This document discusses different types of parallel structures that can be used in writing, including parallelism with nouns, verbs, adjectives, noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective clauses, prepositional phrases, gerunds, and infinitive phrases. Examples are provided for each type of parallel structure to illustrate its use. The purpose is to explain how to create parallelism through matching grammatical elements in a sentence or across sentences.

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2. Parallel structures
1. Parallelism with Nouns
A noun names a person, place, thing or idea, e.g.
Robert, Beverly Hills, brake, acceleration. Nouns
often appear with words that tell how much or how
many, whose, which one. They may also appear with
words that include articles (a, an, the).
Example of parallelism with nouns:
A memory chip is made of millions of transistors and
capacitors.

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2. Parallelism with Verbs
A verb express an action, an occurrence or a state of
being, e.g. prepare (action), fell (an occurrence), and
is (state of being)
Example of parallelism with verbs:
The memory controller reads the memory and writes it.

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3. Parallelism with Adjectives
Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns, e.g. the
dedicated employee (the adjective “dedicated”
modifies the noun “employee”), or He felt happy as the
sales index rose (the adjective “happy” modifies the
pronoun “He”).
Example of parallelism with adjectives:
HP Pro Curve delivers consistent and efficient wireless
connectivity in industrial work environment.

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4. Parallelism with Noun Phrases
A noun phrase generally has a noun or pronoun as its
main word, e.g. secure network, or an innovative
worker.
Example of parallelism with noun phrases:
Smaller indoor automated teller machines (ATMs)
dispense money inside busy shopping malls and
popular recreational centres.

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5. Parallelism with Verb Phrases
A verb phrase generally has a verb as its main word or
consists of a verb and an adverb, e.g. drove speedily.
Example of parallelism with verb phrases
The temperature of the cake in the microwave oven
rose rapidly and the chocolates hip on the cake melted
slowly.

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6. Parallelism with Adjective Clause
Adjective clause are group of words containing subject
and a verb that modify nouns and pronouns in
sentence. They begin with relative pronouns (that,
which, who, whom) and functions adjectives, e.g. He is
the scientist who has invented a superb car which
allows fast cruising
Example of parallelism with adjective clause:
The ATM is a computerised telecommunication device
that enables customer to withdraw money in a quick
and convenient way.

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7. Parallelism with Prepositional Phrases
A prepositional phrase consists of a prepositions such
as by, in, over, or with and its object as well as any
modifying words, e.g. with a model that is
thermodynamically efficient.
Example of parallelism with prepositional phrases.
Water in an electric water boiler may be dispensed
either by pouring or by pressing the button that
functions as a diaphragm pump.

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8. Parallelism with Gerunds
A gerund is an “-ing” form of a verb used as a noun, e.g.
burning in an open space can be hazardous.
Example of parallelism with gerunds:
Designing and manufacturing gas turbines is a tough
problem from both the engineering and materials
standpoint.

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9. Parallelism with Infinitive Phrases
An infinitive phrase is made up of an infinitive (to + the
base form of a verb) and any other words that modify
the infinitive, e.g. to revive sales.
Example of parallelism with infinitive phrases:
Solar and thermal mass refrigerator are designed to
reduce electrical consumption and to fit customer
needs.