adequate levels of vitamin B12 as well as other nutrients like folate, iron, and zinc is vital for continuous healthy erythropoiesis and oxygen transport via hemoglobin in red blood cells.
The document summarizes the key components of a complete blood count (CBC) test. It describes the various cell types counted in a CBC - red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets - and their normal ranges. It discusses how abnormalities in cell counts or indices can indicate diseases such as anemias, infections, cancers, and blood disorders. The CBC provides important information about a person's overall health and detects problems with blood cell production, destruction, and function.
The document provides information on histograms generated from cell counting and sizing data. Histograms depict the distribution of cell sizes and can identify abnormalities. A normal histogram shows a symmetrical bell curve, while abnormalities like anemia shift or widen the curve. Interpreting histograms and related values like MCV and RDW can help diagnose conditions like iron deficiency anemia earlier than typical methods. The presence of dual peaks indicates multiple cell populations that may arise in situations like recovering from anemia while receiving treatment.
The complete blood count (CBC) test measures the quantity of the main types of blood cells - white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. It provides information on cell counts and other parameters to help identify issues like infections, anemia, bleeding disorders, and certain cancers. The CBC is one of the most commonly ordered blood tests and involves drawing a small blood sample, usually from a vein in the arm. The results are interpreted based on normal reference ranges to evaluate any abnormalities.
1. A 5-year-old girl presented with bruising and bleeding from her mouth. Her blood work showed low platelets but normal other counts. She likely has immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) following a recent infection.
2. An 18-month-old boy drinks a lot of milk and eats dirt, but has low iron levels based on his blood work. He is diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia likely caused by his poor diet.
3. Bone marrow examinations are important for diagnosing diseases like leukemia, myelofibrosis, and multiple myeloma that commonly involve the bone marrow. It can confirm diagnoses and detect conditions not seen on normal blood tests.
This presentation covers on complete blood cells count and it's differentials. Starting with RBC count, WBC count and Platelets interpretation as a whole.
The document discusses normal ranges and interpretation of various clinical laboratory values from a complete blood count (CBC). It provides reference ranges for hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell count, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, reticulocytes, white blood cell count, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils. For each value, it describes potential causes of increases or decreases outside the normal ranges, as well as optimal versus alarm ranges.
Vitamin B12 plays an essential role in the production of healthy red blood cells. It acts as a coenzyme facilitating DNA synthesis and is required for the function of an enzyme involved in hemoglobin synthesis. Without sufficient B12, the body cannot produce enough hemoglobin to form functional red blood cells, which can result in large, abnormally shaped cells and decreased oxygen delivery to tissues. Maintaining adequate levels of vitamin B12 as well as other nutrients like folate, iron, and zinc is vital for continuous healthy erythropoiesis and oxygen transport via hemoglobin in red blood cells.
The document summarizes the key components of a complete blood count (CBC) test. It describes the various cell types counted in a CBC - red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets - and their normal ranges. It discusses how abnormalities in cell counts or indices can indicate diseases such as anemias, infections, cancers, and blood disorders. The CBC provides important information about a person's overall health and detects problems with blood cell production, destruction, and function.
The document provides information on histograms generated from cell counting and sizing data. Histograms depict the distribution of cell sizes and can identify abnormalities. A normal histogram shows a symmetrical bell curve, while abnormalities like anemia shift or widen the curve. Interpreting histograms and related values like MCV and RDW can help diagnose conditions like iron deficiency anemia earlier than typical methods. The presence of dual peaks indicates multiple cell populations that may arise in situations like recovering from anemia while receiving treatment.
The complete blood count (CBC) test measures the quantity of the main types of blood cells - white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. It provides information on cell counts and other parameters to help identify issues like infections, anemia, bleeding disorders, and certain cancers. The CBC is one of the most commonly ordered blood tests and involves drawing a small blood sample, usually from a vein in the arm. The results are interpreted based on normal reference ranges to evaluate any abnormalities.
1. A 5-year-old girl presented with bruising and bleeding from her mouth. Her blood work showed low platelets but normal other counts. She likely has immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) following a recent infection.
2. An 18-month-old boy drinks a lot of milk and eats dirt, but has low iron levels based on his blood work. He is diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia likely caused by his poor diet.
3. Bone marrow examinations are important for diagnosing diseases like leukemia, myelofibrosis, and multiple myeloma that commonly involve the bone marrow. It can confirm diagnoses and detect conditions not seen on normal blood tests.
This presentation covers on complete blood cells count and it's differentials. Starting with RBC count, WBC count and Platelets interpretation as a whole.
This document provides information about how to interpret a complete blood count (CBC). It discusses the components of blood that are analyzed in a CBC, including red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and platelets. It describes normal ranges for CBC parameters and potential abnormalities that may be detected, such as anemia, infections, and bone marrow disorders. The CBC is presented as a relatively inexpensive test that can help diagnose various blood diseases, bone marrow conditions, and other organ abnormalities.
This document discusses the analysis of blood components. It covers:
- The functions of blood including oxygen transport, waste removal, temperature regulation, and more.
- Types of blood testing done in hematology, immunology, blood banking, and chemistry sections.
- Components of a complete blood count including red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and differential white blood cell count.
- The different blood cell types - red blood cells, white blood cells (granulocytes and agranulocytes), platelets, and their roles in the body.
- Procedures for examining blood smears and determining cell counts are also outlined.
This document discusses managing complete blood count (CBC) services using a 3-part differential cell counter. It describes counting white blood cells (WBCs) in 3 or 5 groups, the principle of using electrical impedance to differentiate cells by volume, and normal ranges for red blood cell (RBC) and platelet histograms. Potential abnormalities are highlighted including abnormal cell types, anemia, leukocytosis, and thrombocytopenia. The take-home message emphasizes the importance of considering both numerical CBC data and associated graphs, and using mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and red cell distribution width (RDW) to guide appropriate follow-up iron studies or other tests.
1. The guideline provides recommendations for red blood cell transfusion thresholds and practices based on a systematic review of randomized clinical trials.
2. The strongest recommendation is for a restrictive transfusion strategy (7-8 g/dL hemoglobin level) for hospitalized, stable patients based on high-quality evidence of similar or better outcomes compared to a liberal strategy.
3. For patients with cardiovascular disease, the guideline suggests considering transfusion for patients with symptoms or hemoglobin ≤8 g/dL based on moderate-quality evidence.
4. For patients with acute coronary syndrome, the evidence was uncertain and no recommendation was made regarding a liberal or restrictive threshold.
The document discusses a presentation on the complete hemogram and peripheral blood smear. It covers the indices and definitions used to evaluate red blood cells, normal reference values, classifications of anemia, and morphological features seen on peripheral blood smears and their interpretations. The presentation analyzes quantitative and qualitative parameters of red blood cells and how they are impacted by different pathological conditions.
The document discusses features of blood in children, including plasma, blood cells, and hematopoiesis. Hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell production, which occurs in the mesoblast, liver, spleen, and bone marrow during fetal development and shifts to primarily the bone marrow after birth. The document provides details on red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and blood volume in children at different ages. It also discusses anemia and the classification of anemia severity based on hemoglobin and red blood cell counts.
The document discusses the complete blood count (CBC) test and the parameters it measures. A basic CBC includes measurements of hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell count and indices, white blood cell count and differential, and platelet count. Modern cell counters use principles like impedance and fluorescence to rapidly and accurately measure these parameters. The CBC provides useful information to evaluate and diagnose conditions like anemias, infections, leukemias, and other hematological disorders.
The document discusses the interpretation of a complete blood count (CBC). It provides normal ranges and interpretations for various CBC components such as red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and white blood cell counts. It describes how the CBC can be used to diagnose different types of anemias and infections. Specific abnormalities are associated with conditions like iron deficiency anemia and megaloblastic anemia.
This document discusses anemia, including its causes, types, and characteristics. Anemia can be acute or chronic and is caused by impaired red blood cell production or accelerated destruction. Acute anemia is usually due to blood loss or hemolysis and presents with hypovolemia. Chronic anemia develops over weeks and may not cause symptoms until hemoglobin levels fall below 8 g/dL. Mean corpuscular volume is useful for classifying anemia. Microcytic anemias are caused by iron deficiency, thalassemia, or other conditions. Megaloblastic anemia is due to vitamin B12 or folate deficiency. Dimorphic anemia shows two red blood cell populations and can be seen with combined iron
Some Basics of Veterinary Haematology examination. Includes most significant parameters for clinical diagnostics of veterinary cases.
Composed and Presented by Tean Zaheer.
This document provides information on morphological assessment of blood cells through microscopic examination of stained blood smears. It discusses red blood cell analysis including indices calculations, classification of anemia, differential white blood cell count, and the procedure for examining stained blood smears. The importance of morphological assessment and identifying sources of error in blood smears is emphasized. Methods for red blood cell analysis, white blood cell identification, and checking Leishman stain are outlined.
Sickle cell anemia is a hereditary hemolytic anemia caused by a point mutation in the beta globin gene, resulting in abnormal hemoglobin S. This leads to polymerization of hemoglobin and distortion of red blood cells. Clinical manifestations include anemia, bone pain, acute chest syndrome, and organ damage to tissues like the spleen, liver, and kidneys. The condition is diagnosed through blood tests detecting hemoglobin electrophoresis patterns and genetic testing.
The document discusses various components of a basic blood test. It provides details on the normal composition and functions of blood, as well as procedures for blood specimen collection. It also explains the clinical implications and reference ranges for various components analyzed in a complete blood count test, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and sedimentation rate.
This document provides learning objectives and references related to anemias and red blood cells. It includes 11 learning objectives that cover classifying anemias, causes of iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemias, aplastic anemia, anemia of chronic disease, anemia of renal failure, hemolytic anemias, and peripheral blood and bone marrow changes in anemia. References are provided from multiple sources including textbooks, articles, and websites to support learning about red blood cells, hematopoiesis, anemia pathophysiology, clinical manifestations of anemia, and specific anemias like iron deficiency anemia.
- The document discusses histograms generated by cell counters that graphically represent cell population data. It focuses on histograms for red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets.
- Key parameters for each type of histogram are defined, such as how cells are counted and measured, normal ranges, and flags that indicate potential issues. Common causes for shifts or abnormalities in the histograms are also outlined.
- The information provides guidance on interpreting cell counter histograms and histograms to help evaluate a patient's blood cell counts and detect possible blood disorders or interferences.
A presentation made by Dr Gauhar Mahmood Azeem on the interpretations of a simple CBC and the information it can give us, Various conditions which may cause derangement are mentioned,
This document provides guidance on common hematological issues that may present in primary care. It discusses evaluation and management of abnormalities in white blood cell counts, platelets, hemoglobin levels, and the presence of paraproteins. Common issues addressed include lymphocytosis, neutrophilia, thrombocytosis, thrombocytopenia, macrocytosis, anemia in the elderly, and hematological screening for conditions like thalassemia. The document emphasizes interpreting blood test results in the appropriate clinical context and when to refer patients to hematology specialists for further evaluation or management.
This document discusses investigations in hematology, including for anemia, bleeding disorders, and malignancy. It provides normal ranges for components of complete blood counts and identifies abnormalities that may indicate various disorders. Diagnostic criteria and testing approaches are outlined for anemia, polycythemia, leukocyte disorders, thalassemia, and bleeding disorders. Specific tests are described including their normal ranges and indications, such as prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and bleeding time. Case examples illustrate the analysis and diagnosis of different hematological conditions based on family histories and lab results.
Hematology tests evaluate conditions related to blood, blood proteins, and blood-forming organs. Common tests measure components like hemoglobin, red and white blood cell counts, platelet count, mean cell volume, and more. Abnormal results can indicate anemias, infections, blood clotting disorders, and other conditions. Precise ranges are provided for many tests to classify results as normal, increased, or decreased.
An overview about approach to diagnosis of anemia for new learners. It is not all about approach to anemia, approach to anemia really needs a lot of knowledge about each groups of anemia such as microcytic, normocytic and macrocytic anemia.
This document provides information about how to interpret a complete blood count (CBC). It discusses the components of blood that are analyzed in a CBC, including red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and platelets. It describes normal ranges for CBC parameters and potential abnormalities that may be detected, such as anemia, infections, and bone marrow disorders. The CBC is presented as a relatively inexpensive test that can help diagnose various blood diseases, bone marrow conditions, and other organ abnormalities.
This document discusses the analysis of blood components. It covers:
- The functions of blood including oxygen transport, waste removal, temperature regulation, and more.
- Types of blood testing done in hematology, immunology, blood banking, and chemistry sections.
- Components of a complete blood count including red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and differential white blood cell count.
- The different blood cell types - red blood cells, white blood cells (granulocytes and agranulocytes), platelets, and their roles in the body.
- Procedures for examining blood smears and determining cell counts are also outlined.
This document discusses managing complete blood count (CBC) services using a 3-part differential cell counter. It describes counting white blood cells (WBCs) in 3 or 5 groups, the principle of using electrical impedance to differentiate cells by volume, and normal ranges for red blood cell (RBC) and platelet histograms. Potential abnormalities are highlighted including abnormal cell types, anemia, leukocytosis, and thrombocytopenia. The take-home message emphasizes the importance of considering both numerical CBC data and associated graphs, and using mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and red cell distribution width (RDW) to guide appropriate follow-up iron studies or other tests.
1. The guideline provides recommendations for red blood cell transfusion thresholds and practices based on a systematic review of randomized clinical trials.
2. The strongest recommendation is for a restrictive transfusion strategy (7-8 g/dL hemoglobin level) for hospitalized, stable patients based on high-quality evidence of similar or better outcomes compared to a liberal strategy.
3. For patients with cardiovascular disease, the guideline suggests considering transfusion for patients with symptoms or hemoglobin ≤8 g/dL based on moderate-quality evidence.
4. For patients with acute coronary syndrome, the evidence was uncertain and no recommendation was made regarding a liberal or restrictive threshold.
The document discusses a presentation on the complete hemogram and peripheral blood smear. It covers the indices and definitions used to evaluate red blood cells, normal reference values, classifications of anemia, and morphological features seen on peripheral blood smears and their interpretations. The presentation analyzes quantitative and qualitative parameters of red blood cells and how they are impacted by different pathological conditions.
The document discusses features of blood in children, including plasma, blood cells, and hematopoiesis. Hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell production, which occurs in the mesoblast, liver, spleen, and bone marrow during fetal development and shifts to primarily the bone marrow after birth. The document provides details on red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and blood volume in children at different ages. It also discusses anemia and the classification of anemia severity based on hemoglobin and red blood cell counts.
The document discusses the complete blood count (CBC) test and the parameters it measures. A basic CBC includes measurements of hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell count and indices, white blood cell count and differential, and platelet count. Modern cell counters use principles like impedance and fluorescence to rapidly and accurately measure these parameters. The CBC provides useful information to evaluate and diagnose conditions like anemias, infections, leukemias, and other hematological disorders.
The document discusses the interpretation of a complete blood count (CBC). It provides normal ranges and interpretations for various CBC components such as red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and white blood cell counts. It describes how the CBC can be used to diagnose different types of anemias and infections. Specific abnormalities are associated with conditions like iron deficiency anemia and megaloblastic anemia.
This document discusses anemia, including its causes, types, and characteristics. Anemia can be acute or chronic and is caused by impaired red blood cell production or accelerated destruction. Acute anemia is usually due to blood loss or hemolysis and presents with hypovolemia. Chronic anemia develops over weeks and may not cause symptoms until hemoglobin levels fall below 8 g/dL. Mean corpuscular volume is useful for classifying anemia. Microcytic anemias are caused by iron deficiency, thalassemia, or other conditions. Megaloblastic anemia is due to vitamin B12 or folate deficiency. Dimorphic anemia shows two red blood cell populations and can be seen with combined iron
Some Basics of Veterinary Haematology examination. Includes most significant parameters for clinical diagnostics of veterinary cases.
Composed and Presented by Tean Zaheer.
This document provides information on morphological assessment of blood cells through microscopic examination of stained blood smears. It discusses red blood cell analysis including indices calculations, classification of anemia, differential white blood cell count, and the procedure for examining stained blood smears. The importance of morphological assessment and identifying sources of error in blood smears is emphasized. Methods for red blood cell analysis, white blood cell identification, and checking Leishman stain are outlined.
Sickle cell anemia is a hereditary hemolytic anemia caused by a point mutation in the beta globin gene, resulting in abnormal hemoglobin S. This leads to polymerization of hemoglobin and distortion of red blood cells. Clinical manifestations include anemia, bone pain, acute chest syndrome, and organ damage to tissues like the spleen, liver, and kidneys. The condition is diagnosed through blood tests detecting hemoglobin electrophoresis patterns and genetic testing.
The document discusses various components of a basic blood test. It provides details on the normal composition and functions of blood, as well as procedures for blood specimen collection. It also explains the clinical implications and reference ranges for various components analyzed in a complete blood count test, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and sedimentation rate.
This document provides learning objectives and references related to anemias and red blood cells. It includes 11 learning objectives that cover classifying anemias, causes of iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemias, aplastic anemia, anemia of chronic disease, anemia of renal failure, hemolytic anemias, and peripheral blood and bone marrow changes in anemia. References are provided from multiple sources including textbooks, articles, and websites to support learning about red blood cells, hematopoiesis, anemia pathophysiology, clinical manifestations of anemia, and specific anemias like iron deficiency anemia.
- The document discusses histograms generated by cell counters that graphically represent cell population data. It focuses on histograms for red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets.
- Key parameters for each type of histogram are defined, such as how cells are counted and measured, normal ranges, and flags that indicate potential issues. Common causes for shifts or abnormalities in the histograms are also outlined.
- The information provides guidance on interpreting cell counter histograms and histograms to help evaluate a patient's blood cell counts and detect possible blood disorders or interferences.
A presentation made by Dr Gauhar Mahmood Azeem on the interpretations of a simple CBC and the information it can give us, Various conditions which may cause derangement are mentioned,
This document provides guidance on common hematological issues that may present in primary care. It discusses evaluation and management of abnormalities in white blood cell counts, platelets, hemoglobin levels, and the presence of paraproteins. Common issues addressed include lymphocytosis, neutrophilia, thrombocytosis, thrombocytopenia, macrocytosis, anemia in the elderly, and hematological screening for conditions like thalassemia. The document emphasizes interpreting blood test results in the appropriate clinical context and when to refer patients to hematology specialists for further evaluation or management.
This document discusses investigations in hematology, including for anemia, bleeding disorders, and malignancy. It provides normal ranges for components of complete blood counts and identifies abnormalities that may indicate various disorders. Diagnostic criteria and testing approaches are outlined for anemia, polycythemia, leukocyte disorders, thalassemia, and bleeding disorders. Specific tests are described including their normal ranges and indications, such as prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and bleeding time. Case examples illustrate the analysis and diagnosis of different hematological conditions based on family histories and lab results.
Hematology tests evaluate conditions related to blood, blood proteins, and blood-forming organs. Common tests measure components like hemoglobin, red and white blood cell counts, platelet count, mean cell volume, and more. Abnormal results can indicate anemias, infections, blood clotting disorders, and other conditions. Precise ranges are provided for many tests to classify results as normal, increased, or decreased.
An overview about approach to diagnosis of anemia for new learners. It is not all about approach to anemia, approach to anemia really needs a lot of knowledge about each groups of anemia such as microcytic, normocytic and macrocytic anemia.
Full Blood Count (FBC) Interpretation.pptxDicksonGamor
This presentation on full blood count(FBC) takes a deep dive into help you interpret any given FBC results. The presentation provides you with requisite explanations on the various FBC parameters. It also gives you possible conditions in which various parameters are affected. By going through this slides you will be able to diagnose various conditions such as Anemias.
BASIC HEMATOLOGY A BREIF DISCUSSION.pptxAjilAntony10
The document provides information about common hematological tests and interpretation of their results. It discusses the following tests:
1. Complete blood count (CBC) which measures hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell count, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), white blood cell count, and platelet count. Abnormal results can indicate anemia or infection.
2. MCV helps determine if a patient has microcytic, normocytic, or macrocytic anemia based on average red blood cell size.
3. Differential white blood cell count identifies percentages of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils, which can be abnormal in various diseases and infections.
The complete blood count (CBC) provides information about blood cells and their parameters. It measures red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, white blood cell count with differential, platelet count, and red blood cell indices. Abnormal CBC results can indicate various health conditions, such as anemia, infection, bleeding disorders, and cancer. The CBC is an important test that provides valuable information about a person's overall health status.
The document discusses the interpretation of a complete blood count (CBC) test. A CBC provides information on red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Abnormal CBC results can indicate conditions like infections, anemias, leukemias, and other disorders. The document outlines normal CBC reference ranges and provides guidance on interpreting abnormal high or low blood cell counts based on the specific cell type affected and considering the clinical context.
This document provides an overview of various laboratory investigations that are important for oral and maxillofacial surgeons. It summarizes hematological investigations including complete blood count, coagulation tests, and biochemical investigations like lipid profile, glucose, kidney/liver function tests. It describes the purpose and clinical significance of these common blood tests and their normal ranges.
Anemia is a decrease in red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood. It can be caused by blood loss, excessive red blood cell destruction, or deficient red blood cell production. Common symptoms include fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. Anemia is diagnosed through a complete blood count and examination of a blood smear. It can be classified based on red blood cell size as microcytic, normocytic, or macrocytic. A more detailed classification involves evaluating red blood cell production, destruction, and loss through parameters like reticulocyte count and mean corpuscular volume. Determining the underlying cause requires additional tests depending on the classification and symptoms.
The document discusses components of a complete blood count test (CBC) including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and associated indices. It describes the normal ranges and functions of these components as well as some common conditions that cause abnormalities in CBC results, such as infections which increase white blood cells and deficiencies which decrease red blood cells or platelets. The CBC provides important information about overall health and detects a wide range of diseases.
This document discusses various laboratory investigations used in oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS). It describes hematological tests including complete blood count, red blood cell indices, platelet count, and bleeding time. It outlines normal ranges and clinical implications of increased or decreased results for hematological parameters. These laboratory tests provide important information to establish medical diagnoses and guide patient management in OMFS.
The document discusses various hematological tests and their interpretation. It provides information on red blood cell indices like MCV, MCH, and MCHC which are used to classify anemias. The normal ranges and causes of increased or decreased red blood cell count, white blood cell count, platelet count, hematocrit, and other tests are outlined. Drug interactions and interferences that can impact test results are also mentioned.
A complete blood count (CBC) is a series of blood tests that evaluates the concentration and composition of blood cells. A CBC provides information about red blood cell count, white blood cell count, platelet count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and cell morphology. Abnormal cell counts may indicate diseases like infections, blood disorders, or cancers. A CBC is used to monitor overall health, screen for diseases, confirm diagnoses, and monitor medical treatments. It provides information on acute or chronic medical conditions.
This document provides an overview of laboratory investigations in dentistry. It defines laboratory investigations, outlines their need and applications. It then classifies laboratory investigations and discusses the most common hematological, biochemical, microbiological, immunological, and histopathological/cytopathological investigations. Specific tests are explained in detail including complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, bleeding time, and platelet count. The significance and interpretation of results for these common dental laboratory tests are also summarized.
Laboratory diagnosis.ppt and clincal diagnosisAmanyHamed15
Laboratory diagnosis involves examining samples from patients to obtain diagnostic information. It is an important part of the diagnostic process that can help confirm or rule out potential diseases. Blood tests are a key part of laboratory diagnosis and can provide information on red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and other measures. Abnormal results may indicate conditions like anemia, infection, leukemia, or other blood disorders. Proper interpretation requires understanding reference values and clinical significance of each test result. Bone marrow examination can also help diagnose hematological conditions by examining cell development and morphology under a microscope.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
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Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
The droplets have a tendency to conglomerate to one big mass, but on being shaken they fall apart into countless little droplets again. It is used to ignite explosives, like mercury fulminate, the explosive character is one of its general themes.
4. Complete Blood Count (CBC)
4
The CBC includes:
haemoglobin (Hb)
haematocrit (Hct)
white blood cell indices
red blood cell indices
platelets
11/22/2018
5. Complete Blood Count (CBC)
5
Aids diagnosis and assessment of anaemia, nutritional deficiencies, blood
disorders, infection, and many other disorders.
provides important information about the types, populations, and health of
blood cells
Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) is commonly but not always included in
the FBC as part of the red cell indices, depending on the pathology service
provider.
RDW is relevant to the evaluation of vitamin deficiencies, including vitamin
B12.
11/22/2018
6. Hemoglobin (Hb)
6
Hb is the oxygen-carrying compound found in RBC. Hb level is a
direct indicator of the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
Adaptation to high altitudes, extreme exercise, and pulmonary
conditions may cause variations in Hb values.
Conventional
ref range
Conventional
ref range
Optimal ref
range Alarm range
Male 14-18 g/dL
SI 8.7-11.2
mmol/L
14-15 g/dL <10 or >17g/dL
Female 12-16 g/dL
SI 7.4-9.9
mmol/L
13.5-14.5 g/dL
<10 or >17g/dL
11/22/2018
7. Hemoglobin (Hb)
7
INCREASED HAEMOGLOBIN
➢ Polycythemia vera
➢ COPD
➢ Chronic smokers
➢ Athletes
➢ People living at high altitudes.
DECREASED HAEMOGLOBIN
➢ Anaemia of all types, particularly
iron deficiency anaemia (IDA)
➢ Blood loss
➢ Haemolysis
➢ Pregnancy
➢ Increased fluid intake or fluid
replacement
11/22/2018
8. Haematocrit (Hct)
8
The Hct describes the volume of blood that is occupied by RBC. It is
expressed as a percentage of total blood volume. Another name for Hct is
packed cell volume (PCV). As a rule of thumb, the Hct value is generally about
three times the value of Hb.
Conventional ref
range
Conventional ref
range
Optimal ref range Alarm range
Male SI 0.39-0.49 39-49% 0.40-0.48 SI <0.32 or >0.55
Female SI 0.33-0.43 33-43% 0.37-0.44 SI <0.32 or >0.55
11/22/2018
9. Haematocrit (Hct)
9
INCREASED HAEMATOCRIT
Dehydration (burns,
vomiting/diarrhoea)
Polycythemia vera
COPD
People living at high altitudes.
DECREASED HAEMATOCRIT
All types of anaemias
Blood loss
Haemolysis
Pregnancy
Cirrhosis
Hyperthyroidism
Leukaemia.
11/22/2018
10. Red Cell Count (RCC)/Erythrocyte Count
10
RBC are produced in the bone marrow.
They are released into the systemic circulation and serve to transport oxygen from
the lungs to the body tissues.
After circulating for a life span of approximately 120 days, the RBC are cleared by
the reticuloendothelial system.
The actual amount of RBC per unit of blood is the RCC.
Conventional ref range Conventional ref range Optimal ref range Alarm range
Male
SI 3-5.9x
1012/L
4.3-5.9x106 cells/mm3 4.2-4.9x1012/L <3.8 or >6.0
Female SI 3.5-5.0x1012/L 3.5-5.0x106 cells/mm3 4.0-4.5x1012/L <3.5 or >5.0
11/22/2018
11. Red Cell Count (RCC)/Erythrocyte Count
11
INCREASED RCC (erythrocytosis)
➢ Polycythemia vera
➢ High altitudes
➢ Strenuous exercise
DECREASED RCC (erythropenia)
➢ Various types of anaemias
➢ Lymphomas and leukaemia
➢ Menstruating females typically have decreased RCC
and Hb due to blood loss.
11/22/2018
12. Mean Cell Volume (MCV)
12
Or mean corpuscular volume, the MCV provides an estimate of the average
volume of the erythrocyte.
The higher the MCV, the larger the average size of the RBC
macrocytic/macrocytosis
Conversely, cells with a low MCV are referred to as microcytic.
Normocytic RBCs have an MCV that falls within the normal range.
Conventional ref
range
Conventional ref
range
Optimal ref range Alarm range
Males
&
Females
SI 80-98fL 76-100um3 82.0-89.9fL <78.0 or >95.5fL
11/22/2018
14. MCH
14
Also known as Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin, the MCH indicates the average
weight of Hb in the RBC.
Cells with a low MCH are pale in color and are referred to as hypochromic.
Cells with an increased MCH are hyperchromic Cells with normal amounts of Hb
are normochromic.
Conventional ref range Conventional ref range Optimal ref range Alarm range
Males
&
Females
27-33pg n/a 28.0-31.9pg <24.0 or >34.0pg
11/22/2018
15. MCH
15 11/22/2018
INCREASED MCH
Folate or Vitamin B12
deficiency.
In individuals with
hyperlipidaemia MCH may be
falsely elevated because of
specimen turbidity.
DECREASED MCH
Iron deficiency anaemia.
16. MCHC
16
Also known as mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, MCHC is a
measure of average Hb concentration in the RBC.
Conventional ref
range
Conventional ref
range
Optimal ref range Alarm range
Male &
Female
0.32-0.36 SI 32.0-36.0g/dL 32.0-35.0g/dL n/a
11/22/2018
18. Reticulocytes
18
Reticulocytes are immature RBC formed in the bone marrow.
An increase in reticulocyte count usually indicates increased RBC production,
but may also be indicative of a decrease in the circulating number of mature
erythrocytes.
Conventional ref range Conventional ref range Optimal ref range Alarm range
Male & female 0.1-2.4% SI 0.001-0.02
0.5-1%
OR
0.005-0.01
>2%
OR
0.02
11/22/2018
19. Reticulocytes
19
INCREASED RETICULOCYTES
Haemolytic anaemia
Haemorrhage
Sickle cell disease.
Increased reticulocytes are also
indicative of response to
treatment of anaemias secondary
to iron, B12, or folate deficiency.
DECREASED RETICULOCYTES
Infectious causes
Alcoholism
Renal disease (from decreased
erythropoietin)
Toxins
Untreated iron deficiency anaemia
Drug-induced bone marrow
suppression.
** Reticulocyte Count is typically not a
standard part of the FBC, and is often
ordered separately.
11/22/2018
20. White Cell Count (WCC)
20
Also known as leukocyte count, the WCC represents the total number of WBC
in a given volume of blood. Mature WBC exist in many forms, including
neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. White cell
indices provides differential provides a breakdown of the percentage of each
type of WBC.
Conventional
ref range
Conventional
ref range
Optimal ref
range
Alarm range
Male &
Female
3.2-11.3 x109/L
SI
3.2-11.3
x103/mm3 5.0-7.5 x109/L
<3.0 or >13.0
x109/L
11/22/2018
21. White Cell Count (WCC)
21
INCREASED WCC (leukocytosis)
Infection
Leukaemia
Trauma
Thyroid storm
Corticosteroid use.
Emotion, stress, and seizures may also
increase WCC.
WCC >50,000 cells/mm3 may cause false
elevations in Hb and MCH.
DECREASED WCC
(leukopenia)
Viral infection
Aplastic anaemia
Bone marrow depression
caused by the use of
chemotherapy or
anticonvulsants.
11/22/2018
22. Neutrophils
22
Neutrophils are the most common type of WBC. Their primary function is to fight bacterial and
fungal infections by phagocytosis of foreign particles. Neutrophils may also be involved in the
pathogenesis of some inflammatory disorders, for example, rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory
bowel disease. Bands are immature neutrophils. An increase in bands, often referred to as a “shift
to the left” or “left shift,” may occur during infection or leukaemia.
Conventional ref
range
Conventional ref
range
Optimal ref range Alarm range
Male &
Female
1.8-8.0x109/L 35-74% 4-6x109/L
<3 or > 8
x109/L
11/22/2018
23. Neutrophils
23
INCREASED NEUTROPHILS (neutrophilia)
Infection
Metabolic disorders (eg, diabetic
ketoacidosis, DKA)
Uremia
Response to stress, emotional
disturbances,
Burns
Acute inflammation
Use of medications such as
corticosteroids.
DECREASED NEUTROPHILS
(neutropenia)
Viral infections (eg, mononucleosis,
hepatitis)
Septicemia
Overwhelming infection
Use of chemotherapy agents
11/22/2018
24. Lymphocytes
24
Lymphocytes are the second most common type of circulating WBC. They
are important in the immune response to foreign antigens.
Conventional ref
range
Conventional ref
range
Optimal ref range Alarm range
Male &
Female
1.2-5.2x109/L 12-52% 2.4-4.4x109/L
<2 or > 5.5
x109/L
11/22/2018
26. Monocytes
26
Monocytes are synthesized in the bone marrow,
released into the circulation, and subsequently
migrate into lymph nodes, spleen, liver, lung,
and bone marrow. In these tissues, monocytes
mature into macrophages and serve as
scavengers for foreign substances.
.
Conventional ref
range
Conventional ref
range
Optimal ref range Alarm range
Male &
Female
0.0-1.0x109/L 0-10% <0.7x109/L >1.5x109/L
11/22/2018
27. Monocytes
27
INCREASED MONOCYTES
(monocytosis)
Recovery phase of some infections
Subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE)
Tuberculosis (TB), syphilis and malaria
Leukemia and lymphoma.
.
DECREASED MONOCYTES
(monocytopenia)
Not usually associated with a specific
disease but may be seen with use of
bone marrow suppressive agents or
severe stress
11/22/2018
28. Eosinophils
28
Eosinophils are phagocytic WBC that assist in the killing of bacteria and yeast.
They reside predominantly in the intestinal mucosa and lungs.
They are also involved in allergic reactions and in the immune response to parasites.
Conventional ref
range
Conventional ref
range
Optimal ref range Alarm range
Male
SI 0.0-0.8x
1012/L
0-8% <0.3x1012/L n/a
11/22/2018
30. Basophils
30
Basophils are phagocytic WBCs
present in small numbers in the
circulating blood.
They contain heparin, histamine,
and leukotrienes and are probably
associated with hypersensitivity
reactions.
INCREASED BASOPHILS (basophilia)
Hypersensitivity reactions to food or
medications
Certain leukaemias
Polycythemia vera.
Conventional ref range Conventional ref range Optimal ref range Alarm range
Male &
Females
SI 0.0-0.3
x1012/L
<0.3%
0.0-0.1
x1012/L
>0.5
x1012/L
11/22/2018
31. Platelets
31
Platelets are a critical element in blood clot
formation.
INCREASED PLATELETS (thrombocytosis,
thrombocythemia)
Infection
Malignancies
Splenectomy
Chronic inflammatory disorders (eg, rheumatoid
arthritis)
Polycythemia vera
Haemorrhage
Iron deficiency anemia
Myeloid metaplasia.
DECREASED PLATELETS (thrombocytopenia)
Autoimmune disorders such as idiopathic
thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
Aplastic anaemia
Radiation
Chemotherapy
Space-occupying lesion in the bone marrow
Bacterial or viral infections
Use of heparin or valproic acid.
Conventional
ref range
Conventional
ref range
Optimal ref
range
Alarm range
Male &
Female
150-450
x109/L
150-450
X103/mm3
155-385
x109/L
<50 or >700
X109/L
11/22/2018
32. Serum Iron
32
The serum iron measures the concentration of iron
bound to the iron transport protein transferrin.
Under normal circumstances, approximately one-
third of transferrin molecules are bound to iron.
INCREASED SERUM IRON
▶ Excessive iron therapy
▶ Frequent transfusions
▶ Pernicious anaemia
▶ Hemolytic anaemia
▶ Thalassaemia
▶ Haemochromatosis (iron overload).2
In iron deficiency anaemia, serum iron levels may
remain within the lower limit of normal. Thus, serum
iron levels are best interpreted along with total iron-
binding capacity (TIBC).
DECREASED SERUM IRON
▶ Iron deficiency anaemia, (microcytic, hypochromic
anaemia).
▶ Poor dietary intake
▶ Pregnancy
▶ Blood loss associated with menses
▶ Peptic ulcer disease, and gastrointestinal bleeding
▶ Malignancies
▶ Anaemia of chronic disease
▶ Chronic renal disease
▶ Haemodialysis.
Conventional
ref range
Conventional
ref range
Optimal ref
range
Alarm range
Male
SI 14–32
μmol/L
80–180 μg/dL 8.96-17.91
μmol/L
<4.5 or >35.82
μmol/L
Female
SI 11–29
μmol/L
60–160 μg/dL 8.96-17.91
μmol/L
<4.5 or >35.82
μmol/L
11/22/2018
33. Ferritin
33
Ferritin is the storage form of iron. The serum
ferritin level provides an accurate reflection
of total body iron stores.
INCREASED SERUM FERRITIN
➢ Haemochromatosis
➢ Recent iron supplementation or
transfusion
➢ Since ferritin is an acute phase reactant it
may also be elevated in patients with
malignancies, inflammatory disorders, or
infection/fever.
DECREASED SERUM FERRITIN
➢ Iron deficiency anaemia
➢ Severe protein deficiency
➢ Hemodialysis
Conventional
ref range
Conventional
ref range
Optimal ref
range
Alarm range
Male 15-250ug/L n/a n/a
<8ug/L
>500ug/L
Female
10-150ug/L
After
menopause
10-263ug/L
n/a n/a n/a
11/22/2018
34. TIBC
34
➢ TIBC is an indirect measurement of the
iron transport protein transferrin.
➢ The test is performed by adding an
excess of iron to a plasma sample.
➢ Any excess unbound iron is removed
from the sample, and the serum iron
concentration in the sample is
determined.
➢ The measured serum iron concentration
reflects the TIBC of serum transferrin.
INCREASED TIBC
➢ Iron deficiency anaemia
➢ Pregnancy
➢ Oral contraceptive use.
DECREASED TIBC
➢ Anaemia of chronic disease
➢ Malignancy
➢ Infections
➢ Uremia
➢ Cirrhosis
➢ Hyperthyroidism
➢ Haemochromatosis.
Conventional
ref range
Conventional
ref range
Optimal ref
range
Alarm range
Male &
Female
SI 45–82
μmol/L
250-350
μg/dL
44.8-62.7
μmol/L
n/a
11/22/2018
35. Serum B12
35
➢ Measures serum levels of vitamin B12.
➢ Vitamin B12 is important in DNA synthesis,
neurologic function, and haematopoiesis.
➢ Deficiency of vitamin B12 produces a
macrocytic anaemia.
➢ Patients may also present with
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
➢ Glossitis
➢ Parasthesias
➢ Muscle weakness
➢ Gastrointestinal symptoms
➢ Loss of coordination
➢ Tremors
➢ Irritability
DECREASED SERUM B12 CAUSES
➢ inadequate dietary intake (rare except for vegan diets)
➢ Deficiency of intrinsic factor (necessary for absorption
of B12)
➢ Increased requirements.
➢ Pernicious anaemia
➢ Gastrectomy
➢ Crohn's disease
➢ Small bowel resection
➢ Intestinal infections
➢ Medication use including colchicine or neomycin.
Conventional
ref range
Conventional
ref range
Optimal ref
range
Alarm range
Male &
Female
SI 148–664
pmol/L
n/a n/a MUST BE IX
11/22/2018
36. Serum B12
36
➢ Measures serum levels of vitamin B12.
➢ Vitamin B12 is important in DNA synthesis,
neurologic function, and haematopoiesis.
➢ Deficiency of vitamin B12 produces a
macrocytic anaemia.
➢ Patients may also present with
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
➢ Glossitis
➢ Parasthesias
➢ Muscle weakness
➢ Gastrointestinal symptoms
➢ Loss of coordination
➢ Tremors
➢ Irritability
DECREASED SERUM B12 CAUSES
➢ inadequate dietary intake (rare except for vegan diets)
➢ Deficiency of intrinsic factor (necessary for absorption
of B12)
➢ Increased requirements.
➢ Pernicious anaemia
➢ Gastrectomy
➢ Crohn's disease
➢ Small bowel resection
➢ Intestinal infections
➢ Medication use including colchicine or neomycin.
Conventional
ref range
Conventional
ref range
Optimal ref
range
Alarm range
Male &
Female
SI 148–664
pmol/L
n/a n/a MUST BE IX
11/22/2018
38. Serum B12
38
▶ Increased levels of vitamin B12 in
the blood can exist for a number
of reasons, which can be divided
roughly into the following
categories.
▶ The test was simply carried out too
soon after the taking of vitamin B12
supplements
▶ The body is failing to use the B12
correctly
▶ A severe disease is present
▶ Cancer BioMarker (Andres, Serraj,
Zhu, & Vermorken, 2013)
▶ Alongside alcoholism
▶ Genetic make-up
▶ An impaired B12 absorption and
increased transport molecules in
the blood
▶ Diseases of the liver, kidneys and
the blood, such as leukemia, can be
considered potential reasons for an
increased vitamin B12 blood level
Conventional
ref range
Conventional
ref range
Optimal ref
range
Alarm range
Male &
Female
SI 148–664
pmol/L
n/a n/a MUST BE IX
1E. Andrès, K. Serraj, J. Zhu, A.J.M. Vermorken. The pathophysiology of elevated vitamin B12 in clinical practice QJM Feb 201311/22/2018
39. Elevated Serum B12
39
It is possible that a B12 deficiency can occur despite the high B12 blood levels;
▶ If vitamin B12 isn’t correctly binding to transport molecules and thus is not
able to be used by the body, for example (Solomon, 2007)(Ermens,
Vlasveld, & Lindemans, 2003)
▶ Deficiency in production of transcobalamin II
▶ Overproduction of transcobalamin I und II
▶ Elevated production of haptocorrin
▶ Deficiency in excretion of vitamin B12
▶ This can be tested using a HoloTC or an MMA urine test, because these
tests only measure the usable vitamin B12 (HoloTC) or the metabolic
product (MMA test).
11/22/2018
40. http://www.b12-vitamin.com/blood-
Disease Mechanism
Alcoholic liver disease19,20(Lambert et al.,
1997(Baker, Leevy, DeAngelis, Frank, & Baker, 1998))
Deficiency in production of transcobalamin II
Overproduction of transcobalamin I und II
Hepatitis(Hagelskjaer & Rasmussen, 1992) Release of vitamin B12 from the body store in the
liver
Deficiency in production of transcobalamin II
Liver cirrhosis Deficiency in absorption of vitamin B12 by the liver
Tumour in Liver, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Secondary
Liver tumours, Breast Cancer, Bowel Cancer, Stomach
tumours, Pancreatic cancer
Deficiency in excretion of B12
Increased or Elevated production of transcobalamins
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)14
Elevated production of granulocytic haptocorrin
Polycythemia vera (PV, Polycythemia, PCV)15,16 Increased release of granulocytic haptocorrin
Myelofibrosis (osteomyelofibrosis, OMF, bone marrow
fibrosis) 17
Increased production of transcobalamins
Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) Elevated production of haptocorrin
Acute leukemia Increased production of haptocorrin
Kidney Diseases 21 Deficiency in excretion of vitamin B12 and consequent
accumulation in the blood
Bacterial overgrowth in the bowel (22,23) Increased production of B12 analogs through bacteria
40 11/22/2018
41. Serum Folate
41
Measures serum folate. Like
vitamin B12, folate is a vitamin
necessary for synthesis of DNA.
➢ Deficiency of folate results in
megaloblastic anaemia.
DECREASED SERUM FOLATE
CAUSES
➢ Inadequate intake (major cause)
➢ decreased absorption ‘TRAPPING’
➢ Inability to convert folic acid to
the active form tetrahydrofolate
DECREASED SERUM FOLATE
➢ Alcoholism
➢ Poor nutrition
➢ Pregnancy
➢ Hyperthyroidism
➢ Crohn's disease
➢ Small bowel resection
➢ Coeliac disease
➢ Medication use including trimethoprim,
triamterene, methotrexate, phenytoin, and
sulfasalazine.
Conventional
ref range
Conventional
ref range
Optimal ref
range
Alarm range
Male &
Female
SI 6.8–56.8
nmol/L
n/a n/a n/a
11/22/2018