An overview about approach to diagnosis of anemia for new learners. It is not all about approach to anemia, approach to anemia really needs a lot of knowledge about each groups of anemia such as microcytic, normocytic and macrocytic anemia.
Dr. Sachin Verma is a young, diligent and dynamic physician. He did his graduation from IGMC Shimla and MD in Internal Medicine from GSVM Medical College Kanpur. Then he did his Fellowship in Intensive Care Medicine (FICM) from Apollo Hospital Delhi. He has done fellowship in infectious diseases by Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA). He has also done FCCS course and is certified Advance Cardiac Life support (ACLS) and Basic Life Support (BLS) provider by American Heart Association. He has also done a course in Cardiology by American College of Cardiology and a course in Diabetology by International Diabetes Centre. He specializes in the management of Infections, Multiorgan Dysfunctions and Critically ill patients and has many publications and presentations in various national conferences under his belt. He is currently working in NABH Approved Ivy super-specialty Hospital Mohali as Consultant Intensivists and Physician.
Dr. Sachin Verma is a young, diligent and dynamic physician. He did his graduation from IGMC Shimla and MD in Internal Medicine from GSVM Medical College Kanpur. Then he did his Fellowship in Intensive Care Medicine (FICM) from Apollo Hospital Delhi. He has done fellowship in infectious diseases by Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA). He has also done FCCS course and is certified Advance Cardiac Life support (ACLS) and Basic Life Support (BLS) provider by American Heart Association. He has also done a course in Cardiology by American College of Cardiology and a course in Diabetology by International Diabetes Centre. He specializes in the management of Infections, Multiorgan Dysfunctions and Critically ill patients and has many publications and presentations in various national conferences under his belt. He is currently working in NABH Approved Ivy super-specialty Hospital Mohali as Consultant Intensivists and Physician.
A presentation made about Sickle cell disease by Yara Mostafa, Yasser Osama, Yaser Mostafa ,Ain shams university, Medicine faculty, first year students.
aplastic anemia pediatrics
It compromises a group of disorders of the hematopoietic stem cells resulting in the suppression of one or more of erythroid, myeloid and megakaryotic cell lines.
thrombocytopenia
In this presentation I've tried to summarize classification of hemolytic anemia and in depth review of rbc membrane disorders like hereditary spherocytosis, hereditary elliptocytosis, enzymopathies of hemolytic anemia like g6pd disorder, pyruvate kinase disorders, hemoglobinopathies related to hemolytic anemia like thalassemia, sickle cell anemia and especially pathophysiology and mechanism of hemolysis either extravascular or intravascular. Hope it helps you understand the entity better.
Hematuria is the presence of blood in a person’s urine. The two types of hematuria are
gross hematuria—when a person can see the blood in his or her urine
microscopic hematuria—when a person cannot see the blood in his or her urine, yet it is seen under a microscope
A presentation made about Sickle cell disease by Yara Mostafa, Yasser Osama, Yaser Mostafa ,Ain shams university, Medicine faculty, first year students.
aplastic anemia pediatrics
It compromises a group of disorders of the hematopoietic stem cells resulting in the suppression of one or more of erythroid, myeloid and megakaryotic cell lines.
thrombocytopenia
In this presentation I've tried to summarize classification of hemolytic anemia and in depth review of rbc membrane disorders like hereditary spherocytosis, hereditary elliptocytosis, enzymopathies of hemolytic anemia like g6pd disorder, pyruvate kinase disorders, hemoglobinopathies related to hemolytic anemia like thalassemia, sickle cell anemia and especially pathophysiology and mechanism of hemolysis either extravascular or intravascular. Hope it helps you understand the entity better.
Hematuria is the presence of blood in a person’s urine. The two types of hematuria are
gross hematuria—when a person can see the blood in his or her urine
microscopic hematuria—when a person cannot see the blood in his or her urine, yet it is seen under a microscope
Full Blood Count (FBC) Interpretation.pptxDicksonGamor
This presentation on full blood count(FBC) takes a deep dive into help you interpret any given FBC results. The presentation provides you with requisite explanations on the various FBC parameters. It also gives you possible conditions in which various parameters are affected. By going through this slides you will be able to diagnose various conditions such as Anemias.
CBC interpretation in routine clinical practice.pptxDibyajyoti Prusty
CBC: Basic haematologic and systemic evaluation
-It offers a comprehensive assessment of the cellular components that circulate within the bloodstream revealing wide range of medical conditions
We will discuss :
Blood, Blood components, Blood cells, Haematopoiesis
CBC parameters and clinical significance
Use in Clinical Practice
CBC analyser, Technical aspects
What next after analysing a CBC report
Futuristic aspects
Blood is a specialized body fluid
Transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues: RBCs
Forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss: Platelets
Carrying cells (WBCs) and antibodies (Plasma) that fight infection
Bringing waste products to the kidneys and liver, which filter and clean the blood
Regulating body temperature
Plasma : a mixture of water, sugar, fat, protein, and salts. Transport blood cells throughout body along with nutrients, waste products, antibodies, clotting proteins, hormones, and proteins that help maintain the body's fluid balance.
Red blood cells (Erythrocytes): Controlled by erythropoietin. No nucleus and can easily change shape. Contain a special protein called haemoglobin. The percentage of whole blood volume that is made up of red blood cells is called the haematocrit.
White blood cells (Leukocytes): White blood cells protect the body from infection
Platelets (Thrombocytes): Platelets are not actually cells but rather small fragments of cells. Helps in blood clotting process
This presentation covers on complete blood cells count and it's differentials. Starting with RBC count, WBC count and Platelets interpretation as a whole.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. 2
Approach to
Anemia
By the end of this session, we will be able to:
Define Anemia and cause of Anemia
The findings associated with anemia
Approach to diagnosis
Conclusion
General Objectives
3. 3
Approach to
Anemia
A reduction in absolute number of circulating red blood cells as
represented by RBC count, hemoglobin concentration, and
hematocrit.
Hb<-2SD (Age and Sex)
Anemia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.
In the World Health Organization global database, anemia is
estimated to affect 1.6 billion people.
What is Anemia?
4. 4
Approach to
Anemia
Anemia is not a diagnosis itself.
Urban 55.9%, Rural 59.4% and Globally 58.4%.
What is Anemia?
Cutoffs for hemoglobin and hematocrit proposed by the WHO to define anemia
Hematocrit (%)Hemoglobin (g/dl)Age groups
<33<11.06 months – 5 years
<34<11.55 – 11 years
<36<12.012 – 13 years
<36<12.0Non pregnant women
<39<13.0Men
Source: WHO 1997
5. 5
Approach to
Anemia
What is Anemia?
Hemoglobin and hematocrit in infancy and childhood
Hematocrit (%)Hemoglobin (g/dl)
-2SDMean-2SDMeanAge
425113.516.5Birth (Cord blood)
455614.518.51 – 3 days (capillary)
425413.517.51 Week
395112.516.52 Weeks
314310.514.01 Month
28359.011.52 Months
29359.511.53 – 6 Months
333610.511.50.5 – 2 Years
343711.512.02 – 6 Years
354011.512.56 – 12 Years
364112.014.0Girls 12 – 18 Years
374313.014.5Boys 12 – 18 Years
Values two standard deviations below the mean (-2SD) indicate the lower limit of normal
6. 6
Approach to
Anemia
Mild Anemia (9.5 – 11 g/dl) Asymptomatic, escapes
detection.
Moderate Anemia (6 – 9.5 g/dl) timely management
to prevent long-term complications.
Severe Anemia (<6g/dl) prompt management
Nature of Anemia
7. 7
Approach to
Anemia
Decreased production of erythrocytes
-e.g. Iron deficiency, lead poisoning etc.
Increased destruction of erythrocytes
-e.g. Erythrocyte membrane defects,
Hemoglobinpathies etc.
Blood Loss
-e.g. Acute and/or Chronic
Causes of Anemia
10. 10
Approach to
Anemia
One can approach the problem of ANEMIA from three
angles i.e. based on:
1- Pathogenesis
2- Clinical presentation
3- Red cell morphology and indices
Classification of Anemia
11. 11
Approach to
Anemia
Pathogenic mechanisms:
1. Inadequate production
2. Excessive destruction (hemolysis)
3. Blood loss (bleeding)
Classification based on Pathogenesis
Hypo-regenerative: Here blood production is decreased.
-lack of nutrients (iron, vitamin B12 or folic acid)
- defective marrow function or marrow infiltration
Regenerative: Here marrow is normal and it responds
appropriately to anemia by increasing production of erythrocytes.
13. 13
Approach to
Anemia
Based on red cell morphology and indices
In practice, chiefly mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is very useful.
1- Microcytic (MCV < 80 fl)
2- Normocytic (MCV : 80 – 100 fl)
3- Macrocytic (MCV > 100 fl)
14. 14
Approach to
Anemia
Diagnostic Approach to a patient with
suspected Anemia
Is the patient anemic? If so
What is the cause of anemia? and
What is the type of anemia?
16. 16
Approach to
Anemia
History taking
Any bleeding? Acute or chronic
Evidence of hemolysis, urine color? if so acute or chronic?
Age, sex, family history and history of transfusion
Community and dietary history
Iron, folate or vitamin B12 deficient
Medication?
Infections
17. 17
Approach to
Anemia
Physical examination
Vital signs, Tachycardia, hypotension, fever
Pallor
Jaundice
Lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and bone
tenderness
Petechia, ecchymosis, and other signs of bleeding disorder
Signs of nutritional deficiency
18. 18
Approach to
Anemia
Laboratory Investigation
Complete blood count
Peripheral blood smear
Reticulocyte count
Iron supply studies
Marrow examination
Relative Anemia (CBC limitation)
Increased plasma volume
Pregnancy, HF, Athletes and post
flight astronauts.
Decreased plasma volume
Dehydration and burn
23. 23
Approach to
Anemia
Hemoglobin concentration
Erythrocytes contains a mixture of hemoglobin,
oxyhemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, and
minor amounts of other forms of hemoglobin.
Low Hb level Iron deficiency, Hemoglobinopathies,
pernicious anemia, hypothyroidism, hemorrhage,
hemolytic anemia, Hodgkin’s disease, leukemia.
24. 24
Approach to
Anemia
Hematocrit
The word hematocrit, also called packed cell volume(PCV)
which means “to separate blood”.
Increased Hct values are observed in erythrocytosis,
polycythemia vera, and shock.
Severe dehydration from any cause falsely increase the
Hct value.
25. 25
Approach to
Anemia
Hematocrit
Low Hct values are an indicator of ANEMIA.
Hct ≤ 30% means that the patient is severely anemic.
Decrease values also occur in leukemias, lymphomas,
Hodgkin’s disease, adrenal insufficiency, chronic diseases,
acute and chronic blood loss, and hemolytic reactions
(transfusions, chemical, drug reactions, etc.)
26. 26
Approach to
Anemia
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
MCV results are the basis of the classification system used
to evaluate an anemia.
Increased reticulocytes and marked leukocytosis can also
increase MCV.
The mixed population of microcytes and macrocytes
results in normal MCV values. (Interfering factors)
27. 27
Approach to
Anemia
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
Cause of microcytic anemia(MCV<80 fl)
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA)
Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathies
Anemia of chronic disease (ACD)
Sideroblastic anemia
Lead intoxication
28. 28
Approach to
Anemia
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
Cause of macrocytic anemia(MCV>100 fl)
Anemia with reitculosytosis
Megaloblastic anemia
Drug induced disorder
Alcohol related anemia
Primary marrow disorder
Liver disorders
Spurious macrocytosis
29. 29
Approach to
Anemia
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
Cause of normocytic anemia(MCV: 80-100 fl)
Dimorphic anemia
Anemia of renal insufficiency
Hemolytic anemia
Anemia of chronic disease (ACD)
Primary marrow disorder
30. 30
Approach to
Anemia
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
The amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell.
Significant reduction of MCH in patients with iron
deficiency or thalassemia. (Microcytic anemia)
An increase of MCH is associated with macrocytic anemia.
31. 31
Approach to
Anemia
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
Hyperlipidemia falsely increase MCH. (Interfering factor)
High heparin concentrations also falsely elevate MCH
value.
WBC counts > 50,000/mm3 also provide increased level for
MCV as well as for Hb.
32. 32
Approach to
Anemia
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
Decreased MCHC indicates that packed RBCs contains less
Hb than normal.
Decreased in iron deficiency, microcytic anemias, chronic
blood loss and some thalassemias.
MCHC cannot be greater than 37 g/dl.
Increased MCHC levels (RBCs cannot accommodate more
than 37 g/dl Hb) occur in spherocytosis, in newborns and
infants.
33. 33
Approach to
Anemia
Red blood cell distribution width (RDW)
Increase in the RDW suggest the presence of a mixed
population of cells. Double populations, whether
microcytic cells + normal cells or macrocytic cells mixed
with normal cells.
34. 34
Approach to
Anemia
Red blood cell distribution width (RDW)
Thalassemia (normal RDW)
Iron deficiency anemia (high RDW)
Chronic disease anemia (normal RDW)
Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency (high RDW)
Immune hemolytic anemia (high RDW)
Post hemorrhagic anemia (high RDW)
Marked reitculosytosis (high RDW)
35. 35
Approach to
Anemia
Peripheral blood smear
It can provide important additional information about RBC
morphology.
Done when the patient’s indices are abnormal.
Visible changes in cell diameter, shape, and hemoglobin
content can be used to distinguish both microcytic and
macrocytic cells from normocytic RBCs.
It is not only an indication of RBC abnormalities but also a
diagnosis of diseases.
36. 36
Approach to
Anemia
Reticulocyte count (Immature RBCs)
A reticulocyte count gives an indication of the BM status
-decreased activity
- appropriate response to the anemia.
A reticulocyte production index (RPI) provides a more
accurate representation of marrow activity.
% reticulocytes × (patient hematocrit/45) ÷ reticulocyte maturation
time (days) in peripheral blood
37. 37
Approach to
Anemia
Reticulocyte index
The RPI for healthy individual = 1.0-2.0%
RPI< 1% with anemia (Decreased production of reticulocytes)
RPI > 2% with anemia (Loss of RBC e.g. destruction or bleeding)
Maturation time (days)
Hct≥40% 1 day
Hct: 30 – 40 % 1.5 day
Hct: 20 – 30 % 2 day
Hct < 20 % 2.5 day
38. 38
Approach to
Anemia
Reticulocyte index
High reticulocyte count:
- Hemolysis
- Hemorrhage
- Splenic sequestration
- Sepsis
- Recovery from vitamin or iron deficiency.
39. 39
Approach to
Anemia
Reticulocyte index
Low reticulocyte count:
- Congenital or acquired
- Aplastic / hypoplastic anemia
- Transient erythroblastopenia of childhood
- Pure red cell aplasia
- Bone marrow infiltration
40. 40
Approach to
Anemia
Pattern of RBCs in peripheral smear
Microcytic hypochromic red cells IDA, ACD, Thalassemia
Oval macrocytes Megaloblastic anemia
Sickled red cells Sickle cell disorders
Spherocytes Hereditary spherocytosis, A. Hemolytic A.
Target cells Thalassemia, Liver disease,
41. 41
Approach to
Anemia
Pattern of RBCs in peripheral smear
Schistocytes Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
Burr cells Uremia
Tear drop red cells Myelophthisic anemia, myelofibrosis
Bite Cells G6PD deficiency
46. 46
Approach to
Anemia
Indications for RBC transfusion in children
Infants
-Hematocrit<20 and asymptomatic with reti c< 100000/cu mm
-Hematocrit<30 and requiring oxygen
-Hematocrit<35 and mechanical ventilation;
H.R> 180/min or R.R> 80/min persisting for >24 hours;
weight gain< (10g/day) over 4 days while on >100Cal/kg/d
47. 47
Approach to
Anemia
Indications for RBC transfusion in children
Children
Hb ≤ 4 g/dl, Hct ≤ 12, irrespective of clinical condition
Hb 4 – 6 g/dl, Hct 13 – 18, hypoxia, acidosis, dyspenea or
impaired consciousness
Malaria with hyperparaseitemia > 20%
Features of cardiac decompensation
48. 48
Approach to
Anemia
Conclusion
Anemia is not a diagnosis itself.
Initial approach to the diagnosis
- Perform complete history and physical examination.
- Review of the CBC with reticulocyte count
- Examination of peripheral smear
There maybe more than one cause of ANEMIA.
49. 49
Approach to
Anemia
Reference
Nelson
Ghai
Principles of Anemia evaluation 1st edition
- Bridges KP and Howard
Lecturio
Oxford handbook of Clinical Hematology
- Oxford University press UK, 2009.