The Nigerian contemporary African society often sees mentally challenged children as being
bewitched, possessed, or spiritually inflicted and fails to see their situation from the biological, physiological or
accidental perspective of nature. This ill conceive feelings make members of the society and even immediate
family members behave in an unaccommodating manner to mentally challenged children at home or school.
This has negative implication on their well-being. In view of this context, this study investigated parental
support, self-esteem, and emotional intelligence as predictors of social anxiety among mentally challenged
children in Ibadan, Nigeria. Using the descriptive survey research design of ex-post factor, three research
questions were answered and data were collected using four validated instruments, from seventy (70) socially
anxious mentally challenged pupils selected through multi-stage sampling technique. Data was analysed using
the Multiple Regression Analysis at 0.05 level of significance. The study revealed that the independent variables
(parental support, self-esteem and emotional intelligence) made joint contribution of 58.5% variance on the
dependent variable (social anxiety). Also, the independent variables significantly predicted the dependent
variable. Thus, it was recommended that the family, school, teachers and society should support the
developmental needs of mentally challenged pupils in school and at home instead of treating them with disdain.
This document discusses Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development in middle childhood between ages 6-11. According to Erikson, children develop competence through industry or a sense of inferiority. Their self-concept and self-esteem are influenced by social comparisons, cognitive development, and parental support. During this stage, children's peer relationships grow more complex as they join peer groups and form close friendships. How children perceive their academic, social, and physical abilities can impact their self-esteem and achievement attributions. Family relationships and dynamics also influence children's development, including experiences of divorce. Gender identity and conformity to roles emerge as children compare themselves to same-sex peers.
Adolescence involves navigating independence from family while still needing their support. Teens desire freedom but fear failure, sometimes rebelling against adults. Peers become very influential as teens use each other to develop identities. While personality is influenced by multiple factors, peers more than parents teach teens how to behave. Cliques fulfill needs for closeness and identity but can encourage conformity over good judgment. Adolescence involves coping with physical, emotional, and social changes, though most adjust well. Illusions of invulnerability can lead teens into risky behaviors with peers. Major life changes like loss can trigger depression in teens. Eating disorders involve refusing to eat or binge eating and purging as a means to control lives or seek
Psychosocial development looks at how psychological and social factors influence individuals' well-being and ability to function. Erik Erikson's model outlines 8 stages of psychosocial development from infancy to old age. Well-being encompasses physical, economic, social, emotional, and psychological satisfaction. Children with disabilities face issues like discrimination, lack of resources, and negative attitudes that can impact their psychosocial development. Supporting children's cognitive, emotional, social, and life skills in an inclusive environment promotes healthy psychosocial development.
Teacher's workshop understanding identity and need of adolescentsDivyashu Sharma
The document discusses understanding the identity and needs of adolescents. It describes key aspects of adolescent development including physical, social, and emotional changes. Adolescents experience new feelings and try to develop a unique identity while moving towards independence. They face peer pressure and struggle with problems like substance abuse and eating disorders. Teachers can help adolescents build self-esteem by encouraging independent thinking, goal-setting, and developing skills. The discipline style used by teachers also impacts adolescents' self-respect and confidence. Overall, adolescence is a period of significant transition.
This document discusses different family structures such as nuclear, single-parent, extended, and childless families. It also covers parental authority styles like authoritative parenting and theories of social learning. Students are asked to create a genogram tracing physical, personality, or behavioral attributes through generations and reflect on the characteristics passed down from their own family. The learning objectives are to appraise one's family structure and care received, identify firm and gentle sides of family influence, and make a genogram.
This document discusses various parenting styles and characteristics. It covers positive parenting approaches, the four main parenting styles (authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, uninvolved), positive traits of mothering and fathering, challenges children may face at different developmental stages like toddler tantrums and potty training, effects of poverty and divorce on families, and maintaining a balanced life with children. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of understanding different family dynamics to best support children.
This document discusses Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development in middle childhood between ages 6-11. According to Erikson, children develop competence through industry or a sense of inferiority. Their self-concept and self-esteem are influenced by social comparisons, cognitive development, and parental support. During this stage, children's peer relationships grow more complex as they join peer groups and form close friendships. How children perceive their academic, social, and physical abilities can impact their self-esteem and achievement attributions. Family relationships and dynamics also influence children's development, including experiences of divorce. Gender identity and conformity to roles emerge as children compare themselves to same-sex peers.
Adolescence involves navigating independence from family while still needing their support. Teens desire freedom but fear failure, sometimes rebelling against adults. Peers become very influential as teens use each other to develop identities. While personality is influenced by multiple factors, peers more than parents teach teens how to behave. Cliques fulfill needs for closeness and identity but can encourage conformity over good judgment. Adolescence involves coping with physical, emotional, and social changes, though most adjust well. Illusions of invulnerability can lead teens into risky behaviors with peers. Major life changes like loss can trigger depression in teens. Eating disorders involve refusing to eat or binge eating and purging as a means to control lives or seek
Psychosocial development looks at how psychological and social factors influence individuals' well-being and ability to function. Erik Erikson's model outlines 8 stages of psychosocial development from infancy to old age. Well-being encompasses physical, economic, social, emotional, and psychological satisfaction. Children with disabilities face issues like discrimination, lack of resources, and negative attitudes that can impact their psychosocial development. Supporting children's cognitive, emotional, social, and life skills in an inclusive environment promotes healthy psychosocial development.
Teacher's workshop understanding identity and need of adolescentsDivyashu Sharma
The document discusses understanding the identity and needs of adolescents. It describes key aspects of adolescent development including physical, social, and emotional changes. Adolescents experience new feelings and try to develop a unique identity while moving towards independence. They face peer pressure and struggle with problems like substance abuse and eating disorders. Teachers can help adolescents build self-esteem by encouraging independent thinking, goal-setting, and developing skills. The discipline style used by teachers also impacts adolescents' self-respect and confidence. Overall, adolescence is a period of significant transition.
This document discusses different family structures such as nuclear, single-parent, extended, and childless families. It also covers parental authority styles like authoritative parenting and theories of social learning. Students are asked to create a genogram tracing physical, personality, or behavioral attributes through generations and reflect on the characteristics passed down from their own family. The learning objectives are to appraise one's family structure and care received, identify firm and gentle sides of family influence, and make a genogram.
This document discusses various parenting styles and characteristics. It covers positive parenting approaches, the four main parenting styles (authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, uninvolved), positive traits of mothering and fathering, challenges children may face at different developmental stages like toddler tantrums and potty training, effects of poverty and divorce on families, and maintaining a balanced life with children. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of understanding different family dynamics to best support children.
Steve Vittos Assessing And Treating Defiant BehaviorSteve Vitto
The document discusses assessment and treatment of defiant behavior in children using positive approaches. It notes that without evidence-based decision making, reliance on punishment can damage relationships between schools and parents and teach children to blame others. The document recommends focusing on communication, documentation, and agreeing to disagree respectfully to build partnerships in addressing problematic behaviors.
This document discusses behavioral problems in adolescents. It begins by defining adolescence as ages 10-19 and describing characteristics like physical changes and peer pressure. It then discusses common psychosocial problems adolescents face like substance abuse, internalizing disorders, and externalizing disorders. These problems are often co-morbid and related to personality traits and social/family environment. The document provides information on prevalence of substance use, risk factors, conduct disorder, depression, suicide risks, and effective treatment and prevention approaches like life skills training.
Early childhood is a time of significant social, emotional, and cognitive development. Children develop social skills through play and interactions with parents, siblings, and peers. Warm parenting that includes affection and reasoning is linked to better social-emotional outcomes in children. Gender roles and differences in behavior begin to emerge in early childhood as children learn from social models and develop gender identity and constancy. Theories suggest both biological factors like brain organization and social influences contribute to the development of gender differences.
Adolescent-Parent Disagreements and Parenting Styles in WorldwideAbeer Alamri, Ph.D.
This document summarizes and discusses a research study on adolescent-parent disagreements and how they are influenced by ethnic and developmental factors. The study examined differences in how European American, Mexican American, Korean American, and Armenian American adolescents responded to hypothetical disagreement scenarios involving topics like chores, dating, and family rules. The findings are connected to self-determination theory and the psychological needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness. Parenting styles from different cultures are also explored, along with how Arab families balance traditional collectivist values with Western individualism. The document includes activities for discussing concepts from the research and raises further questions about how financial independence and living in home countries might impact adolescents' reactions to conflicts with parents.
This document discusses several challenges faced by Filipino middle and late adolescents. It addresses developing self-esteem while accepting one's strengths and weaknesses. It also discusses academic concerns, attitudes towards sexuality, group belongingness, health and nutrition, balancing various roles, impacts of material poverty and parents working abroad, career choice, and relationship challenges. Maintaining relationships requires maturity, and friendships may be easier than family relationships during this phase.
Psychosocial Prevention of Dangerous Behaviour in Childhood and AdolescenceAJHSSR Journal
Children and adolescents are strongly oriented to the present. Most important for them is the
satisfaction of present needs, and the possibility of new adventures and experiences. Pointing out the negative
consequences of an unhealthy action is of no importance to children and young people. They have other, more
important concerns than 'prevention'. Particular attention should be paid to the dangerous behaviour of young
people. With such behaviour, young people try to achieve recognition, for example. For this reason, children
and young people should be given the space and the opportunity to achieve this in a different way. The
purpose of this study was to approach, analyze and ultimately examine Psychosocial Prevention of Dangerous
Behaviour in Childhood and Adolescence in order to assist prevention and health promotion work. The
method adopted for the study was a review of the relevant literature. Based on this study, we find that the more
successful prevention proposals so far have been aimed at enhancing general life skills. Personal resources,
such as a positive image of oneself, the perception of one’s body and one’s self-confidence, as well as social
resources play a decisive role in this matter. The ability to support these factors arises from the field of
movement, play and sport. In summary, the opportunities for movement, play and sports do not only satisfy the
need of children and adolescents to enjoy life, to gain experience and independence, but they are also a
potential means of enhancing general competencies (cognitive, kinetic, aesthetic, social and emotional
abilities).
The document discusses the transition from childhood to adulthood during the teenage years. It notes that this period involves physical maturity, developing identity and roles, and increased independence. Teenagers experience intense emotions, peer pressure, and risk-taking behaviors. Parents are encouraged to communicate openly with their children, understand adolescent development, set clear rules and responsibilities, and include teens in decision making. The teenage years present both challenges and opportunities for growth.
Young children have basic needs that must be met for healthy development. These include physiological needs like food, shelter and clothing. For many poor children, basic physiological needs are not reliably met. Children in poverty also lack safety and stability in their environments, living in overcrowded and unsafe homes. To develop properly, children need love and belonging through secure attachments with caregivers. Growing up in poverty can negatively impact children's self-esteem and sense of self-worth if their environment consistently provides failure rather than success. When basic needs are not met, it is difficult for children to recognize education as a means of bettering their lives and achieving self-actualization.
1) Theories of social and emotional development in middle childhood focus on children developing skills and either a sense of competence or inferiority. Schools play an important role through teacher expectations, classroom environment, and peer relationships.
2) Social and emotional problems can include conduct disorders, depression, and anxiety which are treated through parenting programs, therapy, and medication if needed. Most children overcome challenges and are prepared for adolescence.
3) Peer relationships become important for social learning and friendship development, while schools aim to foster success through high expectations and support of all students.
1) Adolescence is a time of identity development as teens explore different roles and values to determine who they are. Erikson's stages of identity development are examined. 2) Relationships with peers become increasingly important as teens spend more time with friends and seek acceptance. Dating and romantic relationships also begin to emerge. 3) Challenges like struggles with identity, relationships, school, and family can lead to problems like delinquency, depression, and in serious cases, suicide. Risk factors and preventative measures are discussed.
Child risk presentation exceptional children Khushi Mourya
This document discusses different types of exceptional children. It defines exceptional children as those who deviate significantly from average development in ways that require special education support. The types of exceptional children discussed include: mentally or intellectually exceptional (gifted, creative, mentally deficient); sensory exceptional (visual impairment, hearing impairment); non-sensory physically exceptional (orthopedic impairment); communication exceptional; learning or academically exceptional (learning disabled, slow learner); socially and emotionally exceptional (emotionally disturbed, socially delinquent, socially deprived); and multiple disabled and severely affected exceptional children (cerebral palsy, autism, multiple disabilities).
Child abuse and neglect can take several forms, including physical, sexual, and emotional abuse as well as physical and emotional neglect. Physical abuse refers to non-accidental injuries to a child, while sexual abuse involves misusing a child for sexual purposes. Emotional abuse includes acts like rejection and isolation that damage a child's well-being. Neglect is the failure to meet a child's basic needs and can involve malnutrition, lack of healthcare or supervision, or emotional deprivation. International organizations define child maltreatment broadly as any act or failure to act that harms a child's well-being. Abuse and neglect can seriously impact children's development and mental health.
Early childhood spans ages 2-6 years and late childhood ages 6-13/14 years. During these stages, children experience significant physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development. In early childhood, children master walking, eating solid foods, and controlling their elimination, while developing emotional relationships. Late childhood is marked by entering grade school and developing one's identity relative to peers. Children work to accomplish developmental tasks like learning physical skills, developing appropriate gender roles, and gaining independence. Both stages present physical and psychological hazards that can impact development if not adequately addressed.
This document provides information about bullying, including definitions, types, where and when it occurs, who is at risk, and the effects on those involved. It defines bullying as unwanted, aggressive behavior among school-aged children involving a real or perceived power imbalance that is repeated over time or has the potential to be repeated. There are three main types of bullying: verbal, social, and physical. Bullying can occur in school, on the way to/from school, and online. Children who are bullied, bully others, or witness bullying are more likely to experience negative physical, school, and mental health issues. It is important for adults to respond quickly and consistently to bullying to prevent its negative effects.
This document discusses conduct disorder, which is a repetitive pattern of behavior in which a child or adolescent violates the rights of others or social norms. There are two subtypes based on age of onset - childhood onset before age 10 which is more common in boys and associated with aggression, and adolescent onset after age 10 which is less aggressive. Risk factors include genetic, biological, psychosocial, and environmental factors. Symptoms involve aggression, defiance, lying, cruelty, theft, and truancy. Treatment involves pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, parental guidance, behavior modification, and potentially juvenile justice involvement. Nursing diagnoses related to conduct disorder include risk for violence, impaired social interactions, defensive coping, and low self-esteem.
Child abuse can occur in many forms including sexual, physical, emotional and neglect. It affects a significant percentage of children and can have long lasting impacts on their development, behavior and health. Reports of child abuse should be made to counselors, police or caring parents so preventive measures can be taken and the cycle of abuse can potentially be stopped.
There are two main dimensions of parenting: acceptance/warmth-responsiveness and demandingness-control. These dimensions give rise to four parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful. Authoritative parenting, which is high in both acceptance and control, tends to be associated with the best child outcomes while neglectful parenting, which is low in both, tends to be associated with the worst outcomes.
1. Preschool-aged children develop a sense of self and independence as they resolve the psychosocial conflict between initiative and guilt, forming beliefs about their unique identity.
2. Morality in preschoolers develops through social learning, empathy, and changing views of justice as rules are seen as less rigid.
3. Gender identity is established in preschool through play preferences and stereotyped behaviors, with views shaped by both social learning and cognitive development of gender schemas.
Family and teachers factors as determinant of career decisions among adolesce...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined how family and teacher factors influence career decisions among adolescents with hearing impairments in Ogun State, Nigeria. The study involved 77 families and 69 teachers from 3 special secondary schools. Results showed that:
1) Family and teacher factors positively and significantly influence the career decisions of adolescents with hearing impairments.
2) Family factors have a significant relative effect on career decisions, while teacher factors showed no significant effect.
3) The study recommends concerted efforts by families and teachers to provide support, encouragement, and motivation to help adolescents with hearing impairments make career decisions. Special programs and career counseling should be provided.
This document discusses children with mental challenges, physical challenges, and those who are destitute. It notes that mentally challenged children may learn skills like sitting, crawling or walking later than other children. They also often have delays in language development, problem solving skills, and social skills. Physically challenged children have disabilities affecting locomotion or neurological functions that limit daily living. Destitute children do not receive proper care from parents. The document outlines problems these children face like abuse, poverty, and social difficulties during adolescence.
Steve Vittos Assessing And Treating Defiant BehaviorSteve Vitto
The document discusses assessment and treatment of defiant behavior in children using positive approaches. It notes that without evidence-based decision making, reliance on punishment can damage relationships between schools and parents and teach children to blame others. The document recommends focusing on communication, documentation, and agreeing to disagree respectfully to build partnerships in addressing problematic behaviors.
This document discusses behavioral problems in adolescents. It begins by defining adolescence as ages 10-19 and describing characteristics like physical changes and peer pressure. It then discusses common psychosocial problems adolescents face like substance abuse, internalizing disorders, and externalizing disorders. These problems are often co-morbid and related to personality traits and social/family environment. The document provides information on prevalence of substance use, risk factors, conduct disorder, depression, suicide risks, and effective treatment and prevention approaches like life skills training.
Early childhood is a time of significant social, emotional, and cognitive development. Children develop social skills through play and interactions with parents, siblings, and peers. Warm parenting that includes affection and reasoning is linked to better social-emotional outcomes in children. Gender roles and differences in behavior begin to emerge in early childhood as children learn from social models and develop gender identity and constancy. Theories suggest both biological factors like brain organization and social influences contribute to the development of gender differences.
Adolescent-Parent Disagreements and Parenting Styles in WorldwideAbeer Alamri, Ph.D.
This document summarizes and discusses a research study on adolescent-parent disagreements and how they are influenced by ethnic and developmental factors. The study examined differences in how European American, Mexican American, Korean American, and Armenian American adolescents responded to hypothetical disagreement scenarios involving topics like chores, dating, and family rules. The findings are connected to self-determination theory and the psychological needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness. Parenting styles from different cultures are also explored, along with how Arab families balance traditional collectivist values with Western individualism. The document includes activities for discussing concepts from the research and raises further questions about how financial independence and living in home countries might impact adolescents' reactions to conflicts with parents.
This document discusses several challenges faced by Filipino middle and late adolescents. It addresses developing self-esteem while accepting one's strengths and weaknesses. It also discusses academic concerns, attitudes towards sexuality, group belongingness, health and nutrition, balancing various roles, impacts of material poverty and parents working abroad, career choice, and relationship challenges. Maintaining relationships requires maturity, and friendships may be easier than family relationships during this phase.
Psychosocial Prevention of Dangerous Behaviour in Childhood and AdolescenceAJHSSR Journal
Children and adolescents are strongly oriented to the present. Most important for them is the
satisfaction of present needs, and the possibility of new adventures and experiences. Pointing out the negative
consequences of an unhealthy action is of no importance to children and young people. They have other, more
important concerns than 'prevention'. Particular attention should be paid to the dangerous behaviour of young
people. With such behaviour, young people try to achieve recognition, for example. For this reason, children
and young people should be given the space and the opportunity to achieve this in a different way. The
purpose of this study was to approach, analyze and ultimately examine Psychosocial Prevention of Dangerous
Behaviour in Childhood and Adolescence in order to assist prevention and health promotion work. The
method adopted for the study was a review of the relevant literature. Based on this study, we find that the more
successful prevention proposals so far have been aimed at enhancing general life skills. Personal resources,
such as a positive image of oneself, the perception of one’s body and one’s self-confidence, as well as social
resources play a decisive role in this matter. The ability to support these factors arises from the field of
movement, play and sport. In summary, the opportunities for movement, play and sports do not only satisfy the
need of children and adolescents to enjoy life, to gain experience and independence, but they are also a
potential means of enhancing general competencies (cognitive, kinetic, aesthetic, social and emotional
abilities).
The document discusses the transition from childhood to adulthood during the teenage years. It notes that this period involves physical maturity, developing identity and roles, and increased independence. Teenagers experience intense emotions, peer pressure, and risk-taking behaviors. Parents are encouraged to communicate openly with their children, understand adolescent development, set clear rules and responsibilities, and include teens in decision making. The teenage years present both challenges and opportunities for growth.
Young children have basic needs that must be met for healthy development. These include physiological needs like food, shelter and clothing. For many poor children, basic physiological needs are not reliably met. Children in poverty also lack safety and stability in their environments, living in overcrowded and unsafe homes. To develop properly, children need love and belonging through secure attachments with caregivers. Growing up in poverty can negatively impact children's self-esteem and sense of self-worth if their environment consistently provides failure rather than success. When basic needs are not met, it is difficult for children to recognize education as a means of bettering their lives and achieving self-actualization.
1) Theories of social and emotional development in middle childhood focus on children developing skills and either a sense of competence or inferiority. Schools play an important role through teacher expectations, classroom environment, and peer relationships.
2) Social and emotional problems can include conduct disorders, depression, and anxiety which are treated through parenting programs, therapy, and medication if needed. Most children overcome challenges and are prepared for adolescence.
3) Peer relationships become important for social learning and friendship development, while schools aim to foster success through high expectations and support of all students.
1) Adolescence is a time of identity development as teens explore different roles and values to determine who they are. Erikson's stages of identity development are examined. 2) Relationships with peers become increasingly important as teens spend more time with friends and seek acceptance. Dating and romantic relationships also begin to emerge. 3) Challenges like struggles with identity, relationships, school, and family can lead to problems like delinquency, depression, and in serious cases, suicide. Risk factors and preventative measures are discussed.
Child risk presentation exceptional children Khushi Mourya
This document discusses different types of exceptional children. It defines exceptional children as those who deviate significantly from average development in ways that require special education support. The types of exceptional children discussed include: mentally or intellectually exceptional (gifted, creative, mentally deficient); sensory exceptional (visual impairment, hearing impairment); non-sensory physically exceptional (orthopedic impairment); communication exceptional; learning or academically exceptional (learning disabled, slow learner); socially and emotionally exceptional (emotionally disturbed, socially delinquent, socially deprived); and multiple disabled and severely affected exceptional children (cerebral palsy, autism, multiple disabilities).
Child abuse and neglect can take several forms, including physical, sexual, and emotional abuse as well as physical and emotional neglect. Physical abuse refers to non-accidental injuries to a child, while sexual abuse involves misusing a child for sexual purposes. Emotional abuse includes acts like rejection and isolation that damage a child's well-being. Neglect is the failure to meet a child's basic needs and can involve malnutrition, lack of healthcare or supervision, or emotional deprivation. International organizations define child maltreatment broadly as any act or failure to act that harms a child's well-being. Abuse and neglect can seriously impact children's development and mental health.
Early childhood spans ages 2-6 years and late childhood ages 6-13/14 years. During these stages, children experience significant physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development. In early childhood, children master walking, eating solid foods, and controlling their elimination, while developing emotional relationships. Late childhood is marked by entering grade school and developing one's identity relative to peers. Children work to accomplish developmental tasks like learning physical skills, developing appropriate gender roles, and gaining independence. Both stages present physical and psychological hazards that can impact development if not adequately addressed.
This document provides information about bullying, including definitions, types, where and when it occurs, who is at risk, and the effects on those involved. It defines bullying as unwanted, aggressive behavior among school-aged children involving a real or perceived power imbalance that is repeated over time or has the potential to be repeated. There are three main types of bullying: verbal, social, and physical. Bullying can occur in school, on the way to/from school, and online. Children who are bullied, bully others, or witness bullying are more likely to experience negative physical, school, and mental health issues. It is important for adults to respond quickly and consistently to bullying to prevent its negative effects.
This document discusses conduct disorder, which is a repetitive pattern of behavior in which a child or adolescent violates the rights of others or social norms. There are two subtypes based on age of onset - childhood onset before age 10 which is more common in boys and associated with aggression, and adolescent onset after age 10 which is less aggressive. Risk factors include genetic, biological, psychosocial, and environmental factors. Symptoms involve aggression, defiance, lying, cruelty, theft, and truancy. Treatment involves pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, parental guidance, behavior modification, and potentially juvenile justice involvement. Nursing diagnoses related to conduct disorder include risk for violence, impaired social interactions, defensive coping, and low self-esteem.
Child abuse can occur in many forms including sexual, physical, emotional and neglect. It affects a significant percentage of children and can have long lasting impacts on their development, behavior and health. Reports of child abuse should be made to counselors, police or caring parents so preventive measures can be taken and the cycle of abuse can potentially be stopped.
There are two main dimensions of parenting: acceptance/warmth-responsiveness and demandingness-control. These dimensions give rise to four parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful. Authoritative parenting, which is high in both acceptance and control, tends to be associated with the best child outcomes while neglectful parenting, which is low in both, tends to be associated with the worst outcomes.
1. Preschool-aged children develop a sense of self and independence as they resolve the psychosocial conflict between initiative and guilt, forming beliefs about their unique identity.
2. Morality in preschoolers develops through social learning, empathy, and changing views of justice as rules are seen as less rigid.
3. Gender identity is established in preschool through play preferences and stereotyped behaviors, with views shaped by both social learning and cognitive development of gender schemas.
Family and teachers factors as determinant of career decisions among adolesce...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined how family and teacher factors influence career decisions among adolescents with hearing impairments in Ogun State, Nigeria. The study involved 77 families and 69 teachers from 3 special secondary schools. Results showed that:
1) Family and teacher factors positively and significantly influence the career decisions of adolescents with hearing impairments.
2) Family factors have a significant relative effect on career decisions, while teacher factors showed no significant effect.
3) The study recommends concerted efforts by families and teachers to provide support, encouragement, and motivation to help adolescents with hearing impairments make career decisions. Special programs and career counseling should be provided.
This document discusses children with mental challenges, physical challenges, and those who are destitute. It notes that mentally challenged children may learn skills like sitting, crawling or walking later than other children. They also often have delays in language development, problem solving skills, and social skills. Physically challenged children have disabilities affecting locomotion or neurological functions that limit daily living. Destitute children do not receive proper care from parents. The document outlines problems these children face like abuse, poverty, and social difficulties during adolescence.
Research paper on Family and social influence on career decision making. pdfMd. Najmul Huda
This document discusses a research paper on the influence of family and society on career decision making. It acknowledges the instructor for their guidance and outlines the research question, hypothesis, methodology, data analysis, findings, recommendations, and conclusion. The background section reviews several studies and theories that have found family has a strong influence on career choices through factors like parental occupations, values, norms, support, and gender stereotypes. Family influence is seen through dependency, maturity levels, parental jobs/experiences, and gender roles. Society also influences through shared experiences.
The practicum student, Miriam Larson, taught her third lesson in an animal research unit at Dr. Howard Elementary. The lesson involved students choosing animal books to research. Some students had trouble being flexible in their book choices if their preferred animal was unavailable. The closing group activity of having students identify how many books at their table had contents pages did not work well with first graders, who need more structured group work. The cooperating teacher provided helpful feedback on managing student comments and modeling expectations to improve future lessons.
This document discusses mental retardation (MR), also known as intellectual disability. It defines MR as a generalized disorder characterized by significantly impaired cognitive functioning and deficits in adaptive behaviors that are present from childhood (before age 18). The document then classifies MR based on IQ scores and discusses the epidemiology, etiology, signs/symptoms, diagnosis, treatment modalities, prevention strategies, and nursing management of patients with MR.
Este documento describe las herramientas sincrónicas y asincrónicas utilizadas en Moodle (EVA). Las herramientas sincrónicas permiten la comunicación en tiempo real entre usuarios a través de chat, videoconferencia, audioconferencia, Skype y teléfono celular. Las herramientas asincrónicas permiten la comunicación aunque los horarios de los usuarios no coincidan, a través de correo electrónico, lista de distribución, mensajes de texto, foros de debate y herramientas de colaboración como wiki y
The document summarizes the author's PhD research topics which included:
1) Magneto-fluidic micro-system design for dynamic magnetic fields and local particle control.
2) Using superparamagnetic particles for biosensors to study particle motion, interactions in fluid volumes, and particle-induced momentum transfer on fluids.
3) Experiments on particle chains, twinning, and hydrodynamic interactions using microfluidic devices with magnetic fields.
MM Bagali..... Research.... PhD... Management... HR... Management Research Pu...dr m m bagali, phd in hr
This document summarizes key points from a research fellowship presentation. It discusses motivation for doing research, including internal drives like curiosity and external factors like career goals. It outlines challenges in starting research and provides strategies for crafting a researchable topic, including focusing on an important question and reviewing relevant literature. The presentation emphasizes developing a clear narrative and contribution, choosing appropriate publication outlets, and using clear writing.
This document describes a partner program created by a team of local realtors called Ewing Pros to promote Ann Arbor, Michigan. The program called "We Love Ann Arbor" includes a website, blog, and social media pages to showcase what makes Ann Arbor a great place to live through stories, photos, and videos of the food, art, culture, parks, people, businesses, education, and diversity. The partner program offers various ways for local businesses to get involved through social media, content sharing, joint marketing, or selling We Love Ann Arbor merchandise with proceeds going to charity. The goal is to tell Ann Arbor's story and bring the community together to support local businesses.
Examination of Aristotle’s Philosophical Ideas in Relation to Nigerian Educat...iosrjce
This paper critically examined Aristotle’s philosophical ideas in relation to Nigerian education
system. The Greek philosopher Aristotle (384 – 322 BC) was a disciple of Plato in his school called “The
academy” and later established his own school called “Lyceum” where he taught for twelve consecutive years.
He professed ideas in different fields including education that agree and disagree to certain degree with the
Nigerian Education system that came in to existence after the 1969 National Curriculum Conference in a
document called National Policy on Education first published in 1977, with four subsequent editions in 1981,
1998, 2004 and 2013. As the founding father of Realism school of thought, Aristotle stresses that education is
the only tool for virtue and happiness aims at promoting one’s reasoning ability which is the highest element in
man; thus, knowledge is possible because human mind is capable of acquiring any sort of it. To him, drill stands
to be the appropriate process of education, curriculum of which includes literacy and numeracy, natural
sciences, physical education and humanities; all in teacher-centered method for that the learner is just a passive
receiver while the teacher stands authoritarian. The education itself is categorized: the “intellectual and
political pursuit” for free citizens and “vocational” for slaves; all, acquired and transmitted in five stages and
strictly controlled by the state. Aristotle’s views are presently found in Nigeria’s Education system, though with
some differences to some extent.
Edulearn 2015 - Emotional Intelligence Assessment in Children by using a Mobi...Francisco Ramos
A mobile application for assessing emotional competence in a comprehensive way was developed, basing its structure on previous emotional development studies in typical and atypical population.
George teaches his children about emotional intelligence to help them understand and control their feelings. He provides resources on developing emotional intelligence in children, including apps that teach about different emotions, articles on teaching problem solving and raising emotionally intelligent children, and books with specific strategies. The resources discuss topics like children's happiness, temperament, self-esteem, and facilitating emotional intelligence.
Este documento habla sobre los injertos cutáneos de espesor parcial. Explica que los injertos de espesor total de 0.30 a 0.45 mm son funcional y estéticamente pobres. Describe los tipos de injertos de espesor parcial y sus ventajas sobre los de espesor total, incluyendo mejor supervivencia y vascularización. También detalla las indicaciones, preparación, cuidados posoperatorios y características de la piel injertada.
5 f2015 English civil wars - Bishops war, Ireland Robert Ehrlich
Some of the preliminary phases of the English Civil wars which lead to the fall of Charles I. The attempt to impose the Book of Common Prayer on Scotland leads to protests. In the north there is the Bishops' wars, in Ireland an uprising that is brutally suppressed. In England Parliaments protest the actions of Charles and are dismissed. Charles and Parliament raise militias
1. The document introduces the concept of emotional intelligence (EQ) and its importance.
2. It discusses the 6 Seconds EQ model, with a focus on knowing yourself by enhancing emotional literacy and recognizing patterns in one's reactions.
3. Tools like the 6 Seconds pause are presented to help people incorporate EQ into their daily lives through self-awareness and making empathetic choices.
The document discusses key aspects of human resource management including the functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. It describes how organizations define goals and strategies, allocate tasks and structure reporting relationships. Resources including human capital are discussed. The importance of staffing, training, motivating and maintaining employees is covered. Discipline, performance reviews and human resource planning are also summarized.
The Indian polity is perennially in an election mode. Barring a few exceptional years within a normal 5 year tenure of the Lok Sabha, the country witnesses, on an average, elections to about 5-7 State Assemblies every year.
The elections to constitute the 16th Lok Sabha were held by the Election Commission over the period March 2014 – May 2014. Along with elections to the Lok Sabha, elections for constituting the State Assemblies of 4 states were held. Those comprised: Andhra Pradesh (undivided Andhra. Telangana got created as a new State later in June 2014 following the provisions of Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Bill 2014), Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Odisha. This was followed by the following State Assembly elections: Maharashtra and Haryana; Jharkhand and J&K; NCT of Delhi; Bihar; Assam, Kerala, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal in 2016
As a result, a serious need to evolve a mechanism to end this frequent election cycles has been expressed by various stakeholders since quite some time now. The idea of undertaking simultaneous elections is being seriously considered as a potential solution to the above problem. Several prominent political leaders have also consistently voiced their support for the above idea at various forums. Some expert committees have also examined this particular issue in the past.
El documento proporciona consejos estratégicos para la gestión en 2016. Algunos de los consejos clave incluyen: 1) Ser un experto en los aspectos básicos del negocio y centrarse en una propuesta de valor sencilla y enfocada; 2) Diferenciarse y asegurarse de que los clientes nos prefieran y sepan por qué; 3) Elaborar y comunicar constantemente una estrategia bien definida a los clientes, empleados y accionistas.
examining how divorce/ separation, witnessing domestic abuse, abuse, and witnessing repeated community violence and show how the interaction between family, community, and society can stimulate and influence a child’s development; looking at the externalizing and internalizing behaviors,within the child’s psychological, emotional, behavioral, cognitive processes, school competence and performance, and relationships with others.
The document discusses factors that can cause anxiety in students and the results of a study measuring anxiety levels in paramedical and non-paramedical students. The study found that younger paramedical students and female paramedical students showed higher levels of anxiety. Factors discussed as potentially causing anxiety included family history, parenting styles, peer pressure, abuse, medical conditions, and stress from academic demands. The document provides details on the methodology and results of the anxiety assessment conducted with students.
Personality Factors as Related to Stresses among Parents of Mentally Sub-Norm...inventionjournals
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between personality factors and stress levels among parents of mentally sub-normal children. 150 parents aged 35-55 years completed questionnaires measuring their personality using the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire and their stress levels using a 30-item stress scale. Results found that 7 of the 16 personality factors (A, B, E, F, H, O, Q4) were significantly related to higher stress scores in parents. However, the majority of personality factors (C,G,I,L,M,N,Q1, Q2, Q3) did not significantly impact parental stress levels. The study provides insight into how certain personality traits may influence the stress experienced by parents of
Anxiety is one of the most common mental health issues reported in children and can take several forms including separation anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, social phobia, and specific phobias. Environmental factors like parental modeling of anxious behaviors and information transmission from parents can promote anxiety in children. Positive relationships with peers have been shown to help relieve social anxiety in children while negative relationships have been shown to increase anxiety. Untreated anxiety disorders in children can lead to issues like developmental delays, impaired daily functioning, and poor quality of life.
1. Family factors like parenting styles, temperament, and family functioning can influence a child's behavioral development and risk for disorders like aggression. Difficult infant temperament may interact with harsh parenting to increase risk, though the direction of effects is debated.
2. Rehabilitation professionals play an important role in providing vocational rehabilitation services to disabled individuals who have the ability to work. These services include education, job training, and skills development to help participants obtain and maintain employment. Requirements include having a disability that limits employment and meeting age standards. Programs must meet regulatory standards to ensure legitimate, high-quality services are provided.
How do genetic and environmental factors work together to influemeagantobias
How do genetic and environmental factors work together to influence emotional and moral development? What can parents do to ensure healthy emotional and moral development with their children?
This week you’re going on a field trip – an internet field trip! Please do a search online for a current event that relates to the material in the reading this week. Give a brief summary of what you found and explain how it fits in with what you learned this week. Don’t forget to cite your source!
Emotional Development and Moral Development
This week we will explore the functions of emotions, the development of emotional expression and emotional understanding, the role of temperament, and the development and significance of attachment. Additionally, we will study moral development. Topics involving moral development will include the study of morality as the adoption of societal norms, morality as social understanding, moral reasoning of young children, the development of self-control, and the development of aggression.
Topics to be covered include:
Stages of Emotional Development
Moral Development
Emotional Development
Emotion is defined as a rapid appraisal of the personal significance of a situation that prepares us for action. When you experience something that is personally relevant, there is physiological response in your body that causes a behavioral response. If you get into an argument, someone you love smiles at you, or you accomplish a challenging task, you feel a surge of emotion. Your behavioral responses to your emotions is part of what makes you unique!
EMOTIONS DEFINED
Theorists with a functionalist approach to emotion believe that emotions play an integral role in cognitive processing, social behavior, and physical health. They believe that the purpose of emotions is to motivate behavior aimed at accomplishing personal goals. If you have a goal in mind, the anticipation of the outcome, as well as the outcome itself, triggers emotions that help dictate your response. As an individual interacts with his or her environment and situations change, emotions change.
We see how cognition and emotions work together when we consider the impact of anxiety on performance. When anxiety levels rise, thinking skills are often impacted, as attention given to mental processing is now occupied with thoughts of worry. In addition, children who become distressed tend to better recall that particular experience, showing emotion is linked to memory. We also previously learned that two childhood growth disorders, nonorganic failure to thrive and psychosocial dwarfism, result from emotional deprivation.
SOCIAL SITUATIONS
SELF-AWARENESS
HEALTH
Emotional Expression
The progression of emotional expression occurs with age. In early infancy, happiness is displayed through smiles and laughter, often as a reaction to parental affection or the achievement of sensorimotor goals. Infants also begin to experience anger (as a result of not being able ...
ORIGINAL ARTICLESchool-Based Group Interventions for Child.docxalfred4lewis58146
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
School-Based Group Interventions for Children Exposed
to Domestic Violence
E. Heather Thompson & Shannon Trice-Black
Published online: 6 March 2012
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012
Abstract Children exposed to the trauma of domestic vio-
lence tend to experience difficulties with internalized and
externalized behavior problems, social skills deficits, and
academic functioning. Mental health practitioners in the
school setting, including school counselors, school psycholo-
gists, and school social workers, can address developmental
concerns that impede development through group counseling
interventions that include both structured activities and play
therapy. The school environment offers an ideal setting in
which to work with child survivors of trauma, as all students
have accessibility to school mental health resources. This
article outlines the primary objectives and corresponding pro-
cedures for a developmentally- appropriate group interven-
tions for elementary-aged children who have been exposed to
the trauma of domestic violence.
Keywords Domestic violence . Children . Counseling
Nearly four million children in the United States struggle
with a diagnosable mental disorder that significantly hinders
various areas of functioning which impacts their ability to be
successful at school (U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services 1999). Less than 20% of those children will get the
mental health services they need (U.S. Department of Health
and Human Services 2000). Many of the urgent mental
health needs of children are first recognized and addressed
in the school setting (Farmer et al. 2003; Salmon and Kirby
2008). Recent research indicates the importance of provid-
ing mental health services for children within their schools
in order to help them succeed academically and socially
(Baker et al. 2006; Farmer et al. 2003).
School mental health professionals often provide preven-
tive and responsive interventions to student needs (American
School Counselor Association [ASCA] 2005; National
Association of School Psychologists 2010). In fact, the
ASCA (2005) recommends that school counselors spend at
least 80% of their time in direct contact with students. Based
on this, schools counselors often are faced with the wide-
reaching problem of domestic violence which affects ap-
proximately 15 million children each year (McDonald et al.
2006). Children who reside in homes marked by domestic
violence are exposed to various forms of aggression which
may include repeated physical assaults, mental humiliation
and degradation, threats and assaults with guns and knives,
threats of suicide and homicide, and destruction of property
(McClosky et al. 1995). Investigation of the negative effects
of children’s exposure to domestic violence reveals a link
between witnessing violence in the home and a wide array of
adjustment problems. Child-witnesses of domestic violence
often experience chaotic, distressing events, of which .
A Conceptual Analysis of Correlates of Domestic Violence and Adolescent Risky...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The study explores domestic violence and how it influences adolescent risky behavior.
Domestic violence is a devastating social problem resulting in significant and enduring effects on children,
threatening both their health and emotional well-being. The study aimed at examining the relationships between
domestic Violence and Psychological Empowerment, Domestic Violence and Self-esteem, psychological
Empowerment and Self-Regulation, Self Esteem and Psychological empowerment, Self-Esteem and Selfregulation, Self-Regulation and Adolescent Risky Behavior and identify the stronger predictor of self-regulation
between psychological empowerment and Self-esteem. Adolescent respondents who experienced domestic
violence were purposely selected and guided by teachers and administrators who had provided support to these
children.The questionnaire had six sections namely; personal information, the Child Exposure to Domestic
Violence Scale, the Psychological empowerment scale, the Rosenberg Self-esteem Inventory, and the Brief
Self-Control Scale. Data analysis employed Pearson's product-moment correlation (r) to test hypotheses 1,
2,3,4,5, and 6. Regression analysis was used for hypothesis 7.The results show a significant relationship
between domestic Violence and Psychological Empowerment, Domestic Violence and Self-esteem,
psychological Empowerment and Self-Regulation, Self Esteem and Psychological empowerment, Self-Esteem
and Self-regulation, Self-Regulation, and Adolescent Risky Behavior. The study documents that Psychological
empowerment is a stronger predictor of self-regulation than Self-esteem.
KEYWORDS:Domestic violence, psychological empowerment, self-regulation, and Adolescent risky behavior
111Impact of Child Homelessness on Mental HealSantosConleyha
1
11
Impact of Child Homelessness on Mental Health and Academic Performance
Literature Review
Iriana Pinto
Department of Counseling, Webster University
COUN 5850: Research and Program Evaluation
Helen Singh Benn, PhD., LMHC
February 8, 2021
Literature Review
Ironically, homelessness itself a kind of mental torture which automatically creates distress in a person's mind and bitterness about life. A person without having shelter feels uncomfortable; unsatisfied with his life that he cannot feed his family, even the state's policies are not fair enough to support homeless families. Here, in this paper, we discuss child homelessness which is a great threat to child health in terms of mental distress and academic performance (Vostanis, 1998). In a recent survey, there were 1.4 million children experienced homelessness worldwide, about 75% of children experienced homelessness by doubling-up with other families. On the other hand, 15% of children were in shelters, hotels/motels percentage calculated as 7%, and those were who didn't have shelter to live were 4%. The data has been collected from 2016-17 survey regarding measuring the child homelessness in all over the world according to which appropriate measures could be taken to ensure the provision of shelters, homes, education to homeless children effectively and efficiently. The data mentioned above is being reported from two sources, i.e. school districts required to report based on the number of homeless students they serve. In contrast, others belong to the consensus of federally funded homeless shelters and temporary housing programs conducted by the U.S. Department of Housing and urban development.
Child Homelessness Statistics and Survey
Furthermore, the most important thing noticed during this survey is that overall child homelessness affects the mental health of the children and their academic performance. They do not feel comfortable while studying with 13-14 other family members, unsatisfied mind creates mental trouble and become the reason of destruction in overall academic performance. The explanations behind vagrancy in this get-together are extraordinary: many are overcomers of local violence, four and the get-together moreover consolidates uprooted individual families, generally in U.S. Homeless young people are on a very basic level more plausible than everyone, or assessment kids in stable housing, to have conceded development, six learning difficulties, seven and higher speeds of mental prosperity issues (social issues, for instance, rest agitating impact, eating issues, ill will, and overactivity, and energetic issues, for instance, despairing, anxiety, and self-harm).6,8–10 Such issues are not express to down and out families. They occur in various families living in trouble. They are related to threatening life events that rush vagrancy, for example, family breakdown, abuse, receptiveness to for ...
1
11
Impact of Child Homelessness on Mental Health and Academic Performance
Literature Review
Iriana Pinto
Department of Counseling, Webster University
COUN 5850: Research and Program Evaluation
Helen Singh Benn, PhD., LMHC
February 8, 2021
Literature Review
Ironically, homelessness itself a kind of mental torture which automatically creates distress in a person's mind and bitterness about life. A person without having shelter feels uncomfortable; unsatisfied with his life that he cannot feed his family, even the state's policies are not fair enough to support homeless families. Here, in this paper, we discuss child homelessness which is a great threat to child health in terms of mental distress and academic performance (Vostanis, 1998). In a recent survey, there were 1.4 million children experienced homelessness worldwide, about 75% of children experienced homelessness by doubling-up with other families. On the other hand, 15% of children were in shelters, hotels/motels percentage calculated as 7%, and those were who didn't have shelter to live were 4%. The data has been collected from 2016-17 survey regarding measuring the child homelessness in all over the world according to which appropriate measures could be taken to ensure the provision of shelters, homes, education to homeless children effectively and efficiently. The data mentioned above is being reported from two sources, i.e. school districts required to report based on the number of homeless students they serve. In contrast, others belong to the consensus of federally funded homeless shelters and temporary housing programs conducted by the U.S. Department of Housing and urban development.
Child Homelessness Statistics and Survey
Furthermore, the most important thing noticed during this survey is that overall child homelessness affects the mental health of the children and their academic performance. They do not feel comfortable while studying with 13-14 other family members, unsatisfied mind creates mental trouble and become the reason of destruction in overall academic performance. The explanations behind vagrancy in this get-together are extraordinary: many are overcomers of local violence, four and the get-together moreover consolidates uprooted individual families, generally in U.S. Homeless young people are on a very basic level more plausible than everyone, or assessment kids in stable housing, to have conceded development, six learning difficulties, seven and higher speeds of mental prosperity issues (social issues, for instance, rest agitating impact, eating issues, ill will, and overactivity, and energetic issues, for instance, despairing, anxiety, and self-harm).6,8–10 Such issues are not express to down and out families. They occur in various families living in trouble. They are related to threatening life events that rush vagrancy, for example, family breakdown, abuse, receptiveness to for ...
1Running Head CONSEQUENCES OF BULLYING .docxaulasnilda
1
Running Head: CONSEQUENCES OF BULLYING
Running Head: CONSEQUENCES OF BULLYING 1
Name
What Are the Consequences of Bullying in Young Children?
Course
Institute
Professor
What Are the Consequences of Bullying in Young Children?
Bullying refers to aggressive and unwanted behavior among young children that shows presence of a perceived or a real power imbalance. Bullying has effects on the bully, the one being bullied, as well as witnesses. There are several negative outcomes of bullying with are both physical and mental. It is important to look at the effects of bullying on young children.
The kids who are bullied suffer the worst outcomes both in their lives physically, socially, and mentally. The first effect of the bullying is anxiety and depression. The child will experience feelings of loneliness and sadness. At the same time, the child will have a change in the eating and sleeping patterns (Fullchange & Furlong, 2016). The depression and anxiety also lead to loss of interest in the activities which they previously enjoyed. The issues in younger children will extend to their adulthood.
When young children are bullied, they experience a decline in their academic achievement. The child will lose interest in schoolwork and get less marks because they are distracted. The young children also avoid things like school activities such as sports. The children might end up skipping, missing, or dropping out of school altogether (Fullchange & Furlong, 2016).
Bullying also ends up affecting the bully in one way or another. The first effect on the bully is that they engage in fights, vandalism, and eventually drop out of the school (Cho & Lee, 2018). The young children who are bullies will get into other activities such as the vandalism if their truant behaviors go uncontrolled. The young children will end up with other criminal convictions as well as traffic citations.
The bully when he continues the behavior will end up making an abusive partner and parent when they develop into adults. It is important to control such behaviors as the aggressiveness ends up going into the personal lives. The bully is unable to form normal human relationships based on values such as love and care (Cho & Lee, 2018).
Literature Review
Bullying in young children is considered a consistent pattern of abuse as well as mistreatment from colleagues, parents or even other unknown people which leads to either emotional or even physical harm. It can entail such techniques like verbal along with non-verbal, humiliation and psychological torture. Bullying during infancy is usually considered to be challenging since it operates within the child’s established laws and regulations. In most cases, bullying in young children is carried out by a ...
1Running Head CONSEQUENCES OF BULLYING .docxRAJU852744
1
Running Head: CONSEQUENCES OF BULLYING
Running Head: CONSEQUENCES OF BULLYING 1
Name
What Are the Consequences of Bullying in Young Children?
Course
Institute
Professor
What Are the Consequences of Bullying in Young Children?
Bullying refers to aggressive and unwanted behavior among young children that shows presence of a perceived or a real power imbalance. Bullying has effects on the bully, the one being bullied, as well as witnesses. There are several negative outcomes of bullying with are both physical and mental. It is important to look at the effects of bullying on young children.
The kids who are bullied suffer the worst outcomes both in their lives physically, socially, and mentally. The first effect of the bullying is anxiety and depression. The child will experience feelings of loneliness and sadness. At the same time, the child will have a change in the eating and sleeping patterns (Fullchange & Furlong, 2016). The depression and anxiety also lead to loss of interest in the activities which they previously enjoyed. The issues in younger children will extend to their adulthood.
When young children are bullied, they experience a decline in their academic achievement. The child will lose interest in schoolwork and get less marks because they are distracted. The young children also avoid things like school activities such as sports. The children might end up skipping, missing, or dropping out of school altogether (Fullchange & Furlong, 2016).
Bullying also ends up affecting the bully in one way or another. The first effect on the bully is that they engage in fights, vandalism, and eventually drop out of the school (Cho & Lee, 2018). The young children who are bullies will get into other activities such as the vandalism if their truant behaviors go uncontrolled. The young children will end up with other criminal convictions as well as traffic citations.
The bully when he continues the behavior will end up making an abusive partner and parent when they develop into adults. It is important to control such behaviors as the aggressiveness ends up going into the personal lives. The bully is unable to form normal human relationships based on values such as love and care (Cho & Lee, 2018).
Literature Review
Bullying in young children is considered a consistent pattern of abuse as well as mistreatment from colleagues, parents or even other unknown people which leads to either emotional or even physical harm. It can entail such techniques like verbal along with non-verbal, humiliation and psychological torture. Bullying during infancy is usually considered to be challenging since it operates within the child’s established laws and regulations. In most cases, bullying in young children is carried out by a.
Scsn early years annual conference - heather stack - presentation oct 2013joyoneill
The document discusses the impacts of parental absence, relocation, and disability on babies and young children. It notes that parental stress, depression, absence, and other challenges can negatively impact children's development by affecting brain activity and attachment relationships. However, it also discusses factors that can promote resilience, such as social support, secure family contexts, and parents' ability to buffer stress. The document emphasizes that early experiences and relationships play a crucial role in children's social-emotional development and future mental health outcomes.
Problems of Aggressive Behaviour among Primary School Childreniosrjce
This paper identifies the issue of pupils’ indiscipline as manifested in some anti-social behaviour
among which aggression is one, especially in the primary school for a long time. This paper focuses on the
nature of aggression, causation of this detrimental behaviour (aggression). It also touches on the effects of
aggression, discussion on the process of controlling it among the individual children in both school and the
home and finally concluded with specific recommendations by the authors.
Research Supporting Sf Protective Factors 02 19 09k.stepleton
This document summarizes research on protective factors that help prevent child maltreatment. It discusses that building protective factors in individuals, families, and communities is more effective than risk reduction alone. Protective factors studied include child, parent/family, and social/environmental factors. The Strengthening Families protective factors framework focuses on parental resilience, social connections, knowledge of parenting/child development, concrete support, and children's social-emotional competence. Research on adverse childhood experiences links exposure to abuse/neglect with negative health and behavioral outcomes. Studies also examine parental and childhood resilience as protective against stress.
Social anxiety is the most common anxiety disorder and it affects individuals’ life very
profoundly. Recent findings have suggested that both parental attitudes and hopelessness are potential
vulnerability and maintenance factors for the development of social anxiety symptoms. Therefore, the aims of
the current study were to examine whether social anxiety, perceived parental attitudes and hopelessness differ
in male and female adolescents in order to identify predictors of social anxiety in Turkish adolescents. Hence,
the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, the short form of EgnaMinnenBeträffandeUppfostran Scale (short-EMBU),
and Hopelessness Scale were administered to 756 adolescents. Consistent with other findings, we could show
that females experienced more social anxiety, perceived more emotional warmth and more overprotection from
mother and mother than males. The results of a regression analysis for the whole sample revealed that being
female, greater the number of sibling, older grades, low mother education, perceived rejection from mother and
hopelessness are significant predictors of social anxiety. Finally, social anxiety was predicted by different
variables for females, (class level, mother education, mother rejection, hopelessness) and males (number of
sibling, hopelessness). Therefore, clinicians should consider these differences in their interventions.
Manadoob a comprehensive presentation websitemanadoob
Developed by educators, child psychologists and child development experts “The Manadoob Program for Self Esteem” is an inquiry-based, social and emotional learning program (aka SEL program). It teaches children self-esteem while enhancing their reading and writing skills through the use of story, craft and individualized interpretation
1) The document discusses Chomsky's theory of critical periods in language development and provides examples from real life cases, including Genie, showing disruptions during critical periods can negatively affect language development.
2) It asks what Genie's outcome tells us about language and emotional development, and what cues educators can take from these tragic cases.
3) The document is about emotional and language development in children, discussing theories, stages of emotional development, attachment theory, and the development of language and communication skills.
Attachment, deviance and young offending.Sam Harrison
Attachment theory proposes that the way a child bonds with their caregiver influences their development and future behaviors. Insecure attachment, where caregivers are inconsistent or neglectful, is linked to difficulties with relationships, self-esteem, impulse control and criminality later in life. Early intervention programs that support child development and strong parent-child bonds can help reduce the risk of future antisocial behaviors by promoting secure attachment. However, attachment is just one of many factors that influence youth offending, and nature and nurture both play complex roles.
Similar to Parental Support, Self-Esteem and Emotional Intelligence as Predictors of Social Anxiety among Mentally Challenged Children in Ibadan (20)
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer’s Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Broadcast Management in Nigeria: The systems approach as an imperativeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study on Retailer’s Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study Factors Influence on Organisation Citizenship Behaviour in Corporate ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumers’ Behaviour on Sony Xperia: A Case Study on Bangladeshiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of a Balanced Scorecard on Nonprofit Organizations (Study on Yayasan P...iosrjce
1. The document describes a study that designed a balanced scorecard for a nonprofit organization called Yayasan Pembinaan dan Kesembuhan Batin (YPKB) in Malang, Indonesia.
2. The balanced scorecard translated YPKB's vision and mission into strategic objectives across four perspectives: financial, customer, internal processes, and learning and growth.
3. Key strategic objectives included donation growth, budget effectiveness, customer satisfaction, reputation, service quality, innovation, and employee development. Customers perspective had the highest weighting, suggesting a focus on public service over financial growth.
Public Sector Reforms and Outsourcing Services in Nigeria: An Empirical Evalu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Media Innovations and its Impact on Brand awareness & Considerationiosrjce
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Parental Support, Self-Esteem and Emotional Intelligence as Predictors of Social Anxiety among Mentally Challenged Children in Ibadan
1. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSR-JRME)
e-ISSN: 2320–7388,p-ISSN: 2320–737X Volume 5, Issue 3 Ver. III (May - Jun. 2015), PP 57-63
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/7388-05335763 www.iosrjournals.org 57 | Page
Parental Support, Self-Esteem and Emotional Intelligence as
Predictors of Social Anxiety among Mentally Challenged
Children in Ibadan
Okoiye Ojaga Emmanuel Phd
Department Of Educational Psychology/G&C
Alvan Ikoku Federal University of Education Owerri Imo State Nigeria
Abstract: The Nigerian contemporary African society often sees mentally challenged children as being
bewitched, possessed, or spiritually inflicted and fails to see their situation from the biological, physiological or
accidental perspective of nature. This ill conceive feelings make members of the society and even immediate
family members behave in an unaccommodating manner to mentally challenged children at home or school.
This has negative implication on their well-being. In view of this context, this study investigated parental
support, self-esteem, and emotional intelligence as predictors of social anxiety among mentally challenged
children in Ibadan, Nigeria. Using the descriptive survey research design of ex-post factor, three research
questions were answered and data were collected using four validated instruments, from seventy (70) socially
anxious mentally challenged pupils selected through multi-stage sampling technique. Data was analysed using
the Multiple Regression Analysis at 0.05 level of significance. The study revealed that the independent variables
(parental support, self-esteem and emotional intelligence) made joint contribution of 58.5% variance on the
dependent variable (social anxiety). Also, the independent variables significantly predicted the dependent
variable. Thus, it was recommended that the family, school, teachers and society should support the
developmental needs of mentally challenged pupils in school and at home instead of treating them with disdain.
Keyword: Emotional Intelligence, Parental Support, Pupils, School, Self-Esteem and Social Anxiety
I. Introduction
The Nigerian contemporary African society often sees mentally challenged children as being
bewitched, possessed, or spiritually inflicted and fails to see their situation from the biological, physiological or
accidental perspective of nature. This ill conceive feelings make members of the society and even immediate
family members behave in an unaccommodating manner to mentally challenged children at home or school.
Thus, more often than not, the unfriendliness experience by mentally challenged children, make them nervous,
helpless, frustrated and socially anxious in an attempt to relate with their environment. Most times, they may
experience constant physical feelings of panic and may seek to avoid anything that might trigger their anxiety
(such as being alone, going to school, talking in front of a group). According to Garcia-Lopez (2013) social
anxiety is often expressed in a situation of discomfort or fear when an individual is in social interactions that
involve a concern about being judged or evaluated by others. It is typically characterized by an intense fear of
what others are thinking about them (specifically fear of embarrassment, criticism, or rejection), which results in
the individual feeling insecure, not good enough for other people, and/or the assumption that they will
automatically be rejected.
Billini (2004) affirmed that mentally challenged children and adolescents display higher levels of social
anxiety than normal people. This may be because they often exhibit fear and worry regarding social situations.
Similarly, Melfsen (2006) investigation of the extent of social anxiety in individuals with different mental
disorders showed that mentally challenged individuals with learning disability showed a higher rate of social
anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Individuals with LD and autism are prone to anxiety disorders much
more than normal population (Bradley, Summers, Wood & Bryson, 2004). This may be attributable to factors
such as, lifetime of adversity, inadequate social support, and poor coping skills (Cooray & Bakala, 2005). Also,
lack of social and cognitive resources to cope with societal negativism is thought to contribute to this
vulnerability to social and emotional problems (Wilson, 2004). These factors contribute to increased
vulnerability to stressful life events, which may trigger social anxiety disorder. Smiley (2005) suggests that
overprotection and poor linguistic skills, leading to greater difficulties in discussing or dismissing fears and
resulting in over-generalisation, are responsible for the expression of social anxiety disorder.
Also, Rosenthal, Jacobs, Marcus & Katzman (2007) contended that children who suffer social anxiety
disorder (SAD) often do not develop appropriate social behaviours. As children grow with the disorder, they
may become accustomed to having social fears and design a life based on avoidance. This development can
have a devastating impact on their education, career success, financial independence, and personal relationships.
2. Parental Support, Self-Esteem And Emotional Intelligence As Predictors Of Social Anxiety...
DOI: 10.9790/7388-05335763 www.iosrjournals.org 58 | Page
Often it will lead to an isolated lifestyle and subsequent depression or substance abuse. This implies that for
some people social anxiety can become a very difficult, painful and even disabling problem that is chronic in
nature. Therefore, in view of this context, this study investigated parental support, self-esteem and fear as
predictors of social anxiety among mentally challenged children in Ibadan.
II. Literature Review
Children's physical and emotional status as well as their social and cognitive development greatly
depends on their family dynamics. The rising incidence of behavioural problems among children could suggest
that some families are struggling to cope with the increasing stresses they are experiencing. Overprotection is a
risk factor for childhood anxiety (Van Gastel, Legerstee & Ferdinand, 2008). The emotional and social
outcomes are significantly improved for children whose fathers play a visible and nurturing role in their
upbringing. Father involvement is associated with positive cognitive, developmental and socio-behavioural child
outcomes, such as improved weight gain in preterm infants, improved breast-feeding rates, higher receptive
language skills and higher academic achievement (Garfield & Isacco, 2006). Young children of depressed
mothers have an elevated risk of behavioural, developmental and emotional problems (Forman, O’Hara &
Stuart, 2007).
Empirical studies indicate that self-esteem is an important psychological factor contributing to health
and quality of life. Some of these studies have shown that subjective well-being significantly correlates with
high self-esteem, and that self-esteem shares significant variance in both mental well-being and happiness
(Zimmerman, 2000). Self-esteem has been found to be the most dominant and powerful predictor of happiness
(Furnham and Cheng, 2000). Indeed, while low self-esteem leads to maladjustment, positive self-esteem,
internal standards and aspirations actively seem to contribute to well-being.
The symptoms of anxiety in children are unhappiness, feeling empty, easy and frequent crying, not
doing their likes, anhedonia, feeling worthless and guilty, hopelessness, being nervous and distressed, short
temper, appetite disorders, sleep disorders, sensitiveness, distractibility, poor school performance, breakdown in
family relations, increasing friendship problems and feeling rejected and alone. The child with low self-esteem
will have difficulty in not only the academic field but also all areas of social skills. In addition, the child with a
high level of social anxiety will face failures in the social life. Though often neglected as a target for treatment,
social anxiety disorder in mentally challenged is of clinical relevance and has been linked to an increased risk
for suicide attempts, poorer quality of life, poorer social functioning and lower self-esteem (Meyer, Bearden,
Lux, Gordon, Johnson & O’Brien, 2005).
Disability in all ramifications, is in itself a difficult challenge to accommodate emotionally. This makes
the ability of mentally challenged to develop and sustain positive intra and interpersonal relationship with self
and environment tasking. The integration and acceptability of the mentally challenged individuals into society
main stream is emotionally laden and frustrating as they are often treated with disdain. Their experience
depletes their emotional competence and makes them vulnerable to social anxiety in their attempt to relate with
others and environment. Goleman (1995) posited that individuals that are emotionally competent easily
overcomes societal pressures and adapts positively. According to Palmer, Donaldson and Stough (2001)
emotional intelligence correlates significantly with psycho-social well-being. Emotional intelligence plays a
significant role in establishing and maintaining relationship (Goldman, 1995) this implies that persons with
higher emotional intelligence were more socially accepted and they display better social skills. Thus, mental
health experts are giving greater emphasis to EI as a correlate of psychological disorders. In fact the intelligent
use of emotions is considered essential for one’s physical health and psychological adaptation (Mayer &
Salovey, 1997).
Research Questions
The following research questions were answered in the study:
1. Would there be significant relationships between the independent variables (parental support, self-esteem
and emotional intelligence) and social anxiety of mentally challenged children.
2. To what extent when combined will the independent variables (parental support, self-esteem and emotional
intelligence) impact on social anxiety of mentally challenged children?
3. What are the relative effects of the independent variables (parental support, self-esteem and emotional
intelligence) on social anxiety of mentally challenged children?
III. Methodology
Research design
This study is a descriptive survey design of ex-post factor type to examine parental support, self-esteem
and emotional intelligence on social anxiety of mentally challenged children.
3. Parental Support, Self-Esteem And Emotional Intelligence As Predictors Of Social Anxiety...
DOI: 10.9790/7388-05335763 www.iosrjournals.org 59 | Page
Population
The population for this study consists of all learning disable pupils in the three special schools in
Ibadan (School for the Handicapped ring road Ibadan, H. L. A. School for the Handicapped Agodi Gate Ibadan
School for the Handicapped Okebola Ibadan). These schools were purposively selected for the study. However,
primary five pupils in the three special schools were screened using the Slosson Intelligence Test (SIT) to
identify the pupils with mild intellectual disability using the multi-stage sampling technique. Pupils whose IQ
ranges between 50-70 were selected for the study.
Sample and Sampling Technique
The sample for this study is seventy mentally challenged primary five pupils in three special schools
screened using the Slosson Intelligence Test (SIT) and selected through multi-stage sampling technique.
Instrument for Data Collection
Slosson Intelligence Test (SIT) (1981); this is the revised version for persons of ages 4 to 18 years. It is
designed and organized as a test of general intelligence. It is a foreign test but adapted to suit African children.
For example, certain words and items were changed to suit the culture of the pupils without altering the content
validity of the test by (Olatoye & Oyundoyin, 2007) in their investigation of Intelligence Quotient as a Predictor
of Creativity Among Some Nigerian Secondary School Students and in Oduolowu (1998) Relative Effectiveness
of Open Classroom and Conventional Strategies on Pupils Acquisition of the Basic Literacy and Numeracy
Skills. The test was used to assess the intelligent quotient of pupils and screen for those with mild intellectual
disability. It has a reliability coefficient of 0.90 to 0.98. However, the researcher revalidated this instrument
through a test-re-test procedure with similar pupils and got a reliability coefficient of 0.86.
Social Anxiety was measured using the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS; Mattick & Clarke, 1998). The
Social Interaction Anxiety Scale contains 20 items. The Social Interaction Anxiety Scale SIAS assesses anxiety
in social situations. Respondents are asked to rate each statement on a 5-point scale as it applies to them. Scores
on both measures range from 0 to 80, with higher scores indicating higher levels of social anxiety. Cronbach
alphas ranged from .88 to .93 for the SIAS. Test-retest correlations for the scale exceeded .90 at intervals of up
to 13 weeks. However, 10 items were adopted and modified and revalidated for this study to suit the
developmental state of the children. These items adapted the 5 point likert rating scale of strongly disagreed = 1
and strongly agreed = 5. The pilot study result produced an internal consistency coefficient reliability of 0.76.
cronbach alpha.
Parental Social Support Assessment Scale for Children and Teens by Gokler (2007) was used to measure
level of parental support socially anxious pupil get from their parents. It is a 5 point Likert scale and it measures
the parental social support that children receive from their parents. It has internal coefficient reliability of 0.82.
The Sullivan Emotional Intelligence Scale for Children (1999) is based on emotional intelligence abilities
such as recognizing, understanding, and managing emotions. It consists of Faces, Stories, and Understanding
and Managing sections. There are 19 face pictures in the Faces section, five items about a specific situation such
as thunder or death of an animal in the Stories section, 10 items in the Understanding section and seven items in
the Managing section. The researcher reads each of the items to the child and then asks the questions about it.
Each child is required to respond to the researcher’s question with “yes” or “no” or “I don’t know”. internal
consistency coefficient reliability of 0.76. cronbach alpha (.97-.99)
Rosenberg's self-esteem scale (RSE) Self-esteem was used to measure the self-esteem of socially anxious
pupils. This 10-item self-report measure requires respondents to indicate their perceptions of themselves in
positive or negative ways. Examples of items in the scale include are: "I am able to do things as well as most
other people do" and "I can do anything I really set my mind to". Learners respond on a 4-point scale (4 =
strongly agree, 3 = agree, 2 = disagree and 1 = strongly disagree) with higher total scores indicating a stronger
self-esteem. The test-retest reliability of RSE ranged from 0.85 to 0.88.
Procedure of administration
The researchers got permission from the school authorities’ and the essence of the study was explained
to them in the process. After getting them informed and obtaining their consent, the researchers, with the
assistance of class teachers distributed and collected back the completed questionnaire administered to the
pupils. Also, participants were adequately informed of the adherence to confidentiality and the need to be
precise and truthful in filling the questionnaires. Seventy questionnaires were administered (70) and collected
back by the researchers. This number (70) formed what was used for data analysis of the study.
4. Parental Support, Self-Esteem And Emotional Intelligence As Predictors Of Social Anxiety...
DOI: 10.9790/7388-05335763 www.iosrjournals.org 60 | Page
Data analysis
Data was analysed using multiple regression analysis at 0.05 level of significance. Multiple regression
was used to find out the combined and relative contributions of the independent variables on social anxiety of
mentally challenged children.
IV. Results
Research question 1: Would there be significant relationships between the independent variables (parental
support, self-esteem and emotional intelligence) and social anxiety of mentally challenged children.
Table 1: Descriptive Statistics and Correlation Matrix of Relationship between the variables
Variables N Mean Std Dev 1 2 3 4
Social Anxiety 70 28.16 5.23 1.000
Self-esteem 70 22.19 3.16 0.174 1.000
Parental Support 70 26.10 5.10 0.285 0.615 1.000
Emotional
Intelligence
70 24.19 4.07 0.221 0.224 0.514 1.000
Table 1 shows the mean, standard deviation and zero order correlation among the variables. It was
observed that there was significant relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable
(social anxiety of mentally challenged children in the following order of magnitude Parental support (R=0.615,
p<0.05), emotional intelligence (R=0.514, p<0.05), self-esteem (R=0.174, p<0.05). This implies that the social
anxiety has grave consequence on the well-being mentally challenged children.
Research Question 2: To what extent when combined will the independent variables (parental support, self-
esteem and emotional intelligence) impact on social anxiety of mentally challenged children?
Table 2: Joint effect of the independent variables on the dependent variable
R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std.Error of the Estimate
0.798 0.588 0.585 4.85518
ANOVA
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F P Remark
Regression 16619.78 3 5539.92 19.86 0.00 Sig
Residual 18413.98 66 278.99
Total 53447.74 69
Table 2 shows that there was joint effect of the independent variables (parental support, self-esteem and
emotional intelligence) on the dependent variable (social anxiety of mentally challenged children) R=0,798,
P<0.05. The table further reveals 58.5% (adjusted R square = 0.585) of the variance on social anxiety of
mentally challenged children were accounted for by the linear combination of the independent variables. The
ANOVA results from the regression analysis shows that there was significant effect of the independent variables
on the dependent variable: F (3, 66) =19.86, p<0.05. This indicates that parental support, self-esteem and
emotional intelligence has impact on the well-being of socially anxious mentally challenged children.
Research Question 3: What are the relative effects of the independent variables (parental support, self-esteem
and emotional intelligence) on social anxiety of mentally challenged children?
Table 3: Relative effect of the independent variables on the dependent variables
Variable Unstandardised
Coefficient
Standardised
Coefficient
Rank t p Remark
B Std. Error Beta
Constant 8.396 1.703 - 4.93 0.000 Sig
Self-esteem 0.078 0.031 0.157 3th
3.47 0.011 Sig
Parental Support 0.427 0.032 0.436 1st
13.31 0.00 Sig
Emotional Intelligence 0.326 0.028 0.310 2nd
11.68 0.00 Sig
Table 3 reveals that parental support made the highest contribution to social anxiety of mentally
challenged children (β=0.44) followed by emotional intelligence (β=0.31), then self-esteem (β=0.16). This also
highlights the fact that the interplay of social anxiety has concurrent effect on the behavioural disposition
mentally challenged children.
5. Parental Support, Self-Esteem And Emotional Intelligence As Predictors Of Social Anxiety...
DOI: 10.9790/7388-05335763 www.iosrjournals.org 61 | Page
V. Discussion Of The Findings
Research Question One
Would there be significant relationships between the independent variables (parental support, self-
esteem and emotional intelligence) and social anxiety of mentally challenged children? The result reveals that
there was significant relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable (social anxiety
of mentally challenged children in the following order of magnitude parental support (R=0.615, p<0.05),
emotional intelligence (R=0.514, p<0.05) and self-esteem (R=0.174, p<0.05). This could be due to the fact that
socially anxious children are more often than not emotionally disturbed and frustrated in their bid to relate with
others. This is consistent with Billini (2004) assertion that mentally challenged children and adolescents display
higher levels of social anxiety than normal people. This may be because they often exhibit fear and worry
regarding social situations. Similarly, Melfsen (2006) investigation of the extent of social anxiety in individuals
with different mental disorders, showed that mentally challenged individuals with learning disability showed a
higher rate of social anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder. This may be attributable to factors such as,
lifetime of adversity, inadequate social support, and poor coping skills (Cooray & Bakala, 2005). Also, lack of
social and cognitive resources to cope with societal negativism is thought to contribute to this vulnerability to
social and emotional problems (Wilson, 2004). These factors contribute to increased vulnerability to stressful
life events, which may trigger social anxiety disorder.
Research Question Two
To what extent when combined will the independent variables (parental support, self-esteem and
emotional intelligence) impact on social anxiety of mentally challenged children? The findings of the study
reveal that there was joint effect of the independent variables (parental support, self-esteem and emotional
intelligence) on the dependent variable (social anxiety of mentally challenged children) R=0,798, P<0.05. It
further reveals that 58.5% (adjusted R square = 0.585) of the variance on social anxiety of mentally challenged
children were accounted for by the linear combination of the independent variables and ANOVA results from
the regression analysis shows that there was significant effect of the independent variables on the dependent
variable: F (3, 66) =19.86, p<0.05. This implies that the joint impact of the independent variables on the
dependent variable is significantly high and this is possibly responsible for the social anxiousness of mentally
challenged children. Giving credence to this point of view, Rosenthal, Jacobs, Marcus & Katzman (2007)
contended that children who suffer with social anxiety disorder (SAD) often do not develop appropriate social
behaviours. As children grow with the disorder, they may become accustomed to having social fears and design
a life based on avoidance. This development can have a devastating impact on their education, career success,
financial independence, and personal relationships. Often it will lead to an isolated lifestyle and subsequent
depression or substance abuse. This implies that for some people social anxiety can become a very difficult,
painful and even disabling problem that is chronic in nature.
Research Question Three
What are the relative effects of the independent variables (parental support, self-esteem and emotional
intelligence) on social anxiety of mentally challenged children? The result of the findings reveals that parental
support made the highest contribution to social anxiety of mentally challenged children (β=0.44) followed by
emotional intelligence (β=0.31), then and self-esteem (β= 0.16) made the least contribution. This implies that
the independent variables have appreciable measure of impact on the dependent variable and this could be
aligned to the fact that the social anxiousness causes discomfort on their psychological well-being. The resultant
effect is devastating and the consequence has often led them to express negative behavioural attitude towards
self and others. Thus, disability in all ramifications, is in itself a difficult challenge to accommodate
emotionally. This makes the ability of mentally challenged to develop and sustain positive intra and
interpersonal relationship with self and environment tasking. The integration and acceptability of the mentally
challenged individuals into society main stream is emotionally laden and frustrating as they are often treated
with disdain. Their experience depletes their emotional competence and makes them vulnerable to social
anxiety in their attempt to relate with others and environment. Concurring, Garcia-Lopez (2013) affirmed that
social anxiety is often expressed in a situation of discomfort or fear when an individual is in social interactions
that involve a concern about being judged or evaluated by others. It is typically characterized by an intense fear
of what others are thinking about them (specifically fear of embarrassment, criticism, or rejection), which results
in the individual feeling insecure, not good enough for other people, and/or the assumption that they will
automatically be rejected.
Implication of the findings
The implications of the findings are important for stake holders such as parents, care givers teachers,
school counsellors, and educational policy makers. The management of social anxiety among primary school
6. Parental Support, Self-Esteem And Emotional Intelligence As Predictors Of Social Anxiety...
DOI: 10.9790/7388-05335763 www.iosrjournals.org 62 | Page
children would enable them to overcome the constant fear of making friends, participating actively in
classrooms, or speaking with confidence. Primary school children who are socially anxious have low self-
esteem, low self-confidence and fear of initiating interactions among their peers or relating actively with their
teachers. They become psychologically disabled by the fear of other people’s reactions and expectations that
they avoid situations in which they fear evaluation might occur. Thus, if socially anxious children do not know
how to manage this problem; they often become frustrated and traumatized as a result of not been able to
function adequately with peers. This could create maladjustment in most aspect of their life such as social,
intellectual, personality, language development and academic achievements.
VI. Recommendations
Schools should provide functional counselling services to support the developmental growth of socially
anxious mentally challenged pupils considering the fact that they often express disaffection, anger and
aggression in the classroom even when teaching and learning experience is going on and thereby causing
distraction. The family, society and significant others should take time to give appropriate support to socially
anxious mentally challenged pupils as to help them overcome their challenges and adjust well to teaching and
learning situation in school.
Psychological intervention programmes should be put in place to help socially anxious mentally
challenged pupils to self-rediscover their potential and competence to adjust to learning situation in school.
Teachers teaching socially anxious mentally challenged pupils should endevour to use stimulating
teaching methods that would motivate pupils to learn purposefully in school.
VII. Conclusion
The Nigerian contemporary African society often sees mentally challenged children as being
bewitched, possessed, or spiritually inflicted and fails to see their situation from the biological, physiological or
accidental perspective of nature. Therefore, the society fails to relate with them positively and this makes them
nervous, helpless, frustrated and socially anxious in an attempt to relate with their environment. However, the
society should learn how to appreciate them as to make them have a life fulfilling experience.
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