OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) is widely used in 4th generation applications owing to its robustness in fading environments. The major issues with OFDM systems is the high PAPR (peak-to-average power ratio) of the transmitted signals, it leads to in and out of band distortion. SLM (selective mapping) and PTS (partial transmit sequence) are two key methods for PAPR reduction. Both the methods require exhaustive searching of phase factors to optimize the PAPR, these searches lead to high computational complexity. This paper discusses using optimization based PAPR reduction methods which an be used with PTS for the reduction of computational complexity and search space. In this paper we have analyzed PTS and SLM with particle swarm optimization (PSO), Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) and differential evolution (DE). PAPR and BER (bit error rate) comparison is done for both the cases.
Peak to Average Power Ratio Performance of a 16-QAM/OFDM System with Partial ...IOSR Journals
Abstract : Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is a spectral efficient transmission format. But it suffers from the problem of high Peak to Average Power Ratio. This high Peak to Average Power Ratio leads the power amplifier into saturation and results in non-linear distortion at the output of power amplifier. Different peak to average power ratio reduction techniques are available in literature. This paper computes the performance of partial transmit scheme, which is one of the important peak to average power ratio reduction technique Keywords: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, Partial Transmit Sequence, Peak to Average Power Ratio, Power Amplifier, Scrambling Techniques.
Comparison of various peak to average power reduction techniquesAlexander Decker
The document compares various peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction techniques for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) signals. It discusses clipping and filtering, partial transmit sequence (PTS), selected mapping (SLM), tone reservation, tone injection, coding techniques, and active constellation extension (ACE). For each technique, it describes the basic approach and highlights advantages and disadvantages. A table provides a comparative study of the techniques.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance Analysis of PAPR Reduction in MIMO-OFDMIJARBEST JOURNAL
Authors: Jayaraman.G1, VeeraKumar K2, Selvakani.S3
Abstract— In communication system, it is aimed to provide highest possible
transmission rate at the lowest possible power and with the least possible noise. MIMOOFDM
has been chosen for high data rate communications and widely deployed in many
wireless communication standards. The major drawback in OFDM signal transmission is
high PAPR. In previous, use clipping technique to tackle this problem. In this paper, use
EM-GAMP algorithm to reduce PAPR in considerable amount.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Reducting Power Dissipation in Fir Filter: an AnalysisCSCJournals
This document summarizes and analyzes three existing techniques for reducing power consumption in FIR filters: signed power-of-two representation, steepest descent optimization, and coefficient segmentation. It finds that steepest descent can reduce hamming distance between coefficients by up to 26%, while coefficient segmentation can achieve up to 47% reduction. However, both techniques degrade filter performance parameters slightly. Signed power-of-two representation provides the most power reduction of 63% but introduces overhead from additional adders and shifters. The document evaluates these techniques on four low-pass FIR filters and concludes there is a tradeoff between hamming distance reduction and degradation of filter specifications.
A Combined Voice Activity Detector Based On Singular Value Decomposition and ...CSCJournals
voice activity detector (VAD) is used to separate the speech data included parts from silence parts of the signal. In this paper a new VAD algorithm is represented on the basis of singular value decomposition. There are two sections to perform the feature vector extraction. In first section voiced frames are separated from unvoiced and silence frames. In second section unvoiced frames are silence frames. To perform the above sections, first, windowing the noisy signal then Hankel’s matrix is formed for each frame. The basis of statistical feature extraction of purposed system is slope of singular value curve related to each frame by using linear regression. It is shown that the slope of singular values curve per different SNRs in voiced frames is more than the other types and this property can be to achieve the goal the first part can be used. High similarity between feature vector of unvoiced and silence frame caused to approach for separation of the two categories above cannot be used. So in the second part, the frequency characteristics for identification of unvoiced frames from silent frames have been used. Simulation results show that high speed and accuracy are the advantages of the proposed system.
A Hybrid PAPR Reduction Scheme for OFDM System ijmnct
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) i
s considered as most efficient technique for future
wireless communication systems due to its higher sp
ectral bandwidth efficiency, robustness to frequenc
y
selective fading channels, etc. However, the succes
sful implementation of the OFDM system necessitates
several difficulties. The biggest disadvantage to w
ork with OFDM system is its high peak-to-average po
wer
ratio PAPR leadsto severe inter carrier interferenc
e, out-of-band radiation, and poor bit error rate
performance due to the nonlinearity of the high pow
er amplifier. In this paper, a novel hybrid techniq
ue is
proposed to reduce PAPR further and comparison has
been done with conventional techniques as well.
Simulated results are presentedconfirm theoretical
results.MATLAB 7.5 is used to simulate the results
for system parametersconsidered.
Peak to Average Power Ratio Performance of a 16-QAM/OFDM System with Partial ...IOSR Journals
Abstract : Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is a spectral efficient transmission format. But it suffers from the problem of high Peak to Average Power Ratio. This high Peak to Average Power Ratio leads the power amplifier into saturation and results in non-linear distortion at the output of power amplifier. Different peak to average power ratio reduction techniques are available in literature. This paper computes the performance of partial transmit scheme, which is one of the important peak to average power ratio reduction technique Keywords: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, Partial Transmit Sequence, Peak to Average Power Ratio, Power Amplifier, Scrambling Techniques.
Comparison of various peak to average power reduction techniquesAlexander Decker
The document compares various peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction techniques for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) signals. It discusses clipping and filtering, partial transmit sequence (PTS), selected mapping (SLM), tone reservation, tone injection, coding techniques, and active constellation extension (ACE). For each technique, it describes the basic approach and highlights advantages and disadvantages. A table provides a comparative study of the techniques.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance Analysis of PAPR Reduction in MIMO-OFDMIJARBEST JOURNAL
Authors: Jayaraman.G1, VeeraKumar K2, Selvakani.S3
Abstract— In communication system, it is aimed to provide highest possible
transmission rate at the lowest possible power and with the least possible noise. MIMOOFDM
has been chosen for high data rate communications and widely deployed in many
wireless communication standards. The major drawback in OFDM signal transmission is
high PAPR. In previous, use clipping technique to tackle this problem. In this paper, use
EM-GAMP algorithm to reduce PAPR in considerable amount.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Reducting Power Dissipation in Fir Filter: an AnalysisCSCJournals
This document summarizes and analyzes three existing techniques for reducing power consumption in FIR filters: signed power-of-two representation, steepest descent optimization, and coefficient segmentation. It finds that steepest descent can reduce hamming distance between coefficients by up to 26%, while coefficient segmentation can achieve up to 47% reduction. However, both techniques degrade filter performance parameters slightly. Signed power-of-two representation provides the most power reduction of 63% but introduces overhead from additional adders and shifters. The document evaluates these techniques on four low-pass FIR filters and concludes there is a tradeoff between hamming distance reduction and degradation of filter specifications.
A Combined Voice Activity Detector Based On Singular Value Decomposition and ...CSCJournals
voice activity detector (VAD) is used to separate the speech data included parts from silence parts of the signal. In this paper a new VAD algorithm is represented on the basis of singular value decomposition. There are two sections to perform the feature vector extraction. In first section voiced frames are separated from unvoiced and silence frames. In second section unvoiced frames are silence frames. To perform the above sections, first, windowing the noisy signal then Hankel’s matrix is formed for each frame. The basis of statistical feature extraction of purposed system is slope of singular value curve related to each frame by using linear regression. It is shown that the slope of singular values curve per different SNRs in voiced frames is more than the other types and this property can be to achieve the goal the first part can be used. High similarity between feature vector of unvoiced and silence frame caused to approach for separation of the two categories above cannot be used. So in the second part, the frequency characteristics for identification of unvoiced frames from silent frames have been used. Simulation results show that high speed and accuracy are the advantages of the proposed system.
A Hybrid PAPR Reduction Scheme for OFDM System ijmnct
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) i
s considered as most efficient technique for future
wireless communication systems due to its higher sp
ectral bandwidth efficiency, robustness to frequenc
y
selective fading channels, etc. However, the succes
sful implementation of the OFDM system necessitates
several difficulties. The biggest disadvantage to w
ork with OFDM system is its high peak-to-average po
wer
ratio PAPR leadsto severe inter carrier interferenc
e, out-of-band radiation, and poor bit error rate
performance due to the nonlinearity of the high pow
er amplifier. In this paper, a novel hybrid techniq
ue is
proposed to reduce PAPR further and comparison has
been done with conventional techniques as well.
Simulated results are presentedconfirm theoretical
results.MATLAB 7.5 is used to simulate the results
for system parametersconsidered.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Analysis of Reduction of PAPR by Linear Predictive Coding in OFDM AnuragSingh1049
The major challenge in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is to reduce high peak to average power ratio (PAPR) that leads to non linear distortion for the application of high power amplifier. PAPR is defined as the ratio between the maximum instantaneous power and its average power. In this paper, we have presented new PAPR reduction technique to reduce peak to average power ratio using Linear predicting coding (LPC) in OFDM system. In this paper, proposed technique show the significant reduction in PAPR without any harmful degradation in power spectral density (PSD), computational complexity (CC) and performance error of the system. This proposed method can be applied for any number of subcarrier and independent of modulation scheme under Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document compares the performance of a Root Raised Cosine matched filter implemented using hybrid-logarithmic arithmetic versus standard binary and floating point arithmetic. Simulations showed that the hybrid logarithmic structure offered superior performance to fixed point solutions while having significantly reduced complexity compared to floating point equivalents. The use of hybrid logarithmic arithmetic also has the potential to reduce power consumption, latency, and hardware complexity for mobile applications.
MMSE and ZF Analysis of Macrodiversity MIMO Systems and Wimax Networks over F...IJERA Editor
We consider the large scale MIMO systems in which the number of users are gradually increased at that time the receiving antennas performance also decreased gradually. In contrast, almost no analytical results are available for macro diversity systems where both the sources and receive antennas are widely separated. Here, receive antennas experience unequal average SNRs from a source and receiver antenna receives a different average SNR from each source. Although this is an extremely difficult problem,In this paper, we provide approximate distributions for the output SNR of a ZF receiver and the output signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) of an MMSE receiver. In addition, simple high SNR approximations are provided for the symbol error rate (SER) of both receivers assuming M-PSK or M-QAM modulations .For better performance of receivers we can also implement the MMSE and ZF analysis in Wimax networks.
PAPR REDUCTION OF OFDM SIGNAL BY USING COMBINED HADAMARD AND MODIFIED MEU-LAW...IJCNCJournal
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a technique which gives high quality of service (QOS) to the users by mitigating the fading signals as well as high data rates in multimedia services. However, the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is a technical challenge that reduces the efficiency of RF power amplifiers. In this paper, we propose the combined Hadamard transform and modified meu-law companding transform method in order to lessen the effects of the peak-to-average power ratio of the
OFDM signal. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme reduces PAPR compared to other companding techniques as well as the Hadamard transform technique when used on its own.
Analysis of Space Time Codes Using Modulation TechniquesIOSR Journals
Abstract: In this Paper, Analysis of channel codes for improving the data rate and reliability of communication over fading channels using multiple transmit antennas has been considered. The codes, namely ’Space Time Codes’ render full diversity and amend coding gain. Performance criteria for designing such codes, under this assumption that the fading is slow and nonselective frequency, is also analysed. Under this research, Study of Frame Error Rate(FER) and outage capacity is compared for different no. Of transmit and receive antennas as well as for different modulation techniques. According to theoretical results FER decreases with increasing SNR and No. Of receiving antennas. Numerical and practical result shows that FER decreases with increasing SNR and no. Of receiving antennas. Keywords: Space time Block Codes ,Space time trellis Codes,Frame Error Rate(FER),Outage capacity,Pairwise Error Probability
This document presents a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm for partial transmit sequence (PTS) peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. PTS is an effective technique for PAPR reduction but has high computational complexity due to an exhaustive search over all phase weighting factor combinations. The proposed PSO-based PTS scheme uses PSO heuristics to search for the optimal phase factor combination with lower complexity. Simulation results show the new technique can effectively reduce computation complexity and achieve PAPR reduction compared to conventional PTS.
Performance of Multiple symbol representation with clipping scheme for PAPR r...ijsrd.com
OFDM is one of the multicarrier modulation technique used in various communication systems. The major problem one faces while implementing this system is the high peak to average power .For an efficient OFDM system this PAPR should be low. In this paper a hybrid PAPR (peak to average power ratio) reduction technique for the OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) signal which combines a multiple symbol representations method with a signal clipping method is proposed. In multiple symbol representations alternative signaling points are used to represent one symbol and PAPR is further reduced with the clipping scheme. The performance of the hybrid scheme is compared with the partial transmit sequence which is one of the other PAPR reduction scheme. In partial transmit sequence the input data is divided in to disjoint blocks transformed in to time domain sequence and rotated by phase factors. Theoretical analysis and simulation results validate that the proposed scheme has the ability to provide large PAPR reduction, low bit error rate. Performance analysis is also done with the partial transmit sequence scheme.
Multi carrier equalization by restoration of redundanc y (merry) for adaptive...IJNSA Journal
This paper proposes a new blind adaptive channel shortening approach for multi-carrier systems. The
performance of the discrete Fourier transform-DMT (DFT-DMT) system is investigated with the proposed
DST-DMT system over the standard carrier serving area (CSA) loop1. Enhanced bit rates demonstrated
and less complexity also involved by the simulation of the DST-DMT system.
Iaetsd computational performances of ofdm usingIaetsd Iaetsd
This document discusses computational performances of OFDM using different pruned radix FFT algorithms. It introduces various FFT techniques such as radix-2, radix-4, radix-8, mixed radix and split radix. It then proposes an input zero traced radix DIF FFT pruning (IZTFFTP) algorithm to improve the efficiency of these FFT techniques when there are many zero valued inputs in OFDM. The computational complexity of implementing different radix FFTs with and without this pruning technique is calculated, and results show pruning provides more efficient OFDM performance in terms of reducing calculations.
This document compares the performance of three mobile ad hoc network (MANET) routing protocols: AODV, FSR, and IERP. It uses the QualNet network simulator to evaluate these protocols based on various metrics like throughput, average jitter, average end-to-end delay, and packet delivery ratio. The protocols are evaluated under different node speeds on a grid topology network with 90 nodes over an area of 1500x1500 meters. Simulation results show that AODV generally performs best in terms of throughput and packet delivery ratio across varying node speeds, while FSR performs worst for these metrics. IERP shows the worst performance for average end-to-end delay and average jitter as node speed increases.
This paper discusses channel estimation for MIMO-OFDM systems using power delay profile (PDP) techniques. It proposes implementing a PDP estimation method that uses all pilot symbols from transmit antennas to obtain an accurate PDP. This addresses issues caused by insufficient channel impulse response samples and null subcarriers in traditional PDP estimation. The paper finds that using the proposed PDP technique in linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) channel estimation improves performance by reducing distortion and approaching that of Wiener filtering. Simulation results show the implemented PDP-based LMMSE channel estimation outperforms conventional 1D least squares estimation methods.
Classical Discrete-Time Fourier TransformBased Channel Estimation for MIMO-OF...IJCSEA Journal
In this document, we look at various time domain channel estimation methods with this constraint of null carriers at spectrumborders.We showin detail howto gauge the importance of the “border effect” depending on the number of null carriers, which may vary from one system to another. Thereby we assess the limit of the technique discussed when the number of null carriers is large. Finally the DFT with the truncated singular value decomposition (SVD) technique is proposed to completely eliminate the impact of the null subcarriers whatever their number. A technique for the determination of the truncation threshold for any MIMO-OFDM system is also proposed.
Low-Complexity DFT-Based Channel Estimation with Leakage Nulling for OFDM Sys...john236zaq
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a low-complexity channel estimation method for OFDM systems using virtual subcarriers. The proposed method uses a time-domain index set estimation considering leakage effects followed by a low-complexity time-domain post-processing to suppress leakage. Simulation results show the proposed estimator achieves near-optimal performance while maintaining low complexity comparable to simple DFT-based estimators.
This document discusses using Gamma tone Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (GFCC) and K-means clustering to identify singers based on their voice. It begins by explaining that MFCC is not accurate in noisy environments, while GFCC performs well in both clean and noisy audio. The process involves extracting GFCC features from the audio, using K-means clustering to group similar voices into clusters, and dynamic time warping for authentication. Feature extraction with GFCC involves preprocessing, framing, windowing, computing the discrete Fourier transform, applying a gamma tone filter bank, logarithmic compression, and discrete cosine transformation to generate feature vectors. K-means clustering is then used to group the feature vectors from similar voices into clusters to identify
IRJET- Comparison of Different PAPR Reduction Schemes in OFDM SystemIRJET Journal
This document compares different techniques for reducing peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. It evaluates clipping and filtering, selective mapping (SLM), and partial transmit sequence (PTS) methods. Clipping reduces PAPR but introduces noise, which filtering attempts to reduce. SLM generates alternative signals from the original to select the lowest PAPR option, while PTS divides the signal into blocks and selects the combination with lowest PAPR. The document simulates these techniques and compares their performance based on complementary cumulative distribution function plots of PAPR. PTS is shown to provide the greatest PAPR reduction, with better performance as the number of
This document proposes using a Markov chain model and bipartite graphing to efficiently schedule spectrum in cognitive radio networks. It models the cognitive radio network as a k-connected bipartite graph and uses a Markov chain to represent the state transitions of channels between idle and busy. It then applies the Banker's algorithm to the modeled cognitive radio network to allocate spectrum to users while avoiding deadlock. The proposed approach indicates it could improve spectrum scheduling and allocation performance in cognitive radio networks.
Performance analysis of image compression using fuzzy logic algorithmsipij
With the increase in demand, product of multimedia is increasing fast and thus contributes to insufficient
network bandwidth and memory storage. Therefore image compression is more significant for reducing
data redundancy for save more memory and transmission bandwidth. An efficient compression technique
has been proposed which combines fuzzy logic with that of Huffman coding. While normalizing image
pixel, each value of pixel image belonging to that image foreground are characterized and interpreted. The
image is sub divided into pixel which is then characterized by a pair of set of approximation. Here
encoding represent Huffman code which is statistically independent to produce more efficient code for
compression and decoding represents rough fuzzy logic which is used to rebuilt the pixel of image. The
method used here are rough fuzzy logic with Huffman coding algorithm (RFHA). Here comparison of
different compression techniques with Huffman coding is done and fuzzy logic is applied on the Huffman
reconstructed image. Result shows that high compression rates are achieved and visually negligible
difference between compressed images and original images
Analysis of Peak to Average Power Ratio Reduction Techniques in Sfbc Ofdm SystemIOSR Journals
This document summarizes techniques to reduce peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. It analyzes applying selected mapping (SLM) and clipping with differential scaling techniques to space frequency block coded (SFBC) OFDM systems. SLM generates alternative representations of OFDM symbols by rotating frames with different phase sequences and selects the one with minimum PAPR. Clipping clips signal amplitudes above a threshold and differential scaling scales different amplitude ranges differently to reduce PAPR without degrading bit error rate. Simulation results show SLM and clipping with scaling effectively reduce PAPR.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes techniques to reduce peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. It discusses how OFDM signals can have high PAPR which requires power amplifiers with large dynamic ranges. Two PAPR reduction techniques are analyzed: partial transmit sequence (PTS) and selective mapping (SLM). The performance of these techniques is evaluated and compared to reduce PAPR in OFDM systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Analysis of Reduction of PAPR by Linear Predictive Coding in OFDM AnuragSingh1049
The major challenge in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is to reduce high peak to average power ratio (PAPR) that leads to non linear distortion for the application of high power amplifier. PAPR is defined as the ratio between the maximum instantaneous power and its average power. In this paper, we have presented new PAPR reduction technique to reduce peak to average power ratio using Linear predicting coding (LPC) in OFDM system. In this paper, proposed technique show the significant reduction in PAPR without any harmful degradation in power spectral density (PSD), computational complexity (CC) and performance error of the system. This proposed method can be applied for any number of subcarrier and independent of modulation scheme under Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document compares the performance of a Root Raised Cosine matched filter implemented using hybrid-logarithmic arithmetic versus standard binary and floating point arithmetic. Simulations showed that the hybrid logarithmic structure offered superior performance to fixed point solutions while having significantly reduced complexity compared to floating point equivalents. The use of hybrid logarithmic arithmetic also has the potential to reduce power consumption, latency, and hardware complexity for mobile applications.
MMSE and ZF Analysis of Macrodiversity MIMO Systems and Wimax Networks over F...IJERA Editor
We consider the large scale MIMO systems in which the number of users are gradually increased at that time the receiving antennas performance also decreased gradually. In contrast, almost no analytical results are available for macro diversity systems where both the sources and receive antennas are widely separated. Here, receive antennas experience unequal average SNRs from a source and receiver antenna receives a different average SNR from each source. Although this is an extremely difficult problem,In this paper, we provide approximate distributions for the output SNR of a ZF receiver and the output signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) of an MMSE receiver. In addition, simple high SNR approximations are provided for the symbol error rate (SER) of both receivers assuming M-PSK or M-QAM modulations .For better performance of receivers we can also implement the MMSE and ZF analysis in Wimax networks.
PAPR REDUCTION OF OFDM SIGNAL BY USING COMBINED HADAMARD AND MODIFIED MEU-LAW...IJCNCJournal
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a technique which gives high quality of service (QOS) to the users by mitigating the fading signals as well as high data rates in multimedia services. However, the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is a technical challenge that reduces the efficiency of RF power amplifiers. In this paper, we propose the combined Hadamard transform and modified meu-law companding transform method in order to lessen the effects of the peak-to-average power ratio of the
OFDM signal. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme reduces PAPR compared to other companding techniques as well as the Hadamard transform technique when used on its own.
Analysis of Space Time Codes Using Modulation TechniquesIOSR Journals
Abstract: In this Paper, Analysis of channel codes for improving the data rate and reliability of communication over fading channels using multiple transmit antennas has been considered. The codes, namely ’Space Time Codes’ render full diversity and amend coding gain. Performance criteria for designing such codes, under this assumption that the fading is slow and nonselective frequency, is also analysed. Under this research, Study of Frame Error Rate(FER) and outage capacity is compared for different no. Of transmit and receive antennas as well as for different modulation techniques. According to theoretical results FER decreases with increasing SNR and No. Of receiving antennas. Numerical and practical result shows that FER decreases with increasing SNR and no. Of receiving antennas. Keywords: Space time Block Codes ,Space time trellis Codes,Frame Error Rate(FER),Outage capacity,Pairwise Error Probability
This document presents a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm for partial transmit sequence (PTS) peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. PTS is an effective technique for PAPR reduction but has high computational complexity due to an exhaustive search over all phase weighting factor combinations. The proposed PSO-based PTS scheme uses PSO heuristics to search for the optimal phase factor combination with lower complexity. Simulation results show the new technique can effectively reduce computation complexity and achieve PAPR reduction compared to conventional PTS.
Performance of Multiple symbol representation with clipping scheme for PAPR r...ijsrd.com
OFDM is one of the multicarrier modulation technique used in various communication systems. The major problem one faces while implementing this system is the high peak to average power .For an efficient OFDM system this PAPR should be low. In this paper a hybrid PAPR (peak to average power ratio) reduction technique for the OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) signal which combines a multiple symbol representations method with a signal clipping method is proposed. In multiple symbol representations alternative signaling points are used to represent one symbol and PAPR is further reduced with the clipping scheme. The performance of the hybrid scheme is compared with the partial transmit sequence which is one of the other PAPR reduction scheme. In partial transmit sequence the input data is divided in to disjoint blocks transformed in to time domain sequence and rotated by phase factors. Theoretical analysis and simulation results validate that the proposed scheme has the ability to provide large PAPR reduction, low bit error rate. Performance analysis is also done with the partial transmit sequence scheme.
Multi carrier equalization by restoration of redundanc y (merry) for adaptive...IJNSA Journal
This paper proposes a new blind adaptive channel shortening approach for multi-carrier systems. The
performance of the discrete Fourier transform-DMT (DFT-DMT) system is investigated with the proposed
DST-DMT system over the standard carrier serving area (CSA) loop1. Enhanced bit rates demonstrated
and less complexity also involved by the simulation of the DST-DMT system.
Iaetsd computational performances of ofdm usingIaetsd Iaetsd
This document discusses computational performances of OFDM using different pruned radix FFT algorithms. It introduces various FFT techniques such as radix-2, radix-4, radix-8, mixed radix and split radix. It then proposes an input zero traced radix DIF FFT pruning (IZTFFTP) algorithm to improve the efficiency of these FFT techniques when there are many zero valued inputs in OFDM. The computational complexity of implementing different radix FFTs with and without this pruning technique is calculated, and results show pruning provides more efficient OFDM performance in terms of reducing calculations.
This document compares the performance of three mobile ad hoc network (MANET) routing protocols: AODV, FSR, and IERP. It uses the QualNet network simulator to evaluate these protocols based on various metrics like throughput, average jitter, average end-to-end delay, and packet delivery ratio. The protocols are evaluated under different node speeds on a grid topology network with 90 nodes over an area of 1500x1500 meters. Simulation results show that AODV generally performs best in terms of throughput and packet delivery ratio across varying node speeds, while FSR performs worst for these metrics. IERP shows the worst performance for average end-to-end delay and average jitter as node speed increases.
This paper discusses channel estimation for MIMO-OFDM systems using power delay profile (PDP) techniques. It proposes implementing a PDP estimation method that uses all pilot symbols from transmit antennas to obtain an accurate PDP. This addresses issues caused by insufficient channel impulse response samples and null subcarriers in traditional PDP estimation. The paper finds that using the proposed PDP technique in linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) channel estimation improves performance by reducing distortion and approaching that of Wiener filtering. Simulation results show the implemented PDP-based LMMSE channel estimation outperforms conventional 1D least squares estimation methods.
Classical Discrete-Time Fourier TransformBased Channel Estimation for MIMO-OF...IJCSEA Journal
In this document, we look at various time domain channel estimation methods with this constraint of null carriers at spectrumborders.We showin detail howto gauge the importance of the “border effect” depending on the number of null carriers, which may vary from one system to another. Thereby we assess the limit of the technique discussed when the number of null carriers is large. Finally the DFT with the truncated singular value decomposition (SVD) technique is proposed to completely eliminate the impact of the null subcarriers whatever their number. A technique for the determination of the truncation threshold for any MIMO-OFDM system is also proposed.
Low-Complexity DFT-Based Channel Estimation with Leakage Nulling for OFDM Sys...john236zaq
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a low-complexity channel estimation method for OFDM systems using virtual subcarriers. The proposed method uses a time-domain index set estimation considering leakage effects followed by a low-complexity time-domain post-processing to suppress leakage. Simulation results show the proposed estimator achieves near-optimal performance while maintaining low complexity comparable to simple DFT-based estimators.
This document discusses using Gamma tone Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (GFCC) and K-means clustering to identify singers based on their voice. It begins by explaining that MFCC is not accurate in noisy environments, while GFCC performs well in both clean and noisy audio. The process involves extracting GFCC features from the audio, using K-means clustering to group similar voices into clusters, and dynamic time warping for authentication. Feature extraction with GFCC involves preprocessing, framing, windowing, computing the discrete Fourier transform, applying a gamma tone filter bank, logarithmic compression, and discrete cosine transformation to generate feature vectors. K-means clustering is then used to group the feature vectors from similar voices into clusters to identify
IRJET- Comparison of Different PAPR Reduction Schemes in OFDM SystemIRJET Journal
This document compares different techniques for reducing peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. It evaluates clipping and filtering, selective mapping (SLM), and partial transmit sequence (PTS) methods. Clipping reduces PAPR but introduces noise, which filtering attempts to reduce. SLM generates alternative signals from the original to select the lowest PAPR option, while PTS divides the signal into blocks and selects the combination with lowest PAPR. The document simulates these techniques and compares their performance based on complementary cumulative distribution function plots of PAPR. PTS is shown to provide the greatest PAPR reduction, with better performance as the number of
This document proposes using a Markov chain model and bipartite graphing to efficiently schedule spectrum in cognitive radio networks. It models the cognitive radio network as a k-connected bipartite graph and uses a Markov chain to represent the state transitions of channels between idle and busy. It then applies the Banker's algorithm to the modeled cognitive radio network to allocate spectrum to users while avoiding deadlock. The proposed approach indicates it could improve spectrum scheduling and allocation performance in cognitive radio networks.
Performance analysis of image compression using fuzzy logic algorithmsipij
With the increase in demand, product of multimedia is increasing fast and thus contributes to insufficient
network bandwidth and memory storage. Therefore image compression is more significant for reducing
data redundancy for save more memory and transmission bandwidth. An efficient compression technique
has been proposed which combines fuzzy logic with that of Huffman coding. While normalizing image
pixel, each value of pixel image belonging to that image foreground are characterized and interpreted. The
image is sub divided into pixel which is then characterized by a pair of set of approximation. Here
encoding represent Huffman code which is statistically independent to produce more efficient code for
compression and decoding represents rough fuzzy logic which is used to rebuilt the pixel of image. The
method used here are rough fuzzy logic with Huffman coding algorithm (RFHA). Here comparison of
different compression techniques with Huffman coding is done and fuzzy logic is applied on the Huffman
reconstructed image. Result shows that high compression rates are achieved and visually negligible
difference between compressed images and original images
Analysis of Peak to Average Power Ratio Reduction Techniques in Sfbc Ofdm SystemIOSR Journals
This document summarizes techniques to reduce peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. It analyzes applying selected mapping (SLM) and clipping with differential scaling techniques to space frequency block coded (SFBC) OFDM systems. SLM generates alternative representations of OFDM symbols by rotating frames with different phase sequences and selects the one with minimum PAPR. Clipping clips signal amplitudes above a threshold and differential scaling scales different amplitude ranges differently to reduce PAPR without degrading bit error rate. Simulation results show SLM and clipping with scaling effectively reduce PAPR.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes techniques to reduce peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. It discusses how OFDM signals can have high PAPR which requires power amplifiers with large dynamic ranges. Two PAPR reduction techniques are analyzed: partial transmit sequence (PTS) and selective mapping (SLM). The performance of these techniques is evaluated and compared to reduce PAPR in OFDM systems.
Reducing the Peak to Average Power Ratio of Mimo-Ofdm SystemsIJCNCJournal
In this paper, we proposed a particle swarm optimization (PSO) based partial transmit sequence (PTS)
technique in order to achieve the lowest Peak-to-Average Power Ratio(PAPR) in Multiple Input Multiple
Output- Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems. Our approach consist of
applying the PSO based PTS on each antenna of the system in order to find the optimal phase factors,
which is a straightforward method to get the minimum PAPR in such a system. The simulation results
demonstrate that the PSO based PTS algorithm when applied to MIMO-OFDM systems with a wide range
of phase factors, tends to give a high performance. In addition, there is no need to increase the number of
particles of the PSO algorithm to enhance the performance of the system. As a result of this, the complexity
of finding the minimum PAPR is kept at a reasonable level.
This document discusses the partial transmit sequence (PTS) technique for reducing peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The PTS technique works by dividing the input data symbols into disjoint sub-blocks that are then phase rotated by selected phase factors to improve PAPR performance. Simulation results show that PTS achieves excellent PAPR reduction for OFDM signals but at the cost of an exhaustive search over all possible phase combinations, resulting in high computational complexity. The key advantage of PTS is good PAPR reduction performance, but its main drawback is increased complexity with larger numbers of sub-blocks.
A NEW APPROACH TO IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OF OFDM SIGNAL FOR 6G COMMUNICATIONIJCNCJournal
The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is a very efficient modulation technique that can achieve
very high throughput by transmitting many carriers simultaneously and it is spectrally efficient because of
the proximity of the subcarriers. OFDM is used in 5G communication for higher data transmission. 6th
generation communication also demands OFDM, since it is more spectrally efficient and suitable for high
data transmission. The drawback of the OFDM includes peak to average power ratio and sensitivity to
carrier offsets and drifts. The usage of a non-linear power amplifier causes the signal spreading and leads
to inter-modulation and signal constellation distortion. These two distortions have an impact on the signalto-noise ratio and hence reduce the efficiency. The methods used to reduce PAPR are clipping and
filtering, selective mapping, partial transmit sequence, tone reservation, and injection and non-linear
commanding. The drawbacks of the above methods are computational complexity, spectrum inefficiency,
increase in bit error rate and PAPR rate. In this work, three effective methods are discussed and compared
to improve the performance parameters. These are adaptive peak window method based on harmonize
clipping, harmonics kernel adaptive filter and Slepian-based flat-top window techniques are presented to
reduce the BER, PAPR, and CCDF to improve the signal-to-noise of the system. This window technique
averages out the noise spread out in the spectrum and thus reduces the signal loss by minimizing peak to
average power ratio. The results are analyzed and compared with the existing conventional methods.
Finally, the reductions in PAPR, BER and CCDF obtained are discussed in the results and comparison
section. The proposed work has a higher signal-to-noise ratio than the conventional methods.
A New Approach to Improve the Performance of OFDM Signal for 6G CommunicationIJCNCJournal
The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is a very efficient modulation technique that can achieve very high throughput by transmitting many carriers simultaneously and it is spectrally efficient because of the proximity of the subcarriers. OFDM is used in 5G communication for higher data transmission. 6th generation communication also demands OFDM, since it is more spectrally efficient and suitable for high data transmission. The drawback of the OFDM includes peak to average power ratio and sensitivity to carrier offsets and drifts. The usage of a non-linear power amplifier causes the signal spreading and leads to inter-modulation and signal constellation distortion. These two distortions have an impact on the signalto-noise ratio and hence reduce the efficiency. The methods used to reduce PAPR are clipping and filtering, selective mapping, partial transmit sequence, tone reservation, and injection and non-linear commanding. The drawbacks of the above methods are computational complexity, spectrum inefficiency, increase in bit error rate and PAPR rate. In this work, three effective methods are discussed and compared to improve the performance parameters. These are adaptive peak window method based on harmonize clipping, harmonics kernel adaptive filter and Slepian-based flat-top window techniques are presented to reduce the BER, PAPR, and CCDF to improve the signal-to-noise of the system. This window technique averages out the noise spread out in the spectrum and thus reduces the signal loss by minimizing peak to average power ratio. The results are analyzed and compared with the existing conventional methods. Finally, the reductions in PAPR, BER and CCDF obtained are discussed in the results and comparison section. The proposed work has a higher signal-to-noise ratio than the conventional methods.
IRJET- Peak to Average Power Ratio Reduction Technique using LPC Coding in OF...IRJET Journal
This document presents a new peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction technique for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems using linear predictive coding (LPC). LPC is used to decorrelate the OFDM signal in order to reduce the PAPR. The technique is evaluated based on complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) curves, bit error rate (BER) performance, and power spectral density (PSD). Simulation results show the proposed LPC technique provides significant PAPR reduction compared to other techniques like selective mapping, without degradation of PSD, computational complexity, or BER performance.
Hardware Implementation of OFDM system to reduce PAPR using Selective Level M...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that implemented an OFDM system on an FPGA to reduce peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) using selective level mapping (SLM). It describes the basic OFDM transmitter and receiver blocks. It discusses PAPR as a limitation of OFDM and introduces SLM as a technique to reduce PAPR. The paper outlines the design and implementation of an OFDM system with SLM on an FPGA. Simulation results showed up to 2dB reduction in PAPR using SLM. Hardware results including logic schematics and test benches validated the FPGA implementation of the OFDM transceiver.
A PAPR Reduction for OFDM Signals Based on Self-Adaptive Multipopulation DE a...IJECEIAES
One of major drawbacks of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems is the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). A signal with high PAPR leads to nonlinear distortion caused mainly by power amplifiers in wireless transmitters. Partial transmit sequence (PTS) is one of the most attractive methods to reduce the PAPR in OFDM systems. It achieves considerable PAPR reduction without distortion, but it requires an exhaustive search over all the combinations of the given phase factors, which results in a computational complexity that increases exponentially with the number of partitions. For this optimization problem, we propose in this paper a suboptimal PTS method based on the self-adaptive multipopulation differential evolution algorithm (SAMDE). The self adaptation of control parameters and structured population, is able to obtain high quality solutions with low computational cost by evolving each sub-population of individuals over successive generations.
This document discusses a new approach for distortionless PAPR reduction in multicarrier transmission systems using modified selected mapping (SLM) techniques.
The key points are:
1) SLM is modified by using new phase sequences that are combinations of centering matrices with Hadamard and Riemann matrices.
2) Simulation results show the proposed phase sequences provide improved PAPR reduction compared to some previously proposed techniques.
3) The side information for the SLM technique (the selected phase sequence) is error protected using BCH coding to ensure reliable transmission through the channel.
This document discusses two techniques for reducing peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems: selected mapping (SLM) and nonlinear companding transform (NCT). SLM is analyzed where the input data is multiplied by a Hadamard matrix and phase sequences before taking the inverse fast Fourier transform to generate multiple candidate signals, and the one with the lowest PAPR is selected for transmission. NCT works by compressing peak signals and expanding low signals to modify the statistical characteristics and reduce PAPR. The document evaluates the performance of these two techniques and concludes they can both effectively reduce PAPR compared to conventional OFDM.
This document summarizes research comparing two techniques for reducing peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems: selected mapping (SLM) and nonlinear companding transform (NCT). SLM uses Hadamard transform and phase sequences to generate multiple candidate signals and select the one with the lowest PAPR for transmission. NCT transforms the signal statistics to a desirable probability density function defined by a piecewise linear function. Simulation results showed that both techniques significantly reduced PAPR compared to conventional OFDM, with NCT achieving a 4.31 dB reduction for a 128-subcarrier system. The document concludes that NCT is an effective and flexible method for
Comparative study of selected subcarrier index modulation OFDM schemesTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with subcarrier index modulation (SIM-OFDM) is recently proposed to enhance the performance of traditional OFDM. By incorporating the index modulation in OFDM, the data can be sent on the indices of subcarriers as well as the subcarriers themselves reducing the system complexity. In addition, the Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) and Inter Carrier Interference (ICI) can be reduced by switching on /off some OFDM subcarriers in OOK fashion. In this paper, a comparative study of OFDM with SIM_OFDM and Enhanced SIM_OFDM methods in terms of complexity, spectral efficiency and bit error rate over AWGN channel using two power policies is presented. The simulation results showed that at bit error rate of 10-3, SIM_OFDM and ESIM_OFDM achieved gains in Eb/No of 1.1 dB and 2 dB over 4-QAM OFDM respectively under power reallocation policy. However, the results also showed that traditional OFDM has better spectral efficiency compared to both SIM_OFDM and ESIM_OFDM especially at high M-ary orders.
Performance analysis of papr reduction techniques in multicarrier modulation ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Orthogonal FrequencyDivisionMultiplexing (OFDM) is one of the many multicarrier modulation techniques which provide high spectral efficiency, less vulnerability to echoes,low implementation complexity and resilience to non – linear distortion. It is used in communication systems due to its various advantages. However, while this system is implemented problem of high peak – to – average power ratio(PAPR) is encountered. The reason behind this drawback is the existence of manyindependent subcarriers, due towhichthesignal amplitudecanhavehighpeakvalues as compared to average of whole system. The high PAPR in multicarrier transmission systems causes power degradation and spectrum spreading.Interleaving, Tone Reservation, Peak Reduction Carrier,Block Coding, Active Constellation Extension, Envelope ScalingareamongmanyPAPRreductionschemesthathavebeenproposedas a remedy to thisproblem. In this paper, performances of Amplitude Clipping and Filtering, Selected Level Mapping (SLM), and PartialTransmitSequence (PTS) techniques of PAPR reduction in OFDM systems by parameter variations are analyzed, based on Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function. An attempt has been made to simulate clipping and filtering technique with iterations and the simulation shows that PAPR problem is reduced as number of iterations increases. The attempts have also been made to simulate SLM technique and PTS technique by varying number of phase sequences, number of sub-blocks in SLM, PTS respectively and simulation results shows that by increasing the number of phase sequences, sub-blocks, PAPR can be reduced significantly.The mathematical equations are incorporated here to compute the maximum expected PAPR from an OFDM signal which shows when there is phase alignment of all sub carriers and sub carriers are equally modulated, then signal peak value hits the maximum. Besides these computer simulations, a comparative study of these three techniques is done.
EFFİCİENT PAPR REDUCTİON APPROACH FOR SELECTİVE MAPPİNG İN A STBC MIMO-OFDM S...IJCNCJournal
The demand for wireless communication increases every day. MIMO system increases the channel capacity
without increasing the bandwidth. OFDM eliminates inter-symbol interference very effectively. By
combining both these technologies ,the resultant data rates are increased and also robustness to multi path
fading effects. But the main drawback of MIMO-OFDM system is its high PAPR. Selective mapping(SLM)
is one of the popular distortion less technique for reducing high PAPR but the computational complexity
for searching optimum phase factors is high. Many evolutionary algorithms like particle swarm
optimisation, artificial bee colony optimization algorithm, cuckoo search algorithm are proposed for
searching optimum phase factors. In this paper two new optimization algorithms social spider
optimization(SSO), adaptive artificial bee colony algorithm are proposed for SLM and Simulation results
shows that compared to adaptive artifctial bee colony algorithm, social spider optimization algorithm(SSO)
gives best phase factors for lower PAPR with fewer number of iterations and also reduces the
computational complexity of SLM technique very efficiently.
A low complexity partial transmit sequence scheme for better papr reduction i...eSAT Journals
Abstract The main drawback of OFDM system is the high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of the transmitted signals. Partial transmit sequence scheme is a promising algorithm to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). The Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS) consist of several inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) operations and complicated calculations to obtain optimum phase sequence which results in increasing the computational complexity of PTS. A phase sequence applied to the PTS Scheme reduces its complexity but at the expense of slight degradation in PAPR reduction. In this paper, for further reduction of PAPR the peak clipping of the OFDM signal is introduced along with the PTS with new phase sequence scheme. Since clipping is one of the simplest techniques of PAPR reduction, it does not increase the complexity of the system much and a better PAPR reduction is obtained with the combined effect of clipping and PTS with New Phase Sequence. But the clipping technique introduce some distortion in the signal, however peak clipping of signal below a particular threshold can maintain the BER in the tolerable range. The clipping threshold selected will be different for different OFDM systems. Index Terms: OFDM, Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR), Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS), Clipping.
This document discusses various techniques for reducing peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. It describes common PAPR reduction techniques such as partial transmit sequence (PTS), selective mapping (SLM), tone injection, peak cancellation, and peak windowing. It analyzes these techniques based on parameters like distortion, power increase, data rate loss, and bit error rate improvement. The document concludes that while SLM is better for PAPR reduction as it does not cause out-of-band radiation or degrade bit error rate performance, it has the drawback of increased complexity with larger number of subcarriers or phase sequences.
Performance analysis of papr reduction techniques in multicarrier modulation ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Analyses and performance of techniques papr reduction for stbc mimo ofdm syst...ijwmn
An OFDM system is combined with multiple-input mult
iple-output (MIMO) in order to increase the
diversity gain and system capacity over the time va
riant frequency-selective channels. However, a maj
or
drawback of MIMO-OFDM system is that the transmitte
d signals on different antennas might exhibit high
peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR).In this paper, w
e present a PAPR analysis reduction of space-time-
block-coded (STBC) MIMO-OFDM system for 4G wireless
networks. Several techniques have been used to
reduce the PAPR of the (STBC) MIMOOFDM system: clip
ping and filtering, partial transmit sequence
(PTS) and selected mapping (SLM). Simulation result
s show that clipping and filtering provides a bette
r
PAPR reduction than the others methods and only SLM
technique conserve the PAPR reduction in
reception part of signal.
A Hybrid VLM Preceded SLM Technique Using Clipping and Filtering Method for P...IJERA Editor
MIMO-OFDM is an attractive interface for the next generation WLANs, WMAN, 4G and 5G mobile cellular
systems. However the performance of the MIMO-OFDM systems is affected by Peak to Average Power Ratio
(PAPR). PAPR is the main disadvantage associated with the MIMO-OFDM systems. So far, many techniques
have been proposed to reduce the value of PAPR but high PAPR for MIMO-OFDM systems is still a demanding
area and a different issue.In this paper, a hybrid VLM precoded SLM scheme using Clipping & Filtering has
been proposed to reduce PAPR in MIMO-OFDM systems. And it has been observed that the proposed scheme
has achieved a significant gain in PAPR reduction without increasing the system complexity and affecting the
error performance of the system.
Similar to PAPR analysis of OFDM system using AI based multiple signal representation methods (20)
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Design and simulation an optimal enhanced PI controller for congestion avoida...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document describes using a snake optimization algorithm to tune the gains of an enhanced proportional-integral controller for congestion avoidance in a TCP/AQM system. The controller aims to maintain a stable and desired queue size without noise or transmission problems. A linearized model of the TCP/AQM system is presented. An enhanced PI controller combining nonlinear gain and original PI gains is proposed. The snake optimization algorithm is then used to tune the parameters of the enhanced PI controller to achieve optimal system performance and response. Simulation results are discussed showing the proposed controller provides a stable and robust behavior for congestion control.
Improving the detection of intrusion in vehicular ad-hoc networks with modifi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless-equipped vehicles that form networks along the road. The security of this network has been a major challenge. The identity-based cryptosystem (IBC) previously used to secure the networks suffers from membership authentication security features. This paper focuses on improving the detection of intruders in VANETs with a modified identity-based cryptosystem (MIBC). The MIBC is developed using a non-singular elliptic curve with Lagrange interpolation. The public key of vehicles and roadside units on the network are derived from number plates and location identification numbers, respectively. Pseudo-identities are used to mask the real identity of users to preserve their privacy. The membership authentication mechanism ensures that only valid and authenticated members of the network are allowed to join the network. The performance of the MIBC is evaluated using intrusion detection ratio (IDR) and computation time (CT) and then validated with the existing IBC. The result obtained shows that the MIBC recorded an IDR of 99.3% against 94.3% obtained for the existing identity-based cryptosystem (EIBC) for 140 unregistered vehicles attempting to intrude on the network. The MIBC shows lower CT values of 1.17 ms against 1.70 ms for EIBC. The MIBC can be used to improve the security of VANETs.
Conceptual model of internet banking adoption with perceived risk and trust f...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Understanding the primary factors of internet banking (IB) acceptance is critical for both banks and users; nevertheless, our knowledge of the role of users’ perceived risk and trust in IB adoption is limited. As a result, we develop a conceptual model by incorporating perceived risk and trust into the technology acceptance model (TAM) theory toward the IB. The proper research emphasized that the most essential component in explaining IB adoption behavior is behavioral intention to use IB adoption. TAM is helpful for figuring out how elements that affect IB adoption are connected to one another. According to previous literature on IB and the use of such technology in Iraq, one has to choose a theoretical foundation that may justify the acceptance of IB from the customer’s perspective. The conceptual model was therefore constructed using the TAM as a foundation. Furthermore, perceived risk and trust were added to the TAM dimensions as external factors. The key objective of this work was to extend the TAM to construct a conceptual model for IB adoption and to get sufficient theoretical support from the existing literature for the essential elements and their relationships in order to unearth new insights about factors responsible for IB adoption.
Efficient combined fuzzy logic and LMS algorithm for smart antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The smart antennas are broadly used in wireless communication. The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is a procedure that is concerned in controlling the smart antenna pattern to accommodate specified requirements such as steering the beam toward the desired signal, in addition to placing the deep nulls in the direction of unwanted signals. The conventional LMS (C-LMS) has some drawbacks like slow convergence speed besides high steady state fluctuation error. To overcome these shortcomings, the present paper adopts an adaptive fuzzy control step size least mean square (FC-LMS) algorithm to adjust its step size. Computer simulation outcomes illustrate that the given model has fast convergence rate as well as low mean square error steady state.
Design and implementation of a LoRa-based system for warning of forest fireTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the design and implementation of a forest fire monitoring and warning system based on long range (LoRa) technology, a novel ultra-low power consumption and long-range wireless communication technology for remote sensing applications. The proposed system includes a wireless sensor network that records environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the air, as well as taking infrared photos.The data collected at each sensor node will be transmitted to the gateway via LoRa wireless transmission. Data will be collected, processed, and uploaded to a cloud database at the gateway. An Android smartphone application that allows anyone to easily view the recorded data has been developed. When a fire is detected, the system will sound a siren and send a warning message to the responsible personnel, instructing them to take appropriate action. Experiments in Tram Chim Park, Vietnam, have been conducted to verify and evaluate the operation of the system.
Wavelet-based sensing technique in cognitive radio networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio is a smart radio that can change its transmitter parameter based on interaction with the environment in which it operates. The demand for frequency spectrum is growing due to a big data issue as many Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in the network. Based on previous research, most frequency spectrum was used, but some spectrums were not used, called spectrum hole. Energy detection is one of the spectrum sensing methods that has been frequently used since it is easy to use and does not require license users to have any prior signal understanding. But this technique is incapable of detecting at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. Therefore, the wavelet-based sensing is proposed to overcome this issue and detect spectrum holes. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of wavelet-based sensing and compare it with the energy detection technique. The findings show that the percentage of detection in wavelet-based sensing is 83% higher than energy detection performance. This result indicates that the wavelet-based sensing has higher precision in detection and the interference towards primary user can be decreased.
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present the design of a new wide dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) using nonuniform transmission lines. The method used to design this filter is to replace conventional uniform transmission lines with nonuniform lines governed by a truncated Fourier series. Based on how impedances are profiled in the proposed DBBSF structure, the fractional bandwidths of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to 39.72% and 52.63%, respectively, and the physical size has been reduced compared to that of the filter with the uniform transmission lines. The results of the electromagnetic (EM) simulation support the obtained analytical response and show an improved frequency behavior.
Deep learning approach to DDoS attack with imbalanced data at the application...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is where one or more computers attack or target a server computer, by flooding internet traffic to the server. As a result, the server cannot be accessed by legitimate users. A result of this attack causes enormous losses for a company because it can reduce the level of user trust, and reduce the company’s reputation to lose customers due to downtime. One of the services at the application layer that can be accessed by users is a web-based lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) service that can provide safe and easy services to access directory applications. We used a deep learning approach to detect DDoS attacks on the CICDDoS 2019 dataset on a complex computer network at the application layer to get fast and accurate results for dealing with unbalanced data. Based on the results obtained, it is observed that DDoS attack detection using a deep learning approach on imbalanced data performs better when implemented using synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) method for binary classes. On the other hand, the proposed deep learning approach performs better for detecting DDoS attacks in multiclass when implemented using the adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) method.
The appearance of uncertainties and disturbances often effects the characteristics of either linear or nonlinear systems. Plus, the stabilization process may be deteriorated thus incurring a catastrophic effect to the system performance. As such, this manuscript addresses the concept of matching condition for the systems that are suffering from miss-match uncertainties and exogeneous disturbances. The perturbation towards the system at hand is assumed to be known and unbounded. To reach this outcome, uncertainties and their classifications are reviewed thoroughly. The structural matching condition is proposed and tabulated in the proposition 1. Two types of mathematical expressions are presented to distinguish the system with matched uncertainty and the system with miss-matched uncertainty. Lastly, two-dimensional numerical expressions are provided to practice the proposed proposition. The outcome shows that matching condition has the ability to change the system to a design-friendly model for asymptotic stabilization.
Implementation of FinFET technology based low power 4×4 Wallace tree multipli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Many systems, including digital signal processors, finite impulse response (FIR) filters, application-specific integrated circuits, and microprocessors, use multipliers. The demand for low power multipliers is gradually rising day by day in the current technological trend. In this study, we describe a 4×4 Wallace multiplier based on a carry select adder (CSA) that uses less power and has a better power delay product than existing multipliers. HSPICE tool at 16 nm technology is used to simulate the results. In comparison to the traditional CSA-based multiplier, which has a power consumption of 1.7 µW and power delay product (PDP) of 57.3 fJ, the results demonstrate that the Wallace multiplier design employing CSA with first zero finding logic (FZF) logic has the lowest power consumption of 1.4 µW and PDP of 27.5 fJ.
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO, including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error than OFDM.
Reflector antenna design in different frequencies using frequency selective s...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, it is aimed to obtain two different asymmetric radiation patterns obtained from antennas in the shape of the cross-section of a parabolic reflector (fan blade type antennas) and antennas with cosecant-square radiation characteristics at two different frequencies from a single antenna. For this purpose, firstly, a fan blade type antenna design will be made, and then the reflective surface of this antenna will be completed to the shape of the reflective surface of the antenna with the cosecant-square radiation characteristic with the frequency selective surface designed to provide the characteristics suitable for the purpose. The frequency selective surface designed and it provides the perfect transmission as possible at 4 GHz operating frequency, while it will act as a band-quenching filter for electromagnetic waves at 5 GHz operating frequency and will be a reflective surface. Thanks to this frequency selective surface to be used as a reflective surface in the antenna, a fan blade type radiation characteristic at 4 GHz operating frequency will be obtained, while a cosecant-square radiation characteristic at 5 GHz operating frequency will be obtained.
Reagentless iron detection in water based on unclad fiber optical sensorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A simple and low-cost fiber based optical sensor for iron detection is demonstrated in this paper. The sensor head consist of an unclad optical fiber with the unclad length of 1 cm and it has a straight structure. Results obtained shows a linear relationship between the output light intensity and iron concentration, illustrating the functionality of this iron optical sensor. Based on the experimental results, the sensitivity and linearity are achieved at 0.0328/ppm and 0.9824 respectively at the wavelength of 690 nm. With the same wavelength, other performance parameters are also studied. Resolution and limit of detection (LOD) are found to be 0.3049 ppm and 0.0755 ppm correspondingly. This iron sensor is advantageous in that it does not require any reagent for detection, enabling it to be simpler and cost-effective in the implementation of the iron sensing.
Impact of CuS counter electrode calcination temperature on quantum dot sensit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
A progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme lea...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article discusses the progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (PSTOS-ELM). PSTOS-ELM can save robust accuracy while updating the new data and the new class data on the online training situation. The robustness accuracy arises from using the householder block exact QR decomposition recursive least squares (HBQRD-RLS) of the PSTOS-ELM. This method is suitable for applications that have data streaming and often have new class data. Our experiment compares the PSTOS-ELM accuracy and accuracy robustness while data is updating with the batch-extreme learning machine (ELM) and structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (STOS-ELM) that both must retrain the data in a new class data case. The experimental results show that PSTOS-ELM has accuracy and robustness comparable to ELM and STOS-ELM while also can update new class data immediately.
Electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface using neural networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study aimed to develop a brain-computer interface that can control an electric wheelchair using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. First, we used the Mind Wave Mobile 2 device to capture raw EEG signals from the surface of the scalp. The signals were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and filtered to monitor changes in attention and relaxation. Next, we performed time and frequency domain analyses to identify features for five eye gestures: opened, closed, blink per second, double blink, and lookup. The base state was the opened-eyes gesture, and we compared the features of the remaining four action gestures to the base state to identify potential gestures. We then built a multilayer neural network to classify these features into five signals that control the wheelchair’s movement. Finally, we designed an experimental wheelchair system to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate that the EEG classification was highly accurate and computationally efficient. Moreover, the average performance of the brain-controlled wheelchair system was over 75% across different individuals, which suggests the feasibility of this approach.
Adaptive segmentation algorithm based on level set model in medical imagingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For image segmentation, level set models are frequently employed. It offer best solution to overcome the main limitations of deformable parametric models. However, the challenge when applying those models in medical images stills deal with removing blurs in image edges which directly affects the edge indicator function, leads to not adaptively segmenting images and causes a wrong analysis of pathologies wich prevents to conclude a correct diagnosis. To overcome such issues, an effective process is suggested by simultaneously modelling and solving systems’ two-dimensional partial differential equations (PDE). The first PDE equation allows restoration using Euler’s equation similar to an anisotropic smoothing based on a regularized Perona and Malik filter that eliminates noise while preserving edge information in accordance with detected contours in the second equation that segments the image based on the first equation solutions. This approach allows developing a new algorithm which overcome the studied model drawbacks. Results of the proposed method give clear segments that can be applied to any application. Experiments on many medical images in particular blurry images with high information losses, demonstrate that the developed approach produces superior segmentation results in terms of quantity and quality compared to other models already presented in previeous works.
Automatic channel selection using shuffled frog leaping algorithm for EEG bas...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Drug addiction is a complex neurobiological disorder that necessitates comprehensive treatment of both the body and mind. It is categorized as a brain disorder due to its impact on the brain. Various methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) can capture brain activities and structures. EEG signals provide valuable insights into neurological disorders, including drug addiction. Accurate classification of drug addiction from EEG signals relies on appropriate features and channel selection. Choosing the right EEG channels is essential to reduce computational costs and mitigate the risk of overfitting associated with using all available channels. To address the challenge of optimal channel selection in addiction detection from EEG signals, this work employs the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA). SFLA facilitates the selection of appropriate channels, leading to improved accuracy. Wavelet features extracted from the selected input channel signals are then analyzed using various machine learning classifiers to detect addiction. Experimental results indicate that after selecting features from the appropriate channels, classification accuracy significantly increased across all classifiers. Particularly, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier combined with SFLA demonstrated a remarkable accuracy improvement of 15.78% while reducing time complexity.
Levelised Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) Calculator ManualMassimo Talia
The aim of this manual is to explain the
methodology behind the Levelized Cost of
Hydrogen (LCOH) calculator. Moreover, this
manual also demonstrates how the calculator
can be used for estimating the expenses associated with hydrogen production in Europe
using low-temperature electrolysis considering different sources of electricity
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
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Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Road construction is not as easy as it seems to be, it includes various steps and it starts with its designing and
structure including the traffic volume consideration. Then base layer is done by bulldozers and levelers and after
base surface coating has to be done. For giving road a smooth surface with flexibility, Asphalt concrete is used.
Asphalt requires an aggregate sub base material layer, and then a base layer to be put into first place. Asphalt road
construction is formulated to support the heavy traffic load and climatic conditions. It is 100% recyclable and
saving non renewable natural resources.
With the advancement of technology, Asphalt technology gives assurance about the good drainage system and with
skid resistance it can be used where safety is necessary such as outsidethe schools.
The largest use of Asphalt is for making asphalt concrete for road surfaces. It is widely used in airports around the
world due to the sturdiness and ability to be repaired quickly, it is widely used for runways dedicated to aircraft
landing and taking off. Asphalt is normally stored and transported at 150’C or 300’F temperature
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surfaceIndrajeet sahu
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
2. ◼ ISSN: 1693-6930
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2984
however the candidate signal with least PAPR is transmitted. To find optimum phase set
excessive searches are require leading to high computational complexity. In this paper, we have
taken up the issue of large number of searches involved in PTS [22]. Since reduction in number
of searches will lead to lower computational complexity [23]. By using optimization techniques
number of required searches can be reduced. Some of the excessively used methods
are Genetic Algorithm (GA) [24, 25], Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) [26], Artificial
Bee Colony (ABC) [27, 28], Biogeography Based Optimization (BBO) [29] and differential
evolution (DE) [30].
2. Peak to Average Power Ratio in OFDM Systems
An OFDM signal with N-subcarrier is represented as
𝑥(𝑛) =
1
√𝑁
∑ 𝑋 𝑘
𝑁−1
𝑘=0
.exp (
𝑗. 2. 𝜋. 𝑘. 𝑛
𝑁
) (1)
where N is the number of sub carriers i.e (k=0,1….N-1) and Xk is the symbol modulating
the kth subcarrier. IFFT sum in OFDM may results in to large envelope peaks in time domain.
This results in to high peak to average power ratio. Peak to average power ratio is the ration
peak power of the OFDM signal to the average power of the carrier. PAPR for an OFDM signal
x is given as:
𝑃𝐴𝑃𝑅(𝑥) = max
0≤𝑛≤𝑁−1
|𝑥 𝑛|2
/𝐸{|𝑥 𝑛|2} (2)
where |𝑥 𝑛| the magnitude and E is representing the expectation operator. To evaluate
PAPR reduction performance of a method complementary cumulative function is used as
a performance index. CCDF represents the probability that signal level will remain above
a particular level, power level in case of PAPR. CDF can be represented as
𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐹 = Pr( 𝑃𝐴𝑃𝑅 > 𝑃𝐴𝑃𝑅0) (3)
3. Multiple Signal Representation Methods
In such method same set of data is represented by a set of OFDM candidate signals
which are generated with the help of different phase sets. The candidate with least PAPR is
transmitted. The two widely used methods are SLM and PTS.
3.1. SLM
Selected mapping [19-22] scheme is shown in Figure 1. The input symbols are
multiplied with a set of phase vectors and after IFFT block multiple OFDM signal candidates
representing the same data set are produced then one with the least PAPR is chosen for final
transmission. This also requires transmission of side information for error free recovery of
OFDM symbols.
Figure 1. OFDM system with SLM technique
3. TELKOMNIKA ISSN: 1693-6930 ◼
PAPR analysis of OFDM system using AI based multiple signal... (Jyoti Shukla)
2985
Every data block is multiplied by U phase sequences, with each block of equal size N,
the phase factor 𝑃(𝑢)
= [𝑝 𝑢,0, 𝑝 𝑢,1, … , 𝑝 𝑢,𝑁−1]
𝑇
, where u = 1,2…U, and 𝑃𝑢,𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑗𝜙𝑢,𝑣
and
𝜙 𝑢,𝑣 ∈ [0,2𝜋) for v = 0,1….N-1. This resultant signal is:
𝑋 𝑛
𝑢
= 𝑋 𝑛 𝑃𝑢,𝑛 (4)
after taking its IFFT the various OFDM sequence get generated among which 𝑥̃ = 𝑥 𝑢̃
, with
lowest PAPR is selected for transmission.
𝑢̃ = argmin
𝑢=1,2,…,𝑈
(max|𝑥 𝑢[𝑛]
|) (5)
3.2. PTS
Figure 2 shows typical PTS scheme. The data sequence 𝑋 is split in to 𝑉 sub blocks of
equal length 𝑁. Then sub blocks are multiplied with unique phase vector 𝑏 𝑣
. Resulting in to
multiple OFDM candidates for different phase combination, each of them is given by (6):
𝑥 𝑚
= ∑ 𝑏 𝑚
𝑣
. 𝑥 𝑣
𝑉−1
𝑣=0
(6)
where 𝑥 𝑣 = 𝐼𝐹𝐹𝑇[𝑋 𝑣], with Jzphase weights total number of phase weights which need to be
analyzed are JV-1, as for the first sub block the phase factor is usually chosen as 1. The optimum
phase factor is the one which produces minimum PAPR of candidate signal x’ as given by (7):
[𝑏1
̃ , … , 𝑏 𝑣
̃] = argmin
[𝑏1,……….𝑏 𝑣]
( max
𝑛=0,1…𝑁−1
|∑ 𝑏 𝑣 𝑥 𝑣[𝑛]
𝑉
𝑣=1
|) (7)
Figure 2. OFDM systems using PTS
3.3. Complex Computations in PTS
For V sub-blocks and J-phase weights, JV-1 possible phase combination is searched and
analysed which results in to same number of PTS candidates are generated. For N-point IFFT
operations (N-subcarrier OFDM):
Complex addition: 𝑁 log2 𝑁 and multiplications (𝑁/2). log2 𝑁 (8)
for an oversampling factor of R, Factor of N will be replaced by N.R. In generation of PTS
candidates additional 𝑁 × 𝐽 𝑉−1
× (𝑉 − 1) multiplications and additions will be required. So,
Overallcomplexadditions = 𝑅. 𝑉. 𝑁 log2 𝑁 + 𝑅. 𝑁 × 𝐽 𝑉−1
× (𝑉 − 1)
Overallcomplexmulitplications = 𝑅. 𝑉. (𝑁/2) log2 𝑁 + 𝑅. 𝑁 × 𝐽 𝑉−1
× (𝑉 − 1) (9)
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If we can reduce the number of searches from JV-1, the number of computations required will
also reduce. Optimization methods can be used to serve the purpose.
4. Multiple Optimization Methods based PTS
Using optimization methods, we can put a cap on the searches required and thus
overall computational complexity of PTS systems. In this paper we used ABC, PSO, DE and GA
method for reduction of number of searches.
4.1. Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (PSO)-PTS
The method labels the population as swarm and each individual is called a particle.
The typical flowchart for the algorithm is shown in Figure 3. PSO-PTS technique is implemented
by changing phase factor combination bv which used as position vector. Each PTS candidate x
is considered as a particle with position vector, bv (v=0,1….V-1) along with the velocity vector is
changed is changed to get a new solution or PTS candidate. A true solution is the one which
using bv achieves desired relation between and local and global objective of the algorithm. pbest
and gbest are PAPR values for a set of bv. The iterations end when both the variable achieves
the pre-decided PAPR threshold. The new velocity for ith particle is given by:
𝑧𝑖(𝑡 + 1) = 𝑤. 𝑧𝑖(𝑡) + 𝑎1. 𝑐1. (𝑏 𝑣
𝑝𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡
(𝑡) − 𝑏 𝑣(𝑡)) + 𝑎2. 𝑐2 (𝑏 𝑣
𝑔𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡
(𝑡) − 𝑏 𝑣(𝑡)) (10)
where a1 and a2 are acceleration factors and c1, c2 are uniformly distributed r.v in [0,1] and z is
representing the velocity.New position will be:
𝑏𝑖,𝑣(𝑡 + 1) = 𝑏𝑖,𝑣(𝑡) + 𝑧𝑖(𝑡 + 1) (11)
Figure 3. Flowchart for PSO algorithm
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4.2. Particle Artificial Bee Colony (ABC)-PTS
The algorithm contains three dissimilar groups of bees: “employed bees”, “onlooker
bees” and “scout bees”. The different sources here are member of solution space and nectar
represents fitness. According to this algorithm initially a randomly distributed population is
generated which represent the employed bees. The employed bees execute various operations
with the neighborhood values in seeking the best value. If the solution in the vicinity is healthier
than the initially received one, the new solution is allocated in place of the first one. When
the entire search process of the employed bee is concluded, they distribute this information with
the next set of bees i.e. “onlooker bees. The employed bee turns towards the food source.
The goal is to discover a phase vector with extreme fitness value; the fitness function is
given by:
𝑓𝑖𝑡(𝑥𝑗) = 1 1 + 𝑓(𝑥𝑗)⁄ (10)
where xj is the solution primed in continuous space and then transformed into discrete phase
vector space. Also, f(xj) represents the PAPR value. Whenever fitness is high, PAPR has a low
value. A corresponding fitness value of the phase vectors are calculated, if the old value is lower
than the new value, then the bee memorizes the new phase value. The new phase vector is
chosen by:
𝑥𝑗 = 𝑥𝑗 + 𝑎𝑗(𝑥𝑗 − 𝑥 𝑝) (11)
where αj is a random number generated in the range [-1,1], and xp is the solution within
the neighborhood of xj the fitness value is then pooled by the onlooker bees, when the work of
employed bees is finished. Onlooker bees move towards new food sources, based on
the knowledge provided to them by employed bees, through a formula:
𝑆𝑗 = 𝑓𝑖𝑡(𝑥𝑗) ∑ 𝑓𝑖𝑡(𝑥𝑗)
𝑗=1
⁄ (12)
the onlooker bee demeanors a search in the neighborhood of the food source chosen by (12) till
the threshold value. ABC-PTS implementation is shown in Figure 4.
Finally, when the onlooker bees accomplish their task, the employed bees transform to
scout bees, in order to seek new food sources randomly, by the following formula:
𝑥𝑗 = min(𝑥𝑗) + 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑(0,1) ∗ (max(𝑥𝑗) − min(𝑥𝑗)) (16)
where, rand (0,1) is the random number with a uniform distribution.
4.3. Differential Evolution (DE)-PTS
The DE technique twitches with an initial solution set. The DE process usually three
chief processes: initialization, mutation operation, crossover operation, and selection operation.
DE is implemented as per following block diagram shown in Figure 5.
5. Simulations and Results
The simulations has been carried out in MATLAB for N=128 for V=8 sub blocks and
4 phase weights {1, 𝑗, −1, −𝑗}. Mapping scheme used is BPSK, 1000 OFDM symbols have been
used for simulations. Rayligh fading channel is used with 4 taps for BER calculations.
Figure 6 (a) shows PAPR reduction capabilities of PTS, ABC-PTS and PSO-PTS in terms
of CCDF. It clearly shows that ABC and PSO-PTS performs better than conventional one.
The PAPR values for ABC-PTS are in the range of 4-7 dB where as for PSO-PTS value may go
up to 9 dB as compared to >10 dB for PTS. Figure 6 (b) compares the PAPR reduction
performance of SLM, ABC-SLM and PSO-SLM. Again, the CCDF curves are plotted it implies
that, the PAPR values for ABC-SLM are in the range of 4-6.8 dB where as for PSO-SLM value
may go up to 7.8 dB as compared to 9.4 dB for SLM.
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Figure 4. Implementing ABC-PTS algorithm
Figure 5. Implementing DE algorithm
Figures 7 (a) and (b) shows BER performance of ABC and PSO in SLM and PTS
OFDM systems BER curves show similar performance and trend SLM and PTS however ABC
results in to better BER value than PSO. Overall, we can say that PAPR performances of
the optimization-based methods are good enough in practical scenarios. Table 1 summarizes
the result of above study for PTS it clearly shows that for lower number of iterations similar
PAPR performance can be achieved. This will lead to reduction in complexity.
Reduction in iterations will reduce the number of complex additions and
multiplications e.g.: For 4 sub-blocks and 4 phase weights number of complex multiplications
will be = 4(4-1)×3=192. Similarly, number of complex multiplications will be = 192. However,
theses values will reduce to 18 and 99 for ABC and DE based PTS methods. However, for
similar complexity PAPR reduction in PSO PTS is better.
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(a)
(b)
Figure 6. CCDF curves for (a) PTS, ABC-PTS and PSO-PTS and
(b) SLM, ABC-SLM and PSO-SLM
(a)
(b)
Figure 7. BER comparison of (a) ABC-SLM and PSO-SLM and (b) ABC-PTS and PSO-PTS
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Table 1. PAPR and Iterations for Various Optimization Methods
Methods PAPR Iterations
PTS 9.554 64
ABC-PTS 7.6752 6
DE-PTS 7.0307 33
PSO-PTS 8.9185 64
6. Conclusion
High PAPR is on of the major challenges 4th generation OFDM based systems are
facing, PTS and SLM are the most sought distortionless methods for PAPR reduction. But both
the methods require excessive searches to find the optimum signal for transmission. Using AI
based optimization techniques we can achieve similar PAPR reduction at reduced searches this
directly impacts the number of computations required in both the methods. In this paper PSO,
ABC and DE methods are used, but the analysis can be further carried out for other methods
such as biogeography, differential evolution and other optimization methods.
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