covid-19, biology lab testing blood test details, various units , and their details cbc, crp, ps, d-dimer,

1. BLOODTEST
1. Hemogram(CBC)
2. Biochemical Tests(RBS)
3. C-Reactive Protein (C.R.P)
4. D-Dimer
Credit:-Pal Patel
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3. 1. HEMOGRAM
• Hemoglobin
• Unit – g/dl
• Biological Reference interval - (12.0-16.0) in Female
• - (13.0-18.0) in Male
• What Happens When Hemoglobin is low ?
• Ans- Hemoglobin, the Substance that Gives Colour to Red Blood Cells, is the Substance that Allows For the
Transport of Oxygen Throughout the Body. Low Hemoglobin levels lead to Anemia,Which Causes Symptoms like
Fatigue and Trouble Breathing.
• What Happens When Hemoglobin is High ?
• Ans- A High Hemoglobin count occurs most commonly When your body requires an increased
oxygen-carrying capacity, usually because: you smoke. you live at a High altitude and your red
blood cell production naturally increases to compensate for the lower oxygen supply there.

4. RBC count (red blood cell)
unit – mill/cmm
biological reference interval - (3.8-4.8) in female
-(4.5-5.5) in male
what happans when low RBC count ?
ans- A low red blood count, or anemia, can cause feelings of fatigue and weakness. When A person has A lower
red blood count than is normal, their body has to work harder to get enough oxygen to the cells. A low red blood
cell (RBC) count can cause A variety of symptoms and health complications.
What happans when high RBC count ?
ans - A high RBC count may be A result of sleep apnea, pulmonary fibrosis, and other conditions that cause low
oxygen levels in the blood. Performance-enhancing drugs like protein injections and anabolic steroids can also
increase rbcs. Kidney disease and kidney cancers can lead to high RBC counts as well.

5. Blood Indices
P.C.V
Unit - %
Biological Reference interval - (37-47) in Female
- (40-50) in Male
What Happans when Low P.C.V ?
• Ans - The MCV will be lower than normal when red blood cells are too small. This condition is called microcytic anemia. Microcytic anemia
may be caused by: iron deficiency, which can be caused by poor dietary intake of iron, menstrual bleeding, or gastrointestinal bleeding.
What Happans when High P.C.V ?
• Ans - An increased P.C.V enerally means dehydration or an abnormal increase in red blood cell production. TS is a measurement of plasma
proteins. These proteins include albumin, globulins, and fibrinogens.

6. M.C.V (Mean Corpuscular Volume)
• Unit – femtolitre
• Biological Reference interval – ( 78-100) in Female
• - (78-100) in male
• What does it mean to have a low MCV?
• Ans - A low MCV indicates that the red blood cells are small, or microcytic.
Possible causes include:8
Iron deficiency. Lead poisoning. Thalassemia
• What does it mean when your MCV is high?
• Ans - An average MCV score is between 80 and 95. If the MCV goes up to an extreme of
125, it may indicate vitamin B12, folate deficiencies, or cold agglutinin disease. A higher
MCV value indicates that the red blood cells are larger than the average size.

7. M.C.H (mean corpuscular hemoglobin)
• Unit – pg
• Biological Reference interval - (26.4-33.2) in Female
-(27.1-32.5) in Male
• What is the cause of low MCH?
• Ans - Low MCH values are often caused by iron deficiency anemia. Typically, this condition can
be treated with lifestyle changes including consuming foods rich in iron as well as taking iron
supplements.
• What causes high MCHC?
• Ans - Causes of high MCHC include: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia: This is a condition in which
the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own red blood cells. Sometimes, high
MCHC develops on its own, but it can also occur alongside lupus or lymphoma. It can also
happen as a result of taking certain medications.

8. M.C.H.C (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration )
• Unit – g/dl
• Biological Reference interval - (31.8-35.9) in Female
-(32.5-36.7) in Male
• What happens if MCHC count is high?
• Ans - A high MCHC means that hemoglobin is more concentrated than usual and may occur in a few
ways. For instance, hemoglobin becomes more concentrated when red blood cells break
down. MCHC is often increased in people who smoke. 10
MCHC may also be falsely increased due
to cold agglutinin disease.
• What happens if MCHC is low?
• Ans - The most common complication of living with low MCHC levels is lack of energy and
decreased stamina. This can limit your activities. In severe cases, anemic hypoxia can occur as a
result of low MCHC levels. When MCHC levels are very low, your body could struggle to provide
enough oxygen to all its tissues.

9. R.D.W (Red Cell Distribution Width)
• Unit - %
• Biological Reference interval - (11.5-14.0) in Female
-(11.5-14.0) in Male
• What does it mean when your RDW is high?
• Ans - If your RDW is too high, it could be an indication of a nutrient deficiency, such as a deficiency of
iron, folate, or vitamin B-12. These results could also indicate macrocytic anemia, when your body
doesn't produce enough normal red blood cells, and the cells it does produce are larger than normal.
• What does a low RDW mean?
• Ans - A low RDW (below 10.2%) means that the red blood cells vary very little in size. One reason for
a low RDW level is macrocytic anemia. Another cause of a low RDW level is microcytic anemia.

10. WBC (White blood cells)
• Unit - /cmm
• Biological Reference interval - (4000-10000) in Female
-(4000-10000) in Male
• What happens if WBC count is high?
• Ans - Anything higher is considered leukocytosis. WBC counts between 50,000 and 100,000 per
microliter usually mean a very severe infection or cancer somewhere in the body. A WBC count over
100,000 most often occurs with leukemia or other blood and bone marrow cancer.
• What happens if WBC low ?
• Ans - A low white blood cell count usually is caused by: Viral infections that temporarily disrupt the
work of bone marrow. Certain disorders present at birth (congenital) that involve diminished bone
marrow function. Cancer or other diseases that damage bone marrow.

11. DifferentialWBC Count
• Polymorphs
• Unit - %
• Biological Reference interval - (40-70) in Female
-(40-70) in Male
• What is polymorphs blood test?
• Ans - any of a group of white blood cells that have lobed nuclei and granular cytoplasm and function as
phagocytes; they include neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils.
• What happen if polymorphs is high?
• Ans - High polymorphs may signify a bacterial infection. High lymphocytes may signify a viral
infection. High eosinophils may denote an allergic reaction, or a parasite infestation.
• What happens if polymorphs low?
• Ans - Lymphocyte counts below the normal range can also be temporary. They can occur after a cold or
another infection, or be caused by intense physical exercise, severe stress, or malnutrition. A low level can
also be a sign of a condition known as lymphocytopenia or lymphopenia.

12. Lymphocytes
• Unit - %
• Biological Reference interval - (20-40) in Female
-(20-40) in Male
• What will happen if lymphocytes count is high?
• Ans - High lymphocyte blood levels indicate your body is dealing with an infection or other
inflammatory condition. Most often, a temporarily high lymphocyte count is a normal effect of
your body's immune system working. Sometimes, lymphocyte levels are elevated because of
a serious condition, like leukemia.
• What does it mean when lymphocytes are low?
• Ans - Lymphocytopenia, also referred to as lymphopenia, occurs when your lymphocyte count
in your bloodstream is lower than normal. Severe or chronic low counts can indicate a
possible infection or other signficant illness and should be investigated by your
doctor. Lymphocytes are a kind of white blood cell.
• What level of lymphocytes is dangerous?
• Ans - Lymphocytes help fight off diseases, so it's normal to see a temporary increase after an
infection. A count significantly higher than 3,000 lymphocytes in a microliter of blood is
generally considered to be lymphocytosis in adults.

13. Eosinophils
• Unit - %
• Biological Reference interval - (1-4) in Female
-(1-4) in Male
• What can cause high eosinophils?
• What causes eosinophilia?
• Allergies and asthma, Infections (mostly from parasites)
• Blood disorders and cancers, Autoimmune disease.
• Endocrine disorders,Drug allergy.
• Diseases involving organs and systems, including the: Skin. Lungs. Gastrointestinal system. Neurological system.
Joints, muscles and connective tissue. Heart.
• What does low eosinophils mean?
• Ans - Conclusions Low eosinophil counts counts in the general population is associated with increased short-term
incidence of heart failure and coronary death.

14. Monocytes
• Unit - %
• Biological Reference interval - (2-6) in Female
-(2-6) in Male
• What does it mean when monocytes are high?
• Ans - What Does a High Monocyte Count Mean? A high monocyte count also called monocytosis is
often associated with chronic or sub-acute infections. It can also be linked with some types of cancer,
especially leukemia. A high monocyte count can occur when you are recovering from an acute
infection.
• What happens if monocytes count is low?
• Ans - Low levels of monocytes tend to develop as a result of medical conditions that lower your overall
white blood cell count or treatments for cancer and other serious diseases that suppress the immune
system. Causes of low absolute monocyte count include: chemotherapy and radiation therapy, which
can injure bone marrow.

15. Basophils
• Unit - %
• Biological Reference interval - (0-1) in Female
-(0-1) in Male
• What will happen if basophils is high?
• Ans - An abnormally high basophil level is called basophilia. It can be a sign of chronic inflammation
in your body. Or it can mean that a condition is causing too many white blood cells to be produced in
your bone marrow. Your doctor can check your levels of basophils by doing a blood test.
• What happens if basophils are low?
• Ans - If your basophil level is low, it may be due to a severe allergic reaction. If you develop an
infection, it may take longer to heal. In some cases, having too many basophils can result from
certain blood cancers. Your doctor can determine whether your white blood cell count falls within an
acceptable range.

16. Platelet Count
• Unit - /cmm
• Biological Reference interval - (150000-450000) in Female
-(150000-450000) in Male
• What happens if your platelet count is too low?
• Ans - Dangerous internal bleeding can occur when your platelet count falls below 10,000 platelets per
microliter. Though rare, severe thrombocytopenia can cause bleeding into the brain, which can be fatal.
• Is it dangerous to have high platelet count?
• Ans - The presence of high platelets is rarely associated with a medical emergency. However, in some
cases, high platelets may cause blood clotting, bleeding or stroke.
• Main Point - They are formed from very large cells called megakaryocytes in the bone marrow and are
released into the blood to circulate. The platelet count is a test that determines the number
of platelets in your sample of blood.

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