This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between personality factors and stress levels among parents of mentally sub-normal children. 150 parents aged 35-55 years completed questionnaires measuring their personality using the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire and their stress levels using a 30-item stress scale. Results found that 7 of the 16 personality factors (A, B, E, F, H, O, Q4) were significantly related to higher stress scores in parents. However, the majority of personality factors (C,G,I,L,M,N,Q1, Q2, Q3) did not significantly impact parental stress levels. The study provides insight into how certain personality traits may influence the stress experienced by parents of
Power point upload for class TECA 1311 about early childhood pioneer Bruce Perry, MD, Ph.D. Made by Jack DisPennett. Plagiarism is wrong and is just plain rude, so please do not copy without giving proper credit. Enjoy!
Power point upload for class TECA 1311 about early childhood pioneer Bruce Perry, MD, Ph.D. Made by Jack DisPennett. Plagiarism is wrong and is just plain rude, so please do not copy without giving proper credit. Enjoy!
Expressed Emotion as a Participant of Depression Relapseasclepiuspdfs
Expressed emotion (EE) is the primary fuel for psychological disorders relapse. If there is a toxic family environment, such as an insensitive approach, high critical communication, and emotionally over-involved approach may have a more mental decline. Both inappropriate high or low EE may aggravate more psychological symptoms deterioration (e.g., bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, children with learning disabilities, and alcoholism). The harmful stress and pity criticism become the primary contributing factor which increases patient’s liability to cope with relapse.
A presentation by Jennifer Rein, MSW, LICSW, and Victoria Ochoa, LICSW, Clinical Social Workers, Boston Children’s Hospital, at JDRF New England Chapter's 2nd Annual “Living Well with T1D” Symposium on March 9, 2013.
Introduction to Depressive Disorders in Children and AdolescentsStephen Grcevich, MD
These slides accompany the didactic lectures Dr. Stephen Grcevich presented to child and adolescent psychiatry fellows at Akron Children's Hospital in September 2020. Topics covered include:
Session One: Epidemiology, presentation throughout childhood/adolescence, clinical course, risk factors, etiology
Session Two: Evaluation – diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis, comorbidity, use of rating scales
Session Three: Pharmacotherapy and other medical treatments
Session Four: Non-pharmacologic treatments
Lecture of Professor Klaus R. Kunzmann (Visiting Professor at the Wrocław University of Technology) at the closing ceremony of DoFA (Lower Silesia Festival of Architecture) on 09/10/2015.
The Effect of Radiation on the Convective Heat and Mass Transfer Flow of a Vi...inventionjournals
In this paper we have analyzed the effect of radiation on the convective heat and mass transfer flow of a viscous electrically conducted fluid in a horizontal rotating channel in the presence of constant heat sources. The governing partial differential equations can be transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations using non - dimensional process. The velocity, temperature and concentration profiles are shown in graphically for different values of the parameters entering into the problem
Expressed Emotion as a Participant of Depression Relapseasclepiuspdfs
Expressed emotion (EE) is the primary fuel for psychological disorders relapse. If there is a toxic family environment, such as an insensitive approach, high critical communication, and emotionally over-involved approach may have a more mental decline. Both inappropriate high or low EE may aggravate more psychological symptoms deterioration (e.g., bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, children with learning disabilities, and alcoholism). The harmful stress and pity criticism become the primary contributing factor which increases patient’s liability to cope with relapse.
A presentation by Jennifer Rein, MSW, LICSW, and Victoria Ochoa, LICSW, Clinical Social Workers, Boston Children’s Hospital, at JDRF New England Chapter's 2nd Annual “Living Well with T1D” Symposium on March 9, 2013.
Introduction to Depressive Disorders in Children and AdolescentsStephen Grcevich, MD
These slides accompany the didactic lectures Dr. Stephen Grcevich presented to child and adolescent psychiatry fellows at Akron Children's Hospital in September 2020. Topics covered include:
Session One: Epidemiology, presentation throughout childhood/adolescence, clinical course, risk factors, etiology
Session Two: Evaluation – diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis, comorbidity, use of rating scales
Session Three: Pharmacotherapy and other medical treatments
Session Four: Non-pharmacologic treatments
Lecture of Professor Klaus R. Kunzmann (Visiting Professor at the Wrocław University of Technology) at the closing ceremony of DoFA (Lower Silesia Festival of Architecture) on 09/10/2015.
The Effect of Radiation on the Convective Heat and Mass Transfer Flow of a Vi...inventionjournals
In this paper we have analyzed the effect of radiation on the convective heat and mass transfer flow of a viscous electrically conducted fluid in a horizontal rotating channel in the presence of constant heat sources. The governing partial differential equations can be transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations using non - dimensional process. The velocity, temperature and concentration profiles are shown in graphically for different values of the parameters entering into the problem
Johan Skytte was a true scholar of the 17th century in Sweden. In 1622 he instituted a new
professorship in Eloquence and Politics financed by a separate patronage donation. It has survived all through
the years and will soon celebrate its 400 years’ anniversary. In 1994, the foundation running the
practical/economical parts of the donation founded an international prize: The Johan Skytte Prize in Political
Science. This year, the 21st prize goes to Francis Fukuyama.
Newton Software Pvt Ltd. is a reputed name in providing Innovative software solutions for the Civil & Corporate Industry. We have earned for ourselves a rich domain experience primarily in Civil engineering & realty and the Corporate world for the Contract Labour & Visitor Management with integration of face /biometrics & allied products .
We are a team of top notch professionals who believe in continual up gradation of existing products as well as in bringing new & indigenous products into the market. Over the years , we have been able to cater to the varied needs of the Civil & Architectural & the Corporate industry
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8) Intcos-Simplifying Interior BOQ from Acad
9) E-Gatepass Contract Labour Management System
10) E-Gatepass for Builders
11) Employee Attendance system
12) Canteen Management system
Spiritual Well-Being and Parenting Stress in Caring for Children with Neuro-D...inventionjournals
Caregivers of children’s with neuro-developmental disorders face challenges starting from resistance and denial, and such challenges may be likely to impact their Well-being. The present study explores the relations between spiritual well-being and parenting stress when parents faced with a crisis like caring for children with neurodevelopmental disorders. A convenient sample of 38 parents who reared 3 to 12-year-old children diagnosed with neurodevelopmental issues was part of the study. Parental Stress Index -Short Form (PSI/SF; Abidin, 1995) and the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS; Ellison & Paloutzian, 2009) were used to obtain a measure of the variables chosen. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to find out the significance of relations between spiritual well-being and parenting stress. Also, thesignificance of themean difference between the gender groups in relation tospiritual well-being and parenting stress was analysed using Independent Sample‘t’ test. Findings reveal a significant negative correlation between spiritual wellbeing and parenting stress, and it also shows that there is no gender difference in relation to parenting stress and spiritual well-being among parents. The findings indicate that spiritual wellbeing might act as a buffer of parental stress and can play the role of a protective factor against parenting stress for life challenges. It also shows that there might be no gender differences in parents’ experience of stress and spiritual wellbeing, but slight mean differences show a higher stress and spiritual wellbeing among mothers than fathers.
MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES AMONG CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS PPT 3.pptxMAishwaryaJathish
This ppt is about the mental health issues faced by children and adolescents and the effect positive parenting has on them. Positive parenting plays a vital role in the development of children and adolescent mental health.This presentation is all about various mental health issues among children and adolescents, about parenting ,the different parenting styles, positive parenting, its effect on the various mental health issues among children and adolescents and about the different types of mental health issues among children and adolescents.
We will also look into various researches done on this topic.
Parenting is the process of raising children and providing them with protection and care in order to ensure their healthy development into adults.
1.Authoritarian parenting-Authoritarian parenting is the most traditional style and it is the style where parents are clearly in charge and children are expected to fall in line no matter what.
2.Authoritative parenting-Authoritative parenting enforce rules , but without discussing them and the reasons behind them.
3.Permissive parenting-Permissive parenting is a parenting style where the parents want to be their children's best friend and nurture them a lot.4.Uninvolved or neglectful parenting-This parenting is a style where the parents are completely hands off. Their mantra is "You do what you want, I don't really care".
5.Free range parenting-Free range parenting is a type of permissive parenting , but it can include lots of rules and regulation and also it enforces that the children work by themselves.
6.Attachement parenting-It is a parenting style which is all about providing love to children and preparing a nurturing environment for them.
7.Helicopter parenting-Helicopter parenting is a type of parenting where the parents want to protect their kids, keep them happy and set them up for success so badly that they get over-involved in their lives.Positive parenting focuses on developing a strong, deeply committed relationship between parent and child based on communication and mutual-respect. It focuses on teaching children not just what but also why. Positive parenting means training children towards self-control.
According to Caley Arsamarski, who is a proponent of positive parenting and psychologist specializing in child therapy, positive parenting essentially encourages parents to "catch kids being good" and give more positive feedback instead of always focusing on bad-behaviour.Mental health issues are health conditions involving changes in emotions, thinking or behaviour ( or a combination of these). They are associated with distress or problems functioning in social, work of family activities.
The study of mental illness is called psychopathology. First we will discuss the causes of mental health issues, its signs and later study about them in detail and study the effect positive parenting has on it. This is all about the topic and what it is all about has been mentioned briefly in this topic
Parental Support, Self-Esteem and Emotional Intelligence as Predictors of Soc...iosrjce
The Nigerian contemporary African society often sees mentally challenged children as being
bewitched, possessed, or spiritually inflicted and fails to see their situation from the biological, physiological or
accidental perspective of nature. This ill conceive feelings make members of the society and even immediate
family members behave in an unaccommodating manner to mentally challenged children at home or school.
This has negative implication on their well-being. In view of this context, this study investigated parental
support, self-esteem, and emotional intelligence as predictors of social anxiety among mentally challenged
children in Ibadan, Nigeria. Using the descriptive survey research design of ex-post factor, three research
questions were answered and data were collected using four validated instruments, from seventy (70) socially
anxious mentally challenged pupils selected through multi-stage sampling technique. Data was analysed using
the Multiple Regression Analysis at 0.05 level of significance. The study revealed that the independent variables
(parental support, self-esteem and emotional intelligence) made joint contribution of 58.5% variance on the
dependent variable (social anxiety). Also, the independent variables significantly predicted the dependent
variable. Thus, it was recommended that the family, school, teachers and society should support the
developmental needs of mentally challenged pupils in school and at home instead of treating them with disdain.
Parental stress, affective symptoms and marital satisfaction in parents of ch...James Cook University
Lovisotto, R., Caltabiano, N., & Hajhashemi, K. (2015). International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 5(10), 30-38.
Abstract: Parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), a life-long developmental disorder, responded to an online survey considering their stress experience, affective symptoms and marital satisfaction. As these parents sourced different programs for their children, type of program was used to assign parents to different groups in order to consider their stress, affective symptoms and marital satisfaction. The type of programs parents used included the Applied Behaviour Analysis (n=15); Early Intervention Centre (n=13) and no formal program (n=16). Parents of children with ASD in the ABA group reported significantly lower parental stress scores, lower affective symptoms scores and higher marital satisfaction scores compared to the other two groups. These results are suggestive of the beneficial effect that an ABA program can have on the family unit.
Day Care May Be Beneficial to Children of Depressed Moms: StudyOliver_Gray
A major risk factor for the development of mental health issues in a child is maternal depression. If the mother is depressed, sending the child to a daycare center might lower the risk of emotional problems. One study, in fact, came to this very conclusion.
Child Behavior Problems and Parental Well-Being inFamilies o.docxchristinemaritza
Child Behavior Problems and Parental Well-Being in
Families of Children With Autism: The Mediating Role of
Mindfulness and Acceptance
Leah Jones, Richard Patrick Hastings, Vasiliki Totsika, Lisa Keane, and Neisha Rhule
Abstract
Few research studies have explored how the level of a child’s behavior problems leads to
psychological distress in parents of children with autism. The authors explored whether
psychological acceptance and mindfulness mediated this relationship between child behavior
and parental distress. Seventy-one mothers and 39 fathers of children with autism
participated, by reporting on their own positive and negative psychological well-being and
their child’s behavior problems. Psychological acceptance was found to act as a mediator
variable for maternal anxiety, depression, and stress, and for paternal depression. General
mindfulness and mindful parenting had significant mediation effects for maternal anxiety,
depression, and stress. These results contribute to evidence that mindfulness and acceptance
may be important parental psychological processes, with implications for parent support.
Key Words: autism spectrum disorder; parents; mindfulness; mindful parenting; psychological acceptance
Parents, especially mothers, of children with an
autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often report
elevated psychological-distress profiles compared
with parents of typically developing children
(Eisenhower, Baker, & Blacher, 2005; Schieve,
Blumberg, Rice, Visser, & Boyle, 2007; Totsika,
Hastings, Emerson, Berridge, & Lancaster 2011)
and compared with parents of children with other
disabilities, including Down syndrome (Da-
browska & Pisula, 2010; Olsson & Hwang,
2003), Fragile X syndrome (Abbeduto et al.,
2004), cerebral palsy (Eisenhower et al., 2005),
and intellectual disability (ID) alone (Blacher &
McIntyre, 2006; Totsika et al., 2011). Within
samples of parents of children with ASD, child
behavior problems have regularly been associated
with negative outcomes, in cross-sectional and
longitudinal designs (Hastings et al., 2005;
Herring et al., 2006; Lecavalier, Leone, & Wiltz,
2006; Lounds, Seltzer, Greenberg, & Shattuck,
2007; Totsika et al., 2011). Given the longitudinal
design of some studies (e.g., Herring et al., 2006;
Lecavalier et al., 2006), there is evidence to
indicate that child behavior problems function
as a risk factor for parental negative outcomes.
With both theoretical and practical consider-
ations in mind, it is important to ask how the
behavior problems of children with ASD come to
have an impact on parental well-being. ‘‘How’’
questions in this context relate to the identification
of mediator variables, defined as the processes that
intervene between a risk factor (e.g., child behavior
problems) and outcomes (such as parental psycho-
logical distress; see Baron & Kenny, 1986).
Identification of mediator variables is theoretically
important because we develop a better understand-
ing of psychological distress in par ...
1Running Head FINAL PROPOSAL CHILD ABUSE AND ADULT MENTAL HEAL.docxdrennanmicah
1
Running Head: FINAL PROPOSAL: CHILD ABUSE AND ADULT MENTAL HEALTH
2
FINAL PROPOSAL: CHILD ABUSE AND ADULT MENTAL HEALTH
Diamond Newton
Southern New Hampshire University
March 3, 2019
Problem Statement
Several adults struggle from a variety of mental health issues (suicidal thoughts and tendencies, alcoholism, depression, and drug abusers.) A lot of those issues may stem from what took place during an adult’s childhood that stem from a variety of reasons. Some adults seek help and some refuse to seek help. The adults who do seek help come to realize that their current issues stem from when they were a child and still developing as a human. Child abuse can come in many forms, physical, mental, and sexual. Adults who have been exposed or experienced this are likely to suffer from some form of mental health issue. It is important to figure out the root of mental health issues in adults so the root can be addressed. Children need to be in a healthy environment with nothing short of love and care. Exposing children to a harsh reality is only breeding them into an adult who suffers from mental health issues.
Literature Review
The study of psychology helps researchers to understand better what is going on with a person. Researchers studied what happened in a person's life that causes them to make the decisions they do and behave in a certain way. Adults have this stigmatism that they can do whatever they want because they are "grown." Many adults suffer from something that can cause to lead towards suicidal thoughts and tendencies, alcoholism, depression, and drug abusers. A lot of those issues may stem from what took place during an adult’s childhood. There could be some reasons adults tend to display certain mental health traits that have been studied in many different forms by researchers. What we will be reviewed is the abuse, physical or mental, that an adult endured as a child and how it affects them in their adulthood.
Blanco, C., Grant, B. F., Hasin, D. S., Lin, K. H., Olfson, M. Sugaya, L. (2012) recognized that child physical abuse had been associated with an increased risk of suicide attempts. The study conducted included Blacks, Hispanics and young adults between the ages of 18-24 in 2001-2002 and 2004-2005. In person, interviews were conducted in Wave 1. In Wave 2 used similar methods as Wave 1 but it excluded the individuals who were not eligible. Wave 2 also interviews went into depth about the questions asked for the participants first 17 years of life. There are many other variables that have been added to the data that relate to childhood physical abuse and mental health distress in adult years. Those other adversatives included the history of child sexual abuse and neglect, parental psychopathology, and perceived parental support, described as emotional neglect.
The advantages to this design would be the inclusion of other childhood adversities that could contribute to adult psychiatri.
Parental Care and Academic Stress: Implications on Adolescents Substance Abus...paperpublications3
Abstract: This study investigated parental care and academic stress as predictors of adolescent substance abuse in Rivers State Nigeria .Using random sampling technique, 250 participants were selected from 4 secondary schools in the state. The participants comprised of 130 males and 120 females with age range of 12-18 years with a mean age of 14.8 years. Participants were administered with 3 instruments which include Parental Care Scale developed by Baumrind (1971), Student Academic Stress Scale developed by Busari (2011) and Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST) developed by Skinner (1982). A cross sectional survey was employed and A Multiple Regression analysis was used for data analyses. Result indicates that parenting style and academic stress do not predict adolescent substance abuse in Rivers State Nigeria. The significance of the study borders on the need for parents to watch out for other significant environmental factors like peer pressure as the inducing factors to substance abuse as they do their best to train their children
Keywords: Parental care, academic stress, adolescent, substance abuse.
Title: Parental Care and Academic Stress: Implications on Adolescents Substance Abuse in Rivers State Nigeria
Author: Njoku Ethelbert Chinaka, Leonard Onwukwe, Vivian Chizoma Njemanze
ISSN 2349-7831
International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
Paper Publications
3Assignment Three Purpose of the study and Research Questions.docxlorainedeserre
3
Assignment Three: Purpose of the study and Research Questions
RES 9300
Recently, Autism has become a serious health concern to parents. According to Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2018), about one in fifty nine United States children has been identified with autism spectrum disorder with one in six children developing developmental disability ranging from mild disabilities such as speech and language impairments to serious developmental disabilities, such as intellectual disabilities, cerebral palsy, and autism (CDC,2018). World Health Organization (2019) estimates that 1 in 160 children globally has autism making it one of the most prevalent diseases. Despite the disease prevalence, most population has little knowledge about the disease. Many health practitioners have proposed early care as a means to control the disease effects.
Purpose Statement
The purpose of this study is to determine whether early intervention services can help improve the development of children suffering from autism. This study also aims to explore the general public awareness and perception about autism disorder.
Research Questions
(1) How should service delivery for autistic patients be improved to promote their health? (2) What impact does early intervention services have on development of children suffering from autism? (3) How can public knowledge on autism improve support and care for autistic patients? (4) What effect will early intervention have on patient’s social skills?
References
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Data & Statistics. Retrieved From https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html
World Health Organization. (2019). Autism Spectrum Disorders. Fact Sheet. Retrieved From https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/autism-spectrum-disorders
3
Assignment Two: Theoretical Perspective and Literature Review
RES 9300
Literature Map
Parenting an Autism Child
(Dependent Variable)
9
Mothers/Father Role
Education
Religious Beliefs
Gender/Age
Financial Resources
Maternal Relationship
Region
Public Awareness
Support
Ethnicity
Independent Variables
Secondary Source I Will Be Using In My Literature Review
Mother/Father Roles
Glynn, K. A. (2015). Predictors of parenting practices in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder.
Religious Beliefs
Huang, C. Y., Yen, H. C., Tseng, M. H., Tung, L. C., Chen, Y. D., & Chen, K. L. (2014). Impacts of autistic behaviors, emotional and behavioral problems on parenting stress in caregivers of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(6), 1383-1390.
Education
Brezis, R. S., Weisner, T. S., Daley, T. C., Singhal, N., Barua, M., & Chollera, S. P. (2015). Parenting a child with autism in India: Narratives before and after a parent–child intervention program. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 39(2), 277-298.
Financial Resources
Zaidm ...
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish Caching
Personality Factors as Related to Stresses among Parents of Mentally Sub-Normal Children.
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org ||Volume 4 Issue 9 || September. 2015 || PP.01-06
www.ijhssi.org 1 | P a g e
Personality Factors as Related to Stresses among Parents of
Mentally Sub-Normal Children.
Dr.Sunita Rani
Designation –Assistant Professor (dept. of psychology)
Institute –Gurukulkangri university Haridwar
ABSTRACT- The purpose of the present investigation was to study personality factors as related to stresses
among parents of mentally sub-normal children. To measure the level of stress 30 item stress factor scale based
on (Olley, Brieger and Olley, 1997) and for measuring personality, 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire Hindi
adaptation by S.D.Kapoor (1970) was administered to 150 parents of mentally sub-normal children. Subjects
were in the age range of 35 to 55 years and were residents of the city of Meerut. The high and low scorer on
different factors of 16 PF were compared in respect of their stress level in 6 areas namely, hospital factors,
disease factors, financial factors, familial factors, psychological factors. Result indicates that out of 16
personality factors 7 factors A, B, E, F, H, O and Q4 were found to be significant in contributing to stress level
of the respondents. However a majority of personality factors like C,G,I,L,M,N,Q1, Q2 and Q3 were found to be
insignificant in corroborating the stress level of the subject.
Keywords- stress, personality, coping style, parental reaction.
I. Introduction
A child with mental retardation has a profound impact on the family. The condition may be apparent at
birth or may become evident only with the passage of time. As parents recognize differences in the development
of their child, their reaction can be highly variable. Denial is a common parental reaction, especially during the
initial stage of adjustment. Parents may minimize the degree of disability or simply deny that any problem
exists. They close their mind to their child limitations or explain their child’s limitation by implying laziness,
indifference, or lack of motivation. Denial can be both useless and destructive. It is useless because refusal to
accept the reality of a child’s disability does not make child’s differences disappear. It is destructive because it
impedes the child’s necessary education and therapy. Parents may project blame for the child with mental
retardation on the people they believe are responsible for their suffering. Common fears of parents are
associated with having other children, loss of friends, a life time of care, and impact on the family unit.one more
emotion that is very difficult to handle is guilt. Guilt is insidious and debilitating. Assuming blame does not
eliminate the disability and intense feeling of guilt can erode parents positive self-concept. The negative
emotions of parents in a state of guilt are extremely difficult to dispel. Sometime parents may choose to isolate
themselves because of their feelings of shame and guilt. Parents may show rejection through strong
underexpections of achievement, unrealistic goals escape and reaction formation.
The parents of children with disabilities, including those with mental retardation, may need a great deal of
additional support from society, friends, and other family members to find happiness that compensates for the
frustrations and inconveniences of having a child (Knoll,1992; Turnbull and Turnbull,1985). The children may
threaten the parent’sself-esteem, feelings of self-worth, and dignity. Some individual view the parenting of
healthy children as one of the main purpose of existence. For some parents, these feelings of failure and loss of
self-worth are temporary, for others these emotions may last a life time. What can be said with certainty is that
the process of adjustment for parents is continuous and distinctly individual (Hardman,Drew,Egan and Wolf
1996).
A number of studies about personality traits in parents of disabled children have also been carried
out.Researchers have shown mothers of mentally retarded children compared to those of the normal children
have generally lower health levels (Ahmadpanah, 2001), more stress (Dumas et al, 1991) and lower
psychological well-being level. Ilai and Esmaeeli (2000) conducted a research under the title of examining the
adaptability proportion of the parents of mentally retarded children with respect to stress making factors at
mentally retarded schools in Sari. Results indicated there is a significant relationship between stress making
factor and parents' demographic variables with the educational level, parents' professional status as well as
marriage status, marriage duration, retarder children, age of retarded child, and the age of
diagnosing the child's mental retardation. Narimani, et. al. (2007), did a research under the title of comparing the
mental health level of the mentally retarded children mothers with that of the normal children mothers. Findings
showed that there is generally a significant difference between the mental healths of the two groups of mothers.
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According to Sloper and Turner (1993) mothers’ higher levels of distress were associated with high
neuroticism scores, mothers’ not working, many unmet needs for help, and financial problems. Fathers’ higher
levels of distress were associated with high neuroticism scores, lack of a money and poor family relationships.
Mothers’ good adaptation to the children was associated with low use of wishful thinking as a coping strategy,
high extraversion and low neuroticism scores, absence of child communication problems and few unmet needs
for help with child- related problems. A related point is the possible theoretical confounding between measures,
particularly neuroticism scores and psychological distress. The link between neuroticism and distress is well
established and the mechanisms underlying this link have received considerable attention. A significant
relationship was the positive association between scores and maternal adaption to the child. Positive effect of
extraversion on the mother child relationship has been shown in many studies of personality stress and coping.
When a child is diagnosed with disability, all the attention focused on helping the child. But parents also need
assistance in coping with stress maturity with their emotions and also positive personality approaches are
required to them. Parents of children with disabilities have very high level of parenting stress signifying that
they perceived for more stress in their role as parents than did parents of children without disabilities, many
studies highlighted the same aspect in their findings. Approximately 3 to 5 percentage of the population of
children experience or get affected with physical, intellectual and mental health problems according to the
National Health Survey in India and other Western countries. Stress and Emotional problems like depression are
more common among the parents of children with disabilities which indirectly impose a significant burden on
the society (Elgar et al, 2003, 2004). Depressive symptoms, stress and emotional pressure have been cited as
having the highest disease burden of all health conditions in parents, impairing social and physical functioning
and being associated with suicide, parental separation, divorce problems, increased health care costs, morbidity,
crime rate increase, and mortality (World Health Organization, 2001). So keeping all these points in mind the
focus of the present study is as follows.
Objective- To study high and low scorer on different factors of personality in terms of their stress score.
Hypothesis- The high and the low scorer on different of personality will differ significantly in terms of their
score on stress scale.
Sample – The sample consist of 150 parents of mentally sub-normal children. For the purpose of study the
sample of the parents of mentally sub-normal children was divided into two groups i.e. the high and low scorer
(N=75 in each group).
II. Tools used in the study
Stress Scale- To measure the level of stress factor among the parents of mentally sub-normal children30 item
stress factor scale (based Olley,Brieger and Olley 1997), Hindi adaptation by Dr.A.C.Vashistha was used. The
scale consists of 30- items with 3 alternative responses like,very stressful, moderately stressful and no stressful.
Stress scores for 30 items were computed by awarding points to individual responses, 3 ponits for a very
stressful item, 2 for moderately stressful, 1 point for nonstressful item and no points were given if the items
were not applicable. This scale yielded six categories of stress situations.
Hospital Factors- Stressful situations that arise as a reuult of attending clinic and being on admission, including
waiting for staff staff attitudes, blood transfusions, potential admissions, general routines and keeping
appointments.
Disease Factors- aspects of the nature of the illness, including crises, other infections and the potential of death
that were perceived as stressful.
Financial Factors- stress arising from the cost of treatment and home management, including transportation
costs and the expense of feeding the child a good diet.
Familial Factors- social stress within the family arising from the illness including sibling rivalry, marital
discord, lack of support from extended family members, and interference with domestic and economic activities.
Psychological Factors- stress resulting from the worries and concerns of the mother herself about the potential
of having other children with such problem, fears of crises at inconvenient times and thinking about alternative
treatments and hope for a cure.
Child factors- stress resulting from the performance and character of the affected child, including absence from
school, poor growth and physical features of the disease, and the child’s demands for certain foods and rejection
of others.
Personality Questionnaire- 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire by Cattell and its Hindi adaptation by
S.D.Kapoorwas used for measuring personality.it contains 180 question.
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III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION-
Comparison of the high and low scorer on 16 personality factors in terms of their scores on stress scale.
Personality
factors
Groups N Mean S.D t-test
A High
low
75
75
57.6133
60.3867
7.94
7.77
2.1607*
B High
Low
75
75
57.5200
60.0133
7.23
8.21
2.000*
C High
Low
75
75
58.7067
58.3333
7.36
8.88
0.287
E High
Low
75
75
60.0133
57.6533
8.17
7.43
2.008*
F High
Low
75
75
61.8400
57.106
7.84
7.09
3.646**
G High
Low
75
75
58.22
59.62
7.24
7.99
1.073
H High
Low
75
75
59.586
56.946
8.142
7.546
2.0625*
I High
Low
75
75
59.00
58.74
7.30
7.50
0.212
L High
Low
75
75
58.88
58.40
8.152
7.023
0.394
M High
Low
75
75
59.80
57.36
6.83
8.54
1.95
N High
Low
75
75
58.54
59.41
7.77
7.90
1.741
O High
Low
75
75
61.45
58.30
7.83
7.90
2.189*
Q1 High
Low
75
75
59.0133
58.5733
8.27
7.56
0.334
Q2 High
Low
75
75
58.65
57.58
7.68
7.96
0.784
Q3 High
Low
75
75
58.92
58.74
6.92
7.68
0.150
Q4 High
Low
75
75
61.22
57.61
7.82
7.41
2.91*
The objective of the present study was to know the stress level of the parents of sub-normal children high and
low scorer on different factors of 16 personality factors to achieve this objective the two groups (high and low)
were compared in respect of their score on all the 16 personality factors separately with the use of t-test.
It is evident from table-1 that low scorers, on Factor-A have scored significantly higher (Mean=60.3) on stress
scale in comparison to their high scorer counterparts (Mean=57.61) the obtained t-value (t=2.16) between the
two groups was also found to be significant beyond 0.05 level of confidence. It indicates that the persons with
personality traits like reserve detached critical and cool traits have high level of stress whereas the person with
personality traits like outgoing, warm hearted, easy-going have low level stress. Therefore, the findings as
presented in table-1 support our hypothesis formulated in the present context.
It reveal in personality factor-B that low scorers, on factor B have score significantly higher (Mean=60.0138) on
stress scale in comparison to their high scorer counterparts (Mean=57.520). the obtained t-value (t=2.000)
between the two groups was also found to significant beyond 0.05 level of confidence. It indicate that the
persons with personality traits like less intelligent, concrete thinking have high level of stress, whereas the
persons with personality traits like more intelligent, abstract thinking, bright have low level of stress. Therefore
the finding as presented support our hypothesis formulated in the present context.
It is evident from table-1 column-3 that high scorer on factor-C have score slightly higher (mean=58.7067) on
stress scale in comparison to their counter parts (mean= 58.333) the obtained t-value (t=0.287) between the two
groups was found to be insignificant even at 0.05 level of confidence. It indicates that the personality traits on
facor C do not contribute significantly to the level of stresses among the subjects .
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It is evident from table-1 column-4 that high scorers on factor- E have scored higher (mean=60.0133) on stress
scale in comparison to their low scorer counterparts (mean=57.6533). the obtained t-value (t-2.008) between the
two groups was also found to be significant beyond 0.05 level of confidence. It indicate that the person with
personality traits like assertive independent, aggressive, competitive, stubborn have high level of stress whereas
the person with personality traits like humble, mile , accommodating, conforming have low level of stress.
Therefore the findings at presented support our hypothesis formulated in the present context.
It is clear from table-1 column-5 that high scorer on factor –F have scored a higher (mean-61.8400) on stress
scale in comparison to the low scorer (mean- 57.106). The comparison between the two means for high scorer
and low scorer subjects have yielded a t- value of 3.649, which was significant beyond 0.01 level of confidence.
It indicate that persons with personality traits like cheerful, active, talkative, frank, and expressive have low
level of stress whereas persons with personality traits like sober, prudent, serious, taciturn have high level of
stress.
Factor-G consisted of traits like expedient, evades rules, feels few obligation, conscientious persevering, staid
and rule bound. It is evident from table -1 column-6 that t-value (t-1.073) was not found to be significant at any
level of confidence. It indicates that the personality traits on factor-G do not contribute significantly to the level
of stress among the subjects.
It is clear from table-1 column-7 that high scorer on factor-H have scored higher (mean-59.5867) on stress scale
in comparison to their low scorer counterparts (mean- 56.9467), the obtained t-value (t- 2.0625) between the two
groups was also found to be significant beyond 0.05 level of confidence. It indicate that the person with
personality traits like venturesome, socially bold, uninhibited and spontaneous have low level of stress on the
other hand the persons have personality traits like shy restrained, diffident, timid and withdrawing have high
level of stress. The finding of the present study is in expected direction and support our hypothesis formulated in
the present context.
It is evident from table-1 column-8 that high scorer on factor I have score slightly higher (Mean=59.0000) on
stress scale in comparison to their scorer counterparts (Mean=58.7467) the obtained t- value (t = 0.212) between
the two groups was not found to be significant even at 0.05 level of confidence. It indicates that the personality
traits on Factor I do not contribute significantly to the level of stress among the subject.
Factor L consisted of traits like trusting, adaptable, free of jealousy, easy to get on with, suspicious, self-
opinionated and hard to cool. Itis evident from table-1 column-9 that t-value (t-0.394) was not found to be
significant at any level of confidence. . It indicates that the personality traits on factor-L do not contribute
significantly to the level of stress among the subjects.
Factor –M consisted of traits like practical, careful, conventional, regulated by external realities, proper,
imaginative, wrapper up in inner urgencies, careless about practical matters and absent minded.it is evident from
the data as presented intable -1 column-10 that high scorer on factor –M have scored higher score
(Mean=59.8900) on stress scale in comparison to the low scorer counterparts(Mean=57.3600) the obtained t –
value (t=1.952) between the two groups was not to be significant even at 0.05 level of confidence. It indicates
that the personality traits on Factor M do not contribute significantly to the level of stress among the subject.
Factor N consisted of the traits like forthright, natural, artless, sentimental, shrewd, calculating, worldly,
penetrating traits.it is clear from table -1 column 11 that low scorer on Factor-N have scored slightly higher
(Mean=59.4133) on stress scale in comparison to the high scorer counterparts (M=58.5467) the obtained t-value
(t=1.741) between the two groups was not found to be significant at 0.05 level of confidence. It indicates that
the personality traits od Factor N do not contribute significantly to the level of stress among the subjects.
Factor O consisted traits like placid, self-assured, confident, untroubled adequacy, apprehensive, worrying, and
depressive and guilt proneness. High scorer and low scorer on these traits were compared in respect of their
score on stress scale and finding indicate that in table-1 column-12 that high scorer on Factor-O have scored
significantly higher (Mean=61.4533) on stress scale in comparison to the low scorer counterparts (Mean=
58.3067) the obtained a t-value (t-2.18) between the two groups was also found to be significant beyond 0.05
level of confidence.it indicate that the persons with personality traits like apprehensive, worrying, depressive
and gulf and proneness have low level of stress on the other hand the persons having personality traits like
placid, self-assured, confident and untroubled adequacy have higher level of stress.
Factor Q1 consisted of personality traits like conservative, respecting, established ideas, tolerant of traditional
difficulties, conservative, experimenting, critical, liberal, analytical, free thinking and radicalism. It is clear from
table 1 column 13 that high scorer on factor Q1 have score slightly higher (mean- 59.0133) on stress scale in
comparison to the low scorer counterparts (mean-58.5733) the obtained t value (t- 0.334) between the two
groups was also found to be non-significant even at 0.05 level of confidence. It indicates that the personality
traits on factor Q1 do not contribute significantly to the level of stress among subjects.
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Factor Q2 consisted of personality traits like group dependent, group adherence, self- sufficient, prefers own
decision and resourceful. It is evident from table -1 column 14 that high scorer on factor Q2 have score slightly
higher (mean-58.6533) on stress scale in comparison to the low scorer counterparts (mean- 57.5867) the
obtained t value ( t-0.784) between the two groups was also found to be significant even at 0.05 level of
confidence. It indicate that the personality trait on factor Q2 do not contribute significantly to the level of stress
among the subjects.
Factor Q3 consisted of personality traits like undisciplined, self-conflict, careless of protocol, follows own
urges, controlled, socially precise, following self-image. It reveal from table 1 column 15 that high scorer on
factor Q3 have score slightly higher(mean- 58.9200) on stress scale in comparison to their low scorer
counterparts (mean-58.7467) the obtained t value (t-0.150) between the two groups was found to be insignificant
even at 0.05 level of confidence.
Factor Q4 consisted of the traits like relaxed, tranquil, torpid, unfrustrated, tense,driven,overwrought. It is
exposed from table 1 column 16 that high scorer on Factor Q4 have significantly higher (Mean- 61.2267) on
stress scale in comparison their low scorer counterparts (Mean-57.6133). the obtained t-value ( t-2.91) between
the two groups was also found to significant beyond 0.05 level of confidence. It indicates that persons with
personality traits like tense frustrated, driven, overwrought have low level of stress on the other hand the persons
with personality traits like relaxed tranquil, tropid, unfrustrated have low level of stress.
IV. Discussion
The finding presented in table 1, column 1 to 16 reveal that the personality traits of the respondents are
good conductor of the level of stress among them. On the basis of overall discussion, it can be concluded that
out of 16 personality factors, only seven factors, namely, factors- A,B,E,F,H,O,and Q4 were found to be
significant in affecting stress level of the subjects. Personality factors like, C,G,I,L,M,N,Q1,Q2 and Q3 were
found to be insignificant in substantiating the stress level of the respondent. The finding of the present study
indicate that the subjects with high scores on stress scale are more reserve detached, critical cool, low
intelligent, concrete thinker emotionally unstable, facing reality, calm, mature, happy-go-lucky, impulsive,
lively, enthusiastic, venturesome, socially bold, inhibited, spontaneous, apprehensive, worrying depressive, guilt
presences, on the other hand subjects with low scores on stress scale are more out going, warm hearted, easy
going, participating, more intelligent, abstract thinker, bright , sober, prudent, serious, taciturn, shy, restrained
diffident, timid, placid, self-assured, confident, relaxed, tranquil, torpid and unfrustrated.
The findings of the present study are more or less support our day to day observation. The personality traits
which are responsible for growth of stress among the subjects in the present study, they are relevant and can be
seen in daily life also. Needless to say that subject with high stress will be reserved detached, critical cool,
impulsive. Venture some, socially bold, spontaneous and so on. A number of studies conducted in this area also
support the present findings.Piven, et al. (1994) deficits have been reported in personality functioning among
parents of disabled children. Chen et al. (1992) found that mothers of learning disabled and children with
attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity had higher depression, anxiety,and/or neurotic like personality
disorders than did mothers of non-disabled children. Singhi,Goyal,Pershad, Singhi and Walia (1990), found that
the neuroticism scores were significantly higher in families with disabled children.. G.K.Rastogi,(1984)
examined parents of 50 mentally retarded children. He studied their personality pattern with the help of
Middlesex hospital questionnaire. In fathers and mothers separately. None of the personality traits were
observed to vary at statistically significant level in relation to the degree of retardation in their child, but both of
parents of mildly retarded children obtained higher score on scale of anxiety, phobia and depression. Analysis of
different factors when compared for fathers and mothers together, revealed a higher degree of neurotic traits in
mother.
M.R.Ali, et.al. (1994) designed a study to assess the personality characteristics and psychological
problems of parents of mentally retarded children. 76 parents whose mean age was 42.12 yrs. With SD 10.15, 38
of mentally retarded and 38 of normal children, were investigated. A Bengali version of the Eysenck Personality
Questionnaire was used to measure the psychoticism, neuroticism and extroversion introversion responses of the
parents. Result showed that parents of mentally retarded children had significantly higher scores only on the
neuroticism scale indicating that they were more emotionally unstable than the parents of normal children. The
findings were discussed in terms of constraining factors associated with having a mentally retarded child.
V. Conclusion
Personality traits of parents that might have influenced the perception of stress were also very
important. Really personality trait affects once perception of stress and coping style. Considering the above
mentioned lacunae of the present study further community based research needs to be conducted. Intervention
services focus parents of mentally handicapped children need to be decentralized. This will help in providing
such parents with as much skill as possible to deal with their children. The support system of these parents can
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be enhanced by organizing self-help groups. This can serve as medium for communication. Parents can share
their feelings and discover means to deal with their problems. Support group can also diminish the feeling of
isolation experienced by some families with mentally retarded children.
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