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Parallel Sentence Structure in english course.pptx
- 1. PARALLEL CONSTRUCTIONS &ADVANCE SENTETNCE STRUCTURES HU-100 ENGLISH LEC. AAMINAH HASSAN AAMINAH.HASSAN@CEME.NUST.EDU.PK
- 2. PARALLEL CONSTRUCTION Parallelstructure, or parallelism, means using the same pattern of words to show that two or more words or ideas are of equal importance Parallel structure means using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. This can happen at the word, phrase, or clause level. Provides organized, coherent, logical, insightful development of the subject.
- 3. PARALLEL STRUCTURE Wordsand phrases within a sentence should not only match in structure, but also in tense. Writers use parallel structure to add clarity to their writing, make it easier to understand and show that their writing is structurally and grammatically correct Parallel structure provides flow in a sentence. It keeps your writing balanced and makes it easier to read. It also shows that ideas are of equal importance. Errors in parallel structure can make your writing sound strange to the readers and listeners.
- 4. With the -ingform (gerund) of words: Parallel: Mary likes hiking, swimming, and bicycling.
- 5. With infinitive phrases: Parallel: She likes to hike, to swim, and to ride a bicycle. OR She likes to hike, swim, and ride a bicycle.
- 6. Clauses A parallelstructure that begins with clauses must keep on with clauses. Changing to another pattern or changing the voice of the verb (from active to passive or vice versa) will break the parallelism.
- 7. EXAMPLE Not Parallel: Thecoach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too much, and to do some warm-up exercises before the game. Parallel: The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too much, and that they should do some warm-up exercises before the game.
- 8. Parallel Structure WithClauses • The teacher told them that they need to study and that they should practice their words every night. • My parents said get a good education and do not settle for less.
- 9. Lists After aColon Be sure to keep all the elements in a list in the same form. Example Not Parallel: The dictionary can be used to find these: word meanings, pronunciations, correct spellings, and looking up irregular verbs. Parallel: The dictionary can be used to find these: word meanings, pronunciations, correct spellings, and irregular verbs.
- 10. Parallel Structure WithCorrelative Conjunctions Parallel structure is also used with correlative conjunctions, such as either ... or, neither ... nor, not only ... but also. Examples: They argued not only about the article but also about the review. • Either she likes to see him or she doesn't like to see him.
- 11. Parallel Structure WithInfinitives Parallel structure can also be used with infinitives. Examples: • Ashley likes to ski, to swim and to jump. • She likes to dance and to sing songs.
- 12. Incorrect Examples Inthese examples, the clauses do not illustrate parallel construction. The problem wording is highlighted. • The teacher told them to study and that they should practice their words every night. • (This sentence should either include "that they" in both clauses, like the correct example above, or it should include the word "said" between "that" and "they.") • My parents said to get a good education and not settle for less. (Here, the word "to" should be included before "not" in the italicized text.)
- 13. Parallel Structure inVerb Tense Correct Examples The bold words in these examples are all past tense, which means they are examples of parallel construction. • She wrote a letter and mailed it to the school. • Yesterday we watched a movie, played video games and made pizza.
- 14. PARALLEL STRUCTURE INVERB TENSE Examples: • She writes a letter and mailed it to the school. (This mixes present and past tense; both words should be the same tense.) • Yesterday we watched a movie, play video games and made pizza. ("Watched" and "made" are past tense, but "play" is present tense. It should be "played" since the sentence specifies this took place in the past.)
- 15. PARALLELISM IN RHETORIC Parallelism in rhetoric is used to persuade, motivate, and/or evoke emotional responses in an audience and is often used in speeches. The balance between clauses or phrases makes complex thoughts easier to process while holding the reader's or listener's attention. The balance in importance is also an essential element; each phrase or idea should be as important as its counterpart.
- 16. PARALLELISM IN RHETORIC •"I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today." - Martin Luther King, Jr. • "My fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country." -John F. Kennedy • "I don't want to live on in my work. I want to live on in my apartment." -Woody Allen
- 17. .PARALLELISM IN LITERATURE The opening paragraph of Charles Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities is perhaps the best-known example of parallelism in literature. Parallelism is shown by using "it was“ to connect opposing ideas "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way."
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- 19. SENTENCE FRAGMENTS ANDRUN ON SENTENCES 1. Two common problems faced while writing are: 2. using sentences that go on too long (run-on sentences) 3. using sentences that aren’t complete (sentence fragments)
- 20. RUN ON SENTENCES A run-on sentence occurs when two or more independent clauses (sentences that could stand on their own) are not properly joined. A run on sentence is two or more sentences written incorrectly as one. My house is spacious, it has a lawn.
- 21. Three ways toturn Run-ons into complete sentences: 1. Add a comma and a coordinate conjunction (such as and, or, or but). 2. Go to the store, and get some ice cream. 3. Add a semicolon. Go to the store; get some ice cream. 4. Split the sentence into two separate sentences. Go to the store. Get some ice cream.
- 22. SENTENCE FRAGMENTS Asentence fragment is an incomplete sentence that is missing a noun (subject) or main verb (preposition) Example: There are many things I want for my birthday. Such as a game, a toy, and money. (The second sentence is missing a subject and is, therefore, incomplete.)
- 23. Ways to RepairSentence Fragments Sometimes a fragment has been separated from the main clause and can be repaired by simply removing the period. Incorrect: I hate driving in the rain. Especially on foggy days. Correct: I hate driving in the rain, especially on foggy days. Sometimes the order of the words in a sentence can be rearranged to make the thought complete. Incorrect: For winning the race got her a prize. Correct: She got a prize for winning the race.
- 24. EXERCISE Correct thesesentence fragments by adding the missing part. Ran all over the town Read twenty books this summer Whenever he is free My math teacher
- 25. EXERCISE Identify andCorrect the run on sentences. I am so glad that I am learning proper grammar. I saw a deer in the woods, it had a white tail. It is really cold today, we are going to switch on the heater.