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5 f2015 English civil wars - Bishops war, Ireland
- 2. Scotland
- 3. King James Translation • Translation Committees – From Textus receptus assembled by Erasmus – "translated out of the original tongues” – Parts such as Revelation back-translated from Latin • Politically correct – Omit marginal notes (unlike Geneva Bible) • Commended civil disobedience of Hebrew midwives – “The old ecclesiastical words [are] to be kept; as the word church [is] not to be translated congregation.” [ἐκκλησία]
- 4. Round 1: The Scottish Book of Common Prayer 1637
- 5. Stool thrown at a Church of England bishop by legendary protester
- 6. Scottish Book of Common Prayer Not used again until: 1688 Adopted by Scottish Episcopal Church Modified in 18th Century Scotland 1784 Brought by Samuel Seabury to Connecticut
- 7. The National Covenant • February Signing of National Covenant to preserve the presbyterian Kirk • Glasgow Assembly – Marquis of Hamilton, Charles representative, attempts negotiation and then dissolves Assembly – Defiant Assembly abolishes bishops
- 8. First Bishops War • Charles and Covenanters raise armies • Aelxander Leslie, veteran of 30 Years War, secures Edinburgh • Royalists untrained • Royal arsenal at Dunleith seized • Montrose victory at Brig o’Dee •
- 9. Pacification of Berwick • Charles agrees church matters should in future be governed by assemblies (but not the Glasgow Assembly) • Other demands not settled
- 10. 1640 Second Bishops War • Thomas Wentworth to supply troops from Ireland • Untrained northern troops replaced by untrained southern troops • General Robert Monro invaded the lands of the Royalist Gordons in the north-east. • The Earl of Argyll led Campbells in an expedition to pillage and burn the lands of Royalist clans in the Highlands.
- 11. Second Bishops War • Short Parliament refuses monetary support • Leslie makes preemptive strike into England • After rout and ordered retreat, Covenanters occupy New Castle • Treaties of Ripon and London
- 12. Treaty of London • Resolutions of the General Assemblies that banished bishops from the Scottish church were ratified; • Royal castles at Edinburgh and Dumbarton were to be used for defensive purposes only; • No prosecution of Scots in England • Return of captured Scottish goods and ships • Books, publications and proclamations published against the Covenanters would be suppressed. • Scots to receive £300,000 as recompense for the wars, regarded by Parliament as "brotherly assistance".
- 13. Ireland
- 14. 1641 Irish rebellion • Fears of invasion by Long Parliament forces allied with Covenanters – Failed plot by Gaelic landowners to seize Dublin Castle – Popular uprisings result in massacres and expulsions of protestant settlers in Ulster – Old English join with local Irish
- 15. Suppressing the Irish Rebellion • Charles I sent the "English Army for Ireland" to Dublin to subdue the rebels • Covenanter Army from Scotland sent to Ireland – Reprisal massacres • Threats from Long Parliament • 1642 Irish form Confederation of Kilkenny with provisional government – Gaelic, Old English, some New English Catholics
- 16. Propaganda
- 17. Massacre of Protestants in 1641 1642 154,000 Protestants killed. 1644 250,000 Protestants 1646 300,000 Protestants 1648 600,000 Protestants 21st century estimates 12,000 killed and expelled
- 19. Trial and execution of Thomas Wentworth, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland Charges – Used soldiers to collect revenues for the crown, – to confiscate property and to enforce his orders in peacetime, thereby ‘levying war’ against the king's subjects – Advised Charles I to use the Irish army against his English subjects Attainted by Commons 204 to 59
- 20. Grand Remonstrance • Dissolving Parliament (multiple charges) • Losses at Cadiz and La Rochelle • Unratified peace with Spain • Taxes levied without consent; excessive fines • Monopolies • Conversion of arable land into pasture
- 21. Requests • Remove bishops from Parliament • Dismiss advisors hostile to Parliament • Not take lands forfeited in Irish rebellion
- 22. Trained Bands • County units not bound to serve beyond their boundaries. They drilled for only a few days each. • The London Trained Bands 6,000 militiamen in six regiments, which were known by their colors: red, white, yellow, blue, green and orange. Well equipped, from the Tower of London armory Well trained by professional officers, meeting frequently at Bishopsgate Artillery Garden and Military Garden in St. Martin's Field. Well led, by Major-General Phillip Skippon, . A veteran of Dutch service although illiterate
- 23. Sabre Rattling • December 1641 Parliament passes Militia Bill to control Army, Navy & London Trained Bands • Merchants seize control of City of London • Charles I attempts to arrest Parliamentary leaders • Henrietta Maria and children go to Holland • Charles I raises royal standard at Nottingham
Editor's Notes
- 1637Charles I and Laud introduce Jenny Geddes is a market woman said to have thrown her cricket stool (small stool) at the minister at St Giles King James based on The Textus Receptus Noted scholar Philip Schaff observed that the KJV was derived principally from early editions of the Greek text compiled by Erasmus (1469-1536), who never used more than eight manuscripts (late in date), with some enhancement from the Complutensiam Polyglot (a 16th version containing the Old Testament in Hebrew, Latin, and Greek). Further improvements were made during the following century, which ultimately resulted in the Textus Receptus
- Although by June the English army was 18,000 strong, it was mostly made up of raw conscripts. The Earl of Arundel, earl-marshal of England and lord-general of the army, had no previous experience of war. His second-in-command, the Earl of Essex, was demoted in favour of one of the Queen's courtiers, the inexperienced Earl of Holland. Veteran soldiers like Sir Jacob Astley, commander of the infantry, despaired at the English army's lack of training and equipment — many of the northern trained bands were armed with bows and arrows.
- Irish History is, more often than not, something that didn’t happen written by somebody who wasn’t there. Dr Kevin McKenny, National University of Ireland Maynooth
- The bishops suggested that a council consisting of lay people and clergy should be formed to enforce law and order. This is how the Confederation of Kilkenny came about. It was decided between the bishops and the Old English gentry that a type of parliament would be held in Kilkenny. Representatives would come from the four provinces. It couldn’t be called a parliament, because it wasn’t called by the king, so it was known as an ‘assembly’. The members of this assembly called themselves confederates ‘because, it was a coming together of Old English, Native Irish and some New English Catholics.’
- many of these woodcuts were in fact second hand in that they were not made specifically to depict the so called massacres. Instead they were previously used to show atrocities during the 30 years war in Europe. What happened in Ireland was that the woodcuts were purchased and the story was then invented to suit the picture.
- Popular pressure influences Commons and Lords On 1 May the king appealed in person to the Lords not to condemn his former minister to death, stressing also—much too late—that he would never again employ him in his service. But at the same time he declared that he would never consent to a bill of attainder. He therefore offered an escape route to all peers who did not want to see Strafford executed but who were afraid to vote against the bill, for without the king's consent the bill could not become law. Charles committed a second mistake by sending soldiers to the Tower on 2 May to free Strafford, an attempt which failed.
- Black rod