2. What is laboratory diagnosis?
Laboratory diagnosis is such a diagnostic
process in which the samples coming from
patients’ blood , body fluid , secretion ,
excretion , tissues and cells are examined
by using various laboratory methods to get
useful data which may reflects body` s
functional status , pathological changes and
etiological hints.
3. Why to study laboratory
diagnosis?
Laboratory diagnosis is a very important
part in diagnostics. After we have finished
the study of physical diagnosis and
instrument examination , we might be able
to judge what kind of disease this patient
probably suffer from . For further diagnosis
, it is still not enough if we only master
physical examination . We have to depend
upon some laboratory data to ensure our
diagnosis .
4. How to learn laboratory
diagnosis?
First, the methods used in laboratory
diagnosis are more automatic and
computerized.
Second , the aim is to train for clinical
application .
For each test, referential values and clinical
significance always should be known very
well.
5. Chapter 1 Blood Test
Blood routine test (BRT)
1. content (items) of BRT
red blood cell count (RBC)
hemoglobin(HB)concentration determination
total white blood cell count (WBC)
leukocyte differential count (DC)
platelet count (PC)
6. Rferential values of BRT
Table 1. Deferential values for blood routine test
in different age and sex
___________________________________
male female newborn
___________________________________
RBC 4.0-5.5 3.5-5.0 6.0-7.0
HB 120-160 110-150 170-200
WBC 4-10 4-10 15-20
PLT 100-300 100-300
___________________________________
7. Table 2 Referential values of
differential count
___________________________________
type percent value(%) absolute value
___________________________________
N st 1-5 0.04-0.5
N se 50-70 2-7
LYM 20-40 0.8-4
Mo 3-8 0.12-0.8
Eo 0.5-5 0.02-0.5
Ba 0-1 0-0.1
___________________________________
8. Morphology of blood cells
Red blood cell: normocyte: 6-9um,
discocyte- shape, no nucleus
white blood cell divided in five types:
neutrophilic granulocyte : neutrophil stab
cell (Nst), neutrophil segmented cell (Nse),
lymphocyte, basophil granulocyte,
eosinophil granulocyte
Platelet: smallest cell in peripheral blood
9. In automatic blood cell analyzer,
25 items are included together :
WBC : 4.0~10.0x109/L
LYM : 0.8~ 4.0 x109 /L (20~40%)
MID( middle cells) : monocyte, eosinocyte,
basocyte , immature cells(rare be seen)
GRAN(granulocyte):2.0~7.8x109/L(50~70%)
RBC:4.0~5.5x1012/L(male),3.5~5.0x 1012 /L
(female)
HGB: 120~160 g/L (male), 110~150 g /L (femal)
10. -
HCT(hematocrit):0.4~0.5L/L(male), 0.37~ 0.48
L/L (female)
MCV ( mean corpuscular volume): 82~95 fl
MCH(mean corpuscular hemoglubin): 27~31 pg
MCHC ( mean corpuscular hemoglubin
concentration): 320~360 g/L
RDW ( red cell distribution width ): 11.5~14.5%
PLT( platelet): 100~300x109 /L
MPV ( mean platelet volume): 8.7~16.5 fl
PDW ( platelet distribution width): 15.8~21.4%
11. Clinical significance
Anomalies of RBC and HB
1. decrease of RBC and HB
Anemia: When RBC and HB of individual
is lower than the referential values of the
people in same age , same sex and same
area. Usually, if Hb of adult male and
female is lower than 120g/L or 110g/L
respectively, they are considered as anemia.
12. According to the level of Hb,
anemia is divided into four
degrees in clinic
mild anemia: Hb < 120g/L(male) or <
110g/L(female)
medium anemia : Hb <90 g/L
severe anemia : Hb <60g/L
extreme severe anemia: Hb <30g/L
13. Physiological anemia
infant and children aged between 3 months
to 15 years,
pregnant women in middle or terminal
periods of pregnancy,
elderly people.
14. Pathological anemia.
decrease in synthesis of red blood cell in
bone marrow
increased destroy of red blood cell in
peripheral blood
blood loss
15. Decrease in synthesis of red
blood cell in bone marrow
disorder of hemopoiesis in bone marrow:
aplastic anemia
infiltration of bone marrow by
tumorous cell: leukemia, multiple myeloma
, lymphoma , metastatic tumor
deficiency of hemopoietic materials or
factors: iron deficiency anemia(IDA),
megaloblastic anemia (folic acid deficiency)
16. Destroy of RBC in peripheral
blood -- hemolytic anemia
Hereditory disease : hereditory
sphrocytosis (HS) , G6PD deficiency,
thalassmia , Hb disease
Acquired anomalies : hemolysis by
immunological , physical, chemical ,
biological and mechanical factors
17. Blood loss --
hemorrhagic anemia
acute blood loss : acute upper digestive tract
bleeding , splenic rupture
chronic blood loss : hemorrhoid, hookworm
disease, hypermenorrhea, GI tumor
18. 2. Increase of RBC and Hb
• Comparative increase of RBC and Hb:
due to the decrease of volume of plasma-
-severe dehydration: severe vomoting,
diarrhea, severe burn
• Absolute increase of RBC and Hb—ery-
throcytosis: polycythemia vera(PV),
chronic cardiopulmonary diseases: cor
pulmonale, obstructive emphysema,
scarcity of oxygen.
19. Anomalies of WBC and DC
•In most cases, increase and decrease of
WBC is chiefly depend on the numbers of
neutrophil granuiocyte in the blood.
•Leukocytosis: WBC is high than 10 x109 /L
•Leukopenia: WBC is lower than 4 x109 /L
20. 1. Neutrophil granulocyte
A. granulocytosis: 5 causes leading to
granulocytosis صابه
حاده
الوز
هيمابيسس
انسجه تلف
امراض
الدم وفقد التسمم
الخبيثه
• acute infection or inflammation: acute pyogenic
tonsilitis, acute appendicitis, hematosepsis
• damage of tissue: severe burn, acute myocardiac
infarction
23. 5 causes for granulocytopenia: صابه
بكتريا
انفلوزن
امراض
حبيثه
كليوكما
• Infection of bacteria and virus: typhoid, influenza,
measles
• some physical and chemical factors: drug
• autoimmune diseases: systemic lupus
erythematosis (SLE),
• malignant blood diseases: aplastic
anemia,leukemia
•hypersplenism
24. Changes of nucleus
nucleus shift to left:
• mild shift to left: Nst > 6% only
• medium shift to left: Nst > 10% with meta-
myelocyte
• severe shift to left : Nst > 25% with more
immuture cell (leukemiod reaction )
nucleus shift to left cab be seen in acute infection,
acute poisoning, acute hemolysis
25. Nucleus shift to right: multi-segmented Nse >3%
3-lobed Nse is normal segmented neutrophil in BP
nucleus shift to right can be seen
• megaloblastic anemia
• administration of anti-metabolic drugs
33. 3. Mean values of RBC
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV):
MCV=Hct/RBC 82-95fl
Mean corpuscular hemoglubin(MCH):
MCH=Hb/RBC 27-31pg
Mean corpuscular hemoglubin concentration
MCHC=Hb/Hct 320-360g/L
39. 2. Development of blood cells
myeloblast promyelocyte myelocyte
metamyelocyte Nst Seg
normoblast basophilic normoblast
polychromatic normoblast orthochromatic
normoblast erythrocyte
40. Monoblast promonocyte monocyte
macrophage histiocyte
Megakaryoblast promega granular Meg
thrombocytogenous Meg platelet
B-lymphoblast B-prolymphoblast B-
lymphocyte plasmablast proplasmacyte
plasmacyte
41. 3. Regulation of blood cell
development
Cytobody: from large to small,
Mega is an exception
Cytoplasma: from less to more,
color from blue to pink or orange red,
granules from invisible to visible,
granules from non-specific to specific
42. Nucleus:
from large to small, Mega is an exception,
shape of nucleus from round to irregular,
chromatin patten of nucleus from fine to
coarse.
nucleolus from existance to nonexistance
Ration of nucleus to cytoplasma:
from bigger to smaller
43.
44.
45. 5.Contene and step of marrow
examination
Myelogram:
Low power(LP):
Wright stain of marrow film
plastic degree: 5 classification
Meg count : 7-35/1.5x3cm2
ousspecial cell: metastatic tumorous cell
46. •Oil immersion:
Nucleated cell count (%): 200-500
Ratio of myeloid to erythroid (M:E): 2-4:1
Morpholigical description of every series
Special cells and parasite
•Diagnosis
48. 6. Normal myelogram and
hemogram
1. Myelogram
Normal cellularity: erythrocyte: nucleated cell
M:E=2-4:1
Granulocytic series is 40-60% in all nucleated cells
Erythrocytic series is 20% in all nucleated cells
Lymphocyte is 20% , monocyte is <4% in all nucleated cells
Meg count is 7-35, platelet is normal
Other cell: plasmacyte and histiocyte are rare
No specific cells and parasite
50. 2. Hemogram:
•DC is normal
•No nucleated red blood cell
•No immature white cell
•Platelet is normal
51.
52.
53. 7. Characters of common
blood diseases in microscope
Iron deficiency anemia(IDA)
Aplastic anemia(AA)
Acute leukemia(AL)
Chronic myelocytic leukemia(CML)
Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura(ITP)
54. 1. Iron Deficiency Anemia(IDA)
Hemogram:
Hb , RBC , normal RC,
RBC hypochromia, exaggeration of central
pallor to from rings, anisocytosis
normal WBC and platelet
61. •Myelogram:
Extreme or significant hypercellularity
M:E
Hyperplasia of certain line :
Myeliod(M0,M1-3), monocyte(M4-5),
meg(M7), lymphocyte(L1-3) , erythroid(M6)
Depressed erythroid and meg line
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74. 4. Chronic Myelocytic
Leukemia(CML)
Hemogram:
WBC increase rxtremly
DC: E0, Ba increas, myelocyte,
metamyelocyte, band cell increase
normal Hb, RBC or mild decrease
normal plt
80. •Myelogram:
Significant hypercellulerity or normal cellularity
Normal myeloid, erythroid line
Significant hyperplasia of Meg.
Impaired maturation of Meg:
Granular Meg or promeg increase
Platelet producting Meg absent
Platelet rarely be seen