Parallel structures sentence problems
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This document discusses parallel structures and fixing sentence problems in academic writing. It defines parallelism as using the same grammatical pattern when listing or comparing items. Examples show proper and improper parallel constructions. It also discusses sentence problems like fragments, choppy sentences, and stringy sentences. It provides tips on how to identify and fix these problems, such as combining short choppy sentences or dividing long stringy sentences.
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Using Parallel Structures and Fixing Structures Problems
This document provides information on grammar topics such as sentence structure, parallelism, fragments, run-on sentences, and choppy sentences. It defines these concepts and provides examples to illustrate them. Strategies are presented for correcting common grammar issues such as fragments, run-ons, comma splices, stringy sentences, and improving choppy sentences. The document concludes with a short quiz to test understanding of the topics covered.
Sentence problems
The document provides examples of and corrections for different types of sentence issues:
- Sentence fragments are corrected by attaching them to independent clauses.
- Choppy sentences are improved by combining short sentences into longer, more complex sentences.
- Run-on sentences and comma splices are corrected using punctuation like periods, semicolons, or conjunctions to separate clauses.
- Stringy sentences are improved by dividing them into shorter, clearer sentences or using subordinate clauses and participial phrases.
The document offers guidance on identifying and fixing common sentence problems to improve clarity, flow, and structure.
Sentence Fragments
This document discusses different types of sentence fragments, including dependent-word fragments, -ing and to fragments, added-detail fragments, and missing-subject fragments. It provides examples of each type of fragment and explains how to correct fragments by attaching them to a previous or following sentence, adding a subject or verb, or rewording the fragment into a complete sentence. The key ways to identify and fix fragments are to read sentences aloud, pausing after periods, and ensuring each sentence has a clear subject.
Antonymy
1) The document discusses different types of antonyms including complementary terms, contrary terms, and converse terms.
2) Antonyms are classified based on their semantic opposition and can differ in degree of intensity.
3) The use of antonyms enables the expression of opposites for contrast and emphasis in language.
Rhetorical Modes
This document outlines five rhetorical modes: narrative, descriptive, expository, and argumentative. Narrative intends to present an event, descriptive aims to vividly convey sensory experiences, expository seeks to inform or instruct through comparison/contrast, classification/division, definition, process, or cause and effect. Argumentative attempts to change the reader's view by engaging their reasoning or influencing their beliefs and feelings in support of action.
Adverb and adverb phrase.2pptx
Adverbs and adverb phrases provide additional information about the circumstances of manner, time, or place of a verb, answering questions like how, when, or where. Adverb phrases can modify verbs, adjectives, and entire sentences. Degree adverbs like "very" modify or limit the sense of another adverb, while sentence adverbs like "unfortunately" can appear in different positions in a sentence and express an attitude or evaluation.
Semantics p1
The document provides an introduction to semantics and discusses several aspects of word and sentence meaning. It begins by defining semantics as the study of meaning in language and distinguishing it from pragmatics, which concerns meaning in context. It then outlines three main aspects commonly included in semantics: word meaning, sentence meaning, and utterance meaning. For each, it provides examples to illustrate semantic meaning versus pragmatic meaning. Finally, it notes that the textbook aims to provide an introductory survey of these three aspects of semantics.
0 Structure Of The Sentence
The document discusses the structure of English sentences. It defines types of sentences such as simple, compound, complex, and elliptical. It also outlines the main parts of a sentence including the subject and predicate. Additionally, it details secondary sentence parts like objects, attributes, and adverbial modifiers. Various clauses are explained as well as conjunctions that can link sentences. The conclusion emphasizes understanding sentence structure is important for reading advanced texts in English.
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Using Parallel Structures and Fixing Structures Problems
This document provides information on grammar topics such as sentence structure, parallelism, fragments, run-on sentences, and choppy sentences. It defines these concepts and provides examples to illustrate them. Strategies are presented for correcting common grammar issues such as fragments, run-ons, comma splices, stringy sentences, and improving choppy sentences. The document concludes with a short quiz to test understanding of the topics covered.
Sentence problems
The document provides examples of and corrections for different types of sentence issues:
- Sentence fragments are corrected by attaching them to independent clauses.
- Choppy sentences are improved by combining short sentences into longer, more complex sentences.
- Run-on sentences and comma splices are corrected using punctuation like periods, semicolons, or conjunctions to separate clauses.
- Stringy sentences are improved by dividing them into shorter, clearer sentences or using subordinate clauses and participial phrases.
The document offers guidance on identifying and fixing common sentence problems to improve clarity, flow, and structure.
Sentence Fragments
This document discusses different types of sentence fragments, including dependent-word fragments, -ing and to fragments, added-detail fragments, and missing-subject fragments. It provides examples of each type of fragment and explains how to correct fragments by attaching them to a previous or following sentence, adding a subject or verb, or rewording the fragment into a complete sentence. The key ways to identify and fix fragments are to read sentences aloud, pausing after periods, and ensuring each sentence has a clear subject.
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2) Antonyms are classified based on their semantic opposition and can differ in degree of intensity.
3) The use of antonyms enables the expression of opposites for contrast and emphasis in language.
Rhetorical Modes
This document outlines five rhetorical modes: narrative, descriptive, expository, and argumentative. Narrative intends to present an event, descriptive aims to vividly convey sensory experiences, expository seeks to inform or instruct through comparison/contrast, classification/division, definition, process, or cause and effect. Argumentative attempts to change the reader's view by engaging their reasoning or influencing their beliefs and feelings in support of action.
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0 Structure Of The Sentence
The document discusses the structure of English sentences. It defines types of sentences such as simple, compound, complex, and elliptical. It also outlines the main parts of a sentence including the subject and predicate. Additionally, it details secondary sentence parts like objects, attributes, and adverbial modifiers. Various clauses are explained as well as conjunctions that can link sentences. The conclusion emphasizes understanding sentence structure is important for reading advanced texts in English.
HOMONYM, POLYSEM &HYPONYMY
This document discusses different types of word relationships:
Homonyms are words that are spelled or pronounced the same but have different unrelated meanings, like "arm" and "flat".
Polysemy refers to words that have multiple related meanings, like "head" referring to both the body part and the leader of a company.
Hyponymy is a hierarchical relationship where one word includes the meaning of another more specific word, like "cook" being more general than the hyponyms "roast", "boil", etc.
Morphology: THE FORMATION OF WORDS. A TYPE OF LINGUISTIC.
This document provides an overview of morphology, which is the study of the internal structure of words. It defines key terms like morphology, morphemes, free and bound morphemes. It explains that words can consist of a single morpheme or multiple morphemes. Prefixes and suffixes are examples of bound morphemes that can be added to word roots. The document also discusses morphology trees to represent simple and complex words. Finally, it briefly introduces generative grammar and transformational grammar.
Antonyms
An antonym is a word that means the opposite of another word, derived from Greek roots meaning "opposite" and "name". There are three categories of antonyms: graded antonyms involve scales of meaning between words like good and bad; complementary antonyms only allow two possibilities with no middle ground; and relational antonyms require both words to exist for their relationship. Antonyms can also be formed by adding prefixes like "un" or "in" to reverse a word's meaning. Reference sources like antonym dictionaries are useful for finding perfect antonyms.
Homophones and homonyms
Homophones are words that sound the same but have different meanings and spellings, like see and sea. Homonmys are words that are spelled and pronounced the same but have different meanings, like cold describing temperature, illness, or unfriendliness. The document provides examples of homophones like fair and fare and homonyms like glasses referring to drinking vessels or eyewear. It explains that homophones can lead to spelling errors while homonyms take on different parts of speech.
Proposal semantics hyponim
This document provides definitions and background information on semantics, linguistics, and language. It discusses semantics as the study of meaning in language and how it relates to other fields like phonology and syntax. Linguistics is defined as the systematic study of language, including its structures, uses, development, and acquisition. Key points made include:
- Semantics studies the objective, conventional meanings of words, phrases, and sentences.
- Linguistics examines all aspects of language from sounds to meanings to uses.
- Language is an important tool for human communication and expression that contains cultural knowledge and experiences.
Adjective Phrase
An adjective phrase is a group of words that modifies and provides more information about a noun or pronoun, consisting of an adjective and any modifiers. It functions like an adjective to describe a noun or pronoun by including adjectives, adverbs, and conjunctions. The main difference between an adjective phrase and a noun phrase is that an adjective phrase acts as an adjective by describing a noun or pronoun, while a noun phrase acts as a noun.
Paragraphs and topic sentences
A paragraph contains a topic sentence that states the main idea, supporting sentences that provide details and examples, and a concluding sentence that restates or summarizes the main point. The topic sentence introduces the subject and controlling idea. Supporting sentences develop and explain the main idea. The concluding sentence wraps up the key points and ties it back to the topic sentence. Well-written paragraphs ensure all sentences are logically linked to the topic sentence.
Phrase. clause. sentence
A phrase is a group of words that does not contain both a subject and a verb. It can function as a noun, adjective, or adverb but does not express a complete idea on its own. There are four main types of phrases: noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, and adverb phrases. A sentence contains both a subject and a predicate and can stand alone, while clauses contain a subject and verb but may or may not be able to stand alone. Subject-verb agreement requires that the verb matches the subject in number - singular verbs must go with singular subjects and plural verbs with plural subjects.
Subject verb agreement
The document provides rules for subject-verb agreement in English. It discusses compound subjects, group nouns, plural nouns with singular meanings, indefinite pronouns, prepositional phrases between subjects and verbs, clauses beginning with who/that/which, sentences beginning with there/here, and questions. Examples are given to illustrate the rules for determining whether a singular or plural verb is required to match different subject types. Key points covered include identifying the true subject and checking subject-verb agreement when intervening phrases or clauses occur between the subject and verb.
Clauses & phrases
The document discusses different types of clauses and phrases in English grammar. It defines clauses as groups of words containing a subject and verb, and phrases as groups lacking a subject or verb. The main types of clauses covered are independent clauses, dependent clauses which can be noun clauses, adjective clauses, or adverb clauses. Common phrases include noun phrases, prepositional phrases, adverb phrases, and adjective phrases. Participle phrases, gerund phrases, infinitive phrases, and absolute phrases are also explained.
Syntax
1. A syntax defines the rules and structure of proper sentences through word order and grammatical categories like nouns, verbs, adjectives.
2. Key parts of syntax include noun phrases (NP), verb phrases (VP), prepositions (PP), and formulas to define sentence structure like S → NP + VP.
3. Main lexical categories include nouns (people, places, things), pronouns (words used instead of nouns), verbs (words describing actions), adjectives (words describing nouns), adverbs (words adding meaning to verbs/adjectives), and determiners (words specifying nouns like articles).
Polysemi
Polysemy refers to a single word having multiple related meanings. It occurs when the same phonological word is used with different but related senses. An example is the word "walk" which can mean to move on foot, go on a stroll, or leave in an angry manner. Another example is the word "bank" which can refer to a financial institution or the rising land at the edge of a river or other body of water. According to linguist Saeed, polysemy is similar to homonymy but involves a close semantic relationship between the multiple meanings of a single word form.
Prefix, suffix, and base words esp
Aula do curso de Inglês Instrumental. Elaborado pela Professora Cintia Silva e ministrada no CENTRO DE LÍNGUAS DA UFGD.
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This document provides rules and guidelines for using apostrophes, colons, commas, and dashes in writing. It discusses 12 rules for using apostrophes, including showing possession and omitting letters in contractions. It outlines 6 rules for using colons, such as introducing a list after a complete sentence. It then details 21 rules for comma usage covering serial lists, adjectives, names, dates, locations, and separating clauses. Finally, it defines en dashes and em dashes and their uses, such as indicating time periods or adding emphasis.
Cohesion presentation
This document defines and describes the different types of cohesion that contribute to coherence and flow in writing. It discusses five major types of cohesion: reference, substitution, ellipsis, lexical cohesion, and conjunction. For each type, it provides examples and explains how they tie together old and new information between sentences.
Parallelism
The document discusses parallelism in writing and provides examples of proper and faulty parallel construction. It defines parallelism as having closely related parts of a sentence fit harmoniously together. It then provides examples of parallelism in form, logic, and relationship and formulas for creating parallel structures.
Collocations
In corpus linguistics, a collocation is a series of words or terms that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance. In phraseology, collocation is a sub-type of phraseme. An example of a phraseological collocation, as propounded by Michael Halliday,[1] is the expression strong tea. While the same meaning could be conveyed by the roughly equivalent powerful tea, this expression is considered excessive and awkward by English speakers. Conversely, a corresponding expression in technology, powerful computer, is preferred over strong computer. Phraseological collocations should not be confused with idioms, where an idiom's meaning is derived from its convention as a stand-in for something else while collocation is a mere popular composition.
There are about six main types of collocations: adjective + noun, noun + noun (such as collective nouns), verb + noun, adverb + adjective, verbs + prepositional phrase (phrasal verbs), and verb + adverb.
Collocation extraction is a computational technique that finds collocations in a document or corpus, using various computational linguistics elements resembling data mining.
Semantics
Here are the answers to the exercise:
1. (See above)
2. The (a) and (b) words are [+human].
The (a) words are [+female].
The (b) words are [+male].
3. The (a) and (b) words are [+animate].
The (a) words are [+human].
The (b) words are [+male animal].
4. The (a) and (b) words are [+concrete].
The (a) words are [+object].
The (b) words are [+liquid].
Figurative language
This document discusses different types of figurative language such as metaphor, simile, personification, hyperbole, and idioms. It provides examples and definitions for each type. Metaphors directly compare two things, stating that one thing is the other. Similes use like or as to compare two unlike things. Personification gives human qualities to non-human things. Hyperboles exaggerate for effect. Idioms are phrases with meanings different from the literal words. The document aims to explain these figurative language techniques.
Compare and contrast essay
This document provides guidance on writing a comparison and contrast essay. It outlines the typical structure, which includes an introduction with the topics being compared, a thesis statement, body paragraphs supporting the thesis with examples of similarities and differences, and a conclusion. Key steps are to include all points of comparison and contrast for each topic and provide specific details and examples to illustrate similarities and differences. Transition words are provided to indicate similarities like "like" and "similar to" as well as differences such as "in contrast" and "on the other hand".
Parallelism
The document discusses the importance of parallel structure or parallelism in writing. Parallel structure means that elements in a list or series are grammatically similar. It provides examples of parallel and non-parallel sentences and explains that to fix non-parallel sentences, the structure of all elements must be made consistent either by changing the non-parallel element to match the others or by changing the other elements to match the non-parallel one.
Using parallel structure
This document discusses parallel structures and concessions in writing. It defines parallelism as using the same grammatical pattern in a list or comparison. Coordinating conjunctions like and, but, and or are used to combine parallel ideas. When using concessions, the writer acknowledges opposing views to strengthen their own argument. Transition words like although and despite introduce dependent clauses that concede similarities or differences between contrasting ideas.
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HOMONYM, POLYSEM &HYPONYMY
This document discusses different types of word relationships:
Homonyms are words that are spelled or pronounced the same but have different unrelated meanings, like "arm" and "flat".
Polysemy refers to words that have multiple related meanings, like "head" referring to both the body part and the leader of a company.
Hyponymy is a hierarchical relationship where one word includes the meaning of another more specific word, like "cook" being more general than the hyponyms "roast", "boil", etc.
Morphology: THE FORMATION OF WORDS. A TYPE OF LINGUISTIC.
This document provides an overview of morphology, which is the study of the internal structure of words. It defines key terms like morphology, morphemes, free and bound morphemes. It explains that words can consist of a single morpheme or multiple morphemes. Prefixes and suffixes are examples of bound morphemes that can be added to word roots. The document also discusses morphology trees to represent simple and complex words. Finally, it briefly introduces generative grammar and transformational grammar.
Antonyms
An antonym is a word that means the opposite of another word, derived from Greek roots meaning "opposite" and "name". There are three categories of antonyms: graded antonyms involve scales of meaning between words like good and bad; complementary antonyms only allow two possibilities with no middle ground; and relational antonyms require both words to exist for their relationship. Antonyms can also be formed by adding prefixes like "un" or "in" to reverse a word's meaning. Reference sources like antonym dictionaries are useful for finding perfect antonyms.
Homophones and homonyms
Homophones are words that sound the same but have different meanings and spellings, like see and sea. Homonmys are words that are spelled and pronounced the same but have different meanings, like cold describing temperature, illness, or unfriendliness. The document provides examples of homophones like fair and fare and homonyms like glasses referring to drinking vessels or eyewear. It explains that homophones can lead to spelling errors while homonyms take on different parts of speech.
Proposal semantics hyponim
This document provides definitions and background information on semantics, linguistics, and language. It discusses semantics as the study of meaning in language and how it relates to other fields like phonology and syntax. Linguistics is defined as the systematic study of language, including its structures, uses, development, and acquisition. Key points made include:
- Semantics studies the objective, conventional meanings of words, phrases, and sentences.
- Linguistics examines all aspects of language from sounds to meanings to uses.
- Language is an important tool for human communication and expression that contains cultural knowledge and experiences.
Adjective Phrase
An adjective phrase is a group of words that modifies and provides more information about a noun or pronoun, consisting of an adjective and any modifiers. It functions like an adjective to describe a noun or pronoun by including adjectives, adverbs, and conjunctions. The main difference between an adjective phrase and a noun phrase is that an adjective phrase acts as an adjective by describing a noun or pronoun, while a noun phrase acts as a noun.
Paragraphs and topic sentences
A paragraph contains a topic sentence that states the main idea, supporting sentences that provide details and examples, and a concluding sentence that restates or summarizes the main point. The topic sentence introduces the subject and controlling idea. Supporting sentences develop and explain the main idea. The concluding sentence wraps up the key points and ties it back to the topic sentence. Well-written paragraphs ensure all sentences are logically linked to the topic sentence.
Phrase. clause. sentence
A phrase is a group of words that does not contain both a subject and a verb. It can function as a noun, adjective, or adverb but does not express a complete idea on its own. There are four main types of phrases: noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, and adverb phrases. A sentence contains both a subject and a predicate and can stand alone, while clauses contain a subject and verb but may or may not be able to stand alone. Subject-verb agreement requires that the verb matches the subject in number - singular verbs must go with singular subjects and plural verbs with plural subjects.
Subject verb agreement
The document provides rules for subject-verb agreement in English. It discusses compound subjects, group nouns, plural nouns with singular meanings, indefinite pronouns, prepositional phrases between subjects and verbs, clauses beginning with who/that/which, sentences beginning with there/here, and questions. Examples are given to illustrate the rules for determining whether a singular or plural verb is required to match different subject types. Key points covered include identifying the true subject and checking subject-verb agreement when intervening phrases or clauses occur between the subject and verb.
Clauses & phrases
The document discusses different types of clauses and phrases in English grammar. It defines clauses as groups of words containing a subject and verb, and phrases as groups lacking a subject or verb. The main types of clauses covered are independent clauses, dependent clauses which can be noun clauses, adjective clauses, or adverb clauses. Common phrases include noun phrases, prepositional phrases, adverb phrases, and adjective phrases. Participle phrases, gerund phrases, infinitive phrases, and absolute phrases are also explained.
Syntax
1. A syntax defines the rules and structure of proper sentences through word order and grammatical categories like nouns, verbs, adjectives.
2. Key parts of syntax include noun phrases (NP), verb phrases (VP), prepositions (PP), and formulas to define sentence structure like S → NP + VP.
3. Main lexical categories include nouns (people, places, things), pronouns (words used instead of nouns), verbs (words describing actions), adjectives (words describing nouns), adverbs (words adding meaning to verbs/adjectives), and determiners (words specifying nouns like articles).
Polysemi
Polysemy refers to a single word having multiple related meanings. It occurs when the same phonological word is used with different but related senses. An example is the word "walk" which can mean to move on foot, go on a stroll, or leave in an angry manner. Another example is the word "bank" which can refer to a financial institution or the rising land at the edge of a river or other body of water. According to linguist Saeed, polysemy is similar to homonymy but involves a close semantic relationship between the multiple meanings of a single word form.
Prefix, suffix, and base words esp
Aula do curso de Inglês Instrumental. Elaborado pela Professora Cintia Silva e ministrada no CENTRO DE LÍNGUAS DA UFGD.
Punctuation on parade
This document provides rules and guidelines for using apostrophes, colons, commas, and dashes in writing. It discusses 12 rules for using apostrophes, including showing possession and omitting letters in contractions. It outlines 6 rules for using colons, such as introducing a list after a complete sentence. It then details 21 rules for comma usage covering serial lists, adjectives, names, dates, locations, and separating clauses. Finally, it defines en dashes and em dashes and their uses, such as indicating time periods or adding emphasis.
Cohesion presentation
This document defines and describes the different types of cohesion that contribute to coherence and flow in writing. It discusses five major types of cohesion: reference, substitution, ellipsis, lexical cohesion, and conjunction. For each type, it provides examples and explains how they tie together old and new information between sentences.
Parallelism
The document discusses parallelism in writing and provides examples of proper and faulty parallel construction. It defines parallelism as having closely related parts of a sentence fit harmoniously together. It then provides examples of parallelism in form, logic, and relationship and formulas for creating parallel structures.
Collocations
In corpus linguistics, a collocation is a series of words or terms that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance. In phraseology, collocation is a sub-type of phraseme. An example of a phraseological collocation, as propounded by Michael Halliday,[1] is the expression strong tea. While the same meaning could be conveyed by the roughly equivalent powerful tea, this expression is considered excessive and awkward by English speakers. Conversely, a corresponding expression in technology, powerful computer, is preferred over strong computer. Phraseological collocations should not be confused with idioms, where an idiom's meaning is derived from its convention as a stand-in for something else while collocation is a mere popular composition.
There are about six main types of collocations: adjective + noun, noun + noun (such as collective nouns), verb + noun, adverb + adjective, verbs + prepositional phrase (phrasal verbs), and verb + adverb.
Collocation extraction is a computational technique that finds collocations in a document or corpus, using various computational linguistics elements resembling data mining.
Semantics
Here are the answers to the exercise:
1. (See above)
2. The (a) and (b) words are [+human].
The (a) words are [+female].
The (b) words are [+male].
3. The (a) and (b) words are [+animate].
The (a) words are [+human].
The (b) words are [+male animal].
4. The (a) and (b) words are [+concrete].
The (a) words are [+object].
The (b) words are [+liquid].
Figurative language
This document discusses different types of figurative language such as metaphor, simile, personification, hyperbole, and idioms. It provides examples and definitions for each type. Metaphors directly compare two things, stating that one thing is the other. Similes use like or as to compare two unlike things. Personification gives human qualities to non-human things. Hyperboles exaggerate for effect. Idioms are phrases with meanings different from the literal words. The document aims to explain these figurative language techniques.
Compare and contrast essay
This document provides guidance on writing a comparison and contrast essay. It outlines the typical structure, which includes an introduction with the topics being compared, a thesis statement, body paragraphs supporting the thesis with examples of similarities and differences, and a conclusion. Key steps are to include all points of comparison and contrast for each topic and provide specific details and examples to illustrate similarities and differences. Transition words are provided to indicate similarities like "like" and "similar to" as well as differences such as "in contrast" and "on the other hand".
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Morphology: THE FORMATION OF WORDS. A TYPE OF LINGUISTIC.
Morphology: THE FORMATION OF WORDS. A TYPE OF LINGUISTIC.
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Parallelism
The document discusses the importance of parallel structure or parallelism in writing. Parallel structure means that elements in a list or series are grammatically similar. It provides examples of parallel and non-parallel sentences and explains that to fix non-parallel sentences, the structure of all elements must be made consistent either by changing the non-parallel element to match the others or by changing the other elements to match the non-parallel one.
Using parallel structure
This document discusses parallel structures and concessions in writing. It defines parallelism as using the same grammatical pattern in a list or comparison. Coordinating conjunctions like and, but, and or are used to combine parallel ideas. When using concessions, the writer acknowledges opposing views to strengthen their own argument. Transition words like although and despite introduce dependent clauses that concede similarities or differences between contrasting ideas.
Parallel Structure
The document defines parallel structure as using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have equal importance. It provides three rules for using parallel structure: 1) elements in a parallel list must be joined with conjunctions and be grammatically similar, 2) structures beginning with clauses must continue using those clauses, and 3) lists must use the same verb tense. Examples are given to illustrate correct and incorrect uses of parallel structure. Exercises at the end provide opportunities to practice applying the rules.
Parallel structure
Parallel structure means using the same grammatical pattern for elements that have equal importance. This can be done at the word, phrase, or clause level. Examples are provided of correcting sentences to maintain parallel structure between words or phrases using the same grammatical form. Maintaining parallel structure is important both before and after coordinating conjunctions. The document provides guidance on properly using parallel structure in sentences.
What is Parallelism?
Parallelism
Parallelism, examples, definitions, explain, ESL, EFL, TESOL, English, grammar, rules, learn
Parallelism
The document contains a series of short passages and questions about grammar concepts like parallel structure. Some examples of non-parallel constructions are provided, along with their parallel revisions. The key concept of parallelism - where elements in a series should be grammatically similar - is tested through examples requiring revision to make the elements parallel.
Parallel Structure
Parallel structure is a writing technique where similar grammatical elements are used to demonstrate that two or more ideas in a sentence, phrase or larger unit have equal importance. Using parallel structure makes ideas clearer and easier for readers to understand. Examples are provided of both correct and incorrect uses of parallel structure using infinitive phrases, -ing words and other elements to ensure ideas have the same grammatical form.
Types of parallelism
This document discusses types of parallelism in linguistics. It begins with definitions and examples of parallelism. The main types discussed are phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic/lexical parallelism. Phonological parallelism involves repetition of sounds, such as assonance, alliteration, consonance, and rhyme. Morphological parallelism repeats morphemes. Syntactic parallelism focuses on repetition of grammatical structures at various levels from words to sentences. Semantic/lexical parallelism repeats words with similar meanings. Examples are given for each type from literature, speeches, and jokes. The effects of parallelism like antithesis are also discussed.
Coherence, cohesion, & unity
This document discusses the key characteristics of a well-written paragraph: coherence, cohesion, and unity. Coherence means the ideas flow smoothly from one sentence to the next. Cohesion refers to how the supporting sentences connect to each other and the topic sentence using cohesive devices like connectors and pronouns. Unity means the entire paragraph is focused on discussing a single main topic without introducing unrelated, off-topic sentences.
Parallelism Structures
This document discusses different types of parallel structures that can be used in writing, including parallelism with nouns, verbs, adjectives, noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective clauses, prepositional phrases, gerunds, and infinitive phrases. Examples are provided for each type of parallel structure to illustrate its use. The purpose is to explain how to create parallelism through matching grammatical elements in a sentence or across sentences.
Thesis examples
A thesis statement declares an arguable position that the paper will aim to prove or disprove. It should be a declarative sentence that takes a stance on an issue reasonable people could disagree on. A good thesis statement guides the discussion in the paper and differentiates an insightful analysis from a mere recounting of facts.
Roots and Radicals
This document provides information about radicals and working with radical expressions. It defines square roots, principal and negative square roots, radicands, perfect squares, cube roots, nth roots, and the product, quotient, and power rules for radicals. It discusses simplifying radical expressions using these rules as well as adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing radicals. The document also covers rationalizing denominators, solving radical equations, and using the Pythagorean theorem and distance formula.
Thesis Statements with Points Listed
This document discusses how to write a thesis statement that lists points to preview the ideas in the body paragraphs. It recommends determining an overall stance on the topic and supporting arguments. As an example, it presents a stance that school uniforms should be required and lists three sub-topics or reasons to support this: that uniforms improve student-teacher relations, encourage solidarity, and enhance school safety. It advises combining these sub-topics into a parallel structure thesis statement and writing at least one body paragraph in support of each sub-topic.
RADICALS
This document provides a summary of square roots including:
- The definition of a square root as a number whose square is equal to the radicand.
- A brief history of square roots in ancient Babylonian, Egyptian, Indian, and Chinese mathematics, including early approximations and methods for extracting square roots.
- Key figures like Aryabhata, Mahavira, Regiomontanus, and others who contributed to the development and symbolism of square roots.
- Several formulas involving radicals like Heron's formula, the geometric mean, cubic formula, and the quadratic formula.
7.7 Solving Radical Equations
This document provides steps for solving radical equations:
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Writing Elements A Quick Guide to Grammar and Usag.docx
Writing Elements
A Quick Guide to Grammar and Usage
Timothy P. Goss and Sabrina M. Goss
1
Using this Guide
Before we get started, you should note that this guide is, in no way, a comprehensive exploration
of grammar and usage. Many guides are available that will provide a much richer and fuller
understanding of the components of language usage. Instead, this guide has been designed to
help you, in a quick and efficient way, avoid some of the more common errors people make in
their writing.
It is a good idea to review this entire guide several times until the information becomes second-
nature. Having a good grasp on the basic rules of grammar and usage will make a big difference
in how your writing will be received in your academic and professional careers. It may even help
your love life, but probably not really help you teach your dog how to say, “Fiddlesticks” (every
piece of writing has its limitations).
Enjoy this journey.
2
Table of Contents
Clarity and Style:
1. Parts of Speech 3
2. Verbs and Verbals 4
3. Commonly Misused Words 5
4. Point of View: First, Second, and Third Person 6
5. Past and Present Tenses 6
6. Clichés 7
7. Sexist Language 7
8. Slang/Jargon 8
Grammar:
1. Subject/Verb Agreement 8
2. Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement 9
3. Sentence Fragments 9
4. Run-On Sentences 10
Punctuation:
1. Commas 11
2. Semicolons 12
Mechanics:
1. Abbreviations 12
2. Numbers 12
General Advice 13
3
Parts of Speech
All words in the English language have a particular duty to perform in a sentence or clause.
These parts work in concert with one another to create meaning. We can look at the way words
work in a sentence by either their function or by their form or definition.
By Function:
1. Verbs: These words determine the action that is being related (all sentences/clauses must
do something).
2. Nouns and Pronouns: These words serve as the thing doing the action (subject), or the
thing having the action done to it (object).
3. Modifiers (Adjectives and Adverbs): These words describe another word to help
distinguish or clarify the meaning being related.
4. Prepositions: These words shows how one word or phrase relates to another
5. Articles: These words are connected to nouns and determine the vagueness of specificity
of the noun.
6. Conjunctions: These words join clauses together.
7. Interjections: These words serve to express strong emotion.
By Form or Definition:
1. Verb: An action word. For example: Speak, run, fight, asked, claimed, and rocked.
2. Noun: A part of speech that stands for a person, place, thing, or idea. For example:
Truck, house, loss, ring, air, and sandwich.
3. Pronoun: Takes the place of a noun. For example: I, he, she, we, i.
Chapter 20
The document is a chapter from a textbook about using parallelism in sentences. It defines parallelism as balance in a sentence which is achieved by giving similar grammatical structures to similar points in a list. The chapter will teach students how to recognize parallel structure and use it to revise sentences that are awkwardly worded due to a lack of parallelism.
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A first look at unity-and-coherence.Paragraphs should have both coherence and unity. A paragraph with unity develops a
single idea thoroughly and links it to the rest of the paper. Paragraph coherence is
achieved when sentences are ordered in a logical manner and when clear transitions link
sentences. Decide on an order for your sentences that will best develop the paragraph’s main idea.
Your supporting sentences are raw materials. They will not make sense to a reader unless
they are put in order. Chronological sequence
Topic sentence: Our journey was filled with misfortune and luck.
After the car broke, we had to walk several miles.
Having eaten little for lunch, we were soon wearied.
While we wanted to continue toward town, we had to rest.
It was at that moment that a trucker offered us a ride
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Spec1
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- Words are organized into classes (parts of speech) based on how they function in phrases, clauses, and sentences. The main classes are nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and pronouns.
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In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
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2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
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Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
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Parallel structures sentence problems
- 1. ACADEMIC WRITING USING PARALLEL STRUCTURES AND FIXING SENTENCE PROBLEMS 1
- 2. USING PARALLEL STRUCTURES AND FIXING SENTENCE PROBLEMS PARALLELISM means that each item in a list or comparison follows the same grammatical pattern. PARALLELISM is important in writing, especially when you are listing and comparing and contrasting items or ideas.
- 3. Examples: PARALLEL Mary likes hiking, swimming, and bicycling. Mary likes to hike, swim, and ride a bicycle. NOT PARALLEL Mary likes hiking, swimming, and to ride a bicycle.
- 4. Words, phrases and clauses that are joined by and, or, and but are written in parallel form. Example: The states regulate the noise created by motor vehicles but not by commercial aircraft.
- 5. Use parallel forms with the paired conjunctions: both…and either…or neither…nor not only… but also Humanity will have the information it needs not only to survive but also to thrive in a world that is changing at a rapid pace.
- 6. SENTENCE PROBLEMS include: Sentence Fragments are incomplete sentences or parts of sentences. A complete sentence must contain at least one main or independent clause.
- 7. Toys of all kinds thrown everywhere. Toys of all kinds were thrown everywhere. They found toys of all kinds thrown everywhere. Source: http://www.hamiltonbulldogs.com/article/toy-toss-to-take-place-on-december-4
- 8. Choppy sentences are sentences that are too short. The overuse of short sentences is considered poor style in academic writing. In these cases, it is better to turn your choppy sentences into longer, more complex ones by making them compound sentences with several subjects and verbs.
- 9. Short choppy sentences may be turned into complex sentences by turning one sentence into a phrase or clause and adding a subordinating conjunction. The basin is empty. You climb in there and scrub. When the basin is empty, you climb in there and scrub.
- 10. Ifthe sentences express equal ideas, use coordinators to combine them. If the sentences express unequal ideas, that is, if one sentence express a less important idea than the other, use subordinators to combine them.
- 11. A stringy sentence is a sentence with too many independent clauses. To correct a stringy sentence, divide it and/or recombine the clauses, remembering to subordinate when appropriate.
- 12. My family left our homeland, and we lived in a refugee camp for several months, but finally we got our documents, so we traveled to Canada, and we live there now. After my family left our homeland, we lived in a refugee camp for several months. As soon as we got our documents, we traveled to Canada, where we live now.
- 13. THANK YOU