- The patient has a history of chronic pancreatitis dating back to 2010 when she was diagnosed with a large pancreatic duct stone. She has undergone multiple procedures to treat this including ERCP and pancreaticojejunostomy.
- On current imaging the pancreatic duct remains dilated with a large stone present. The patient presents with ongoing upper abdominal pain.
- Surgical management options discussed include further endoscopic procedures, drainage procedures such as longitudinal pancreaticojejunostomy, or resectional procedures depending on the extent of disease. Pain control and enzyme supplementation are also important aspects of ongoing medical management.
Acute Pancreatitis (According to American College of Gastroenterology 2013 gu...Jibran Mohsin
This Presentation focuses on definition, new classification, different scoring systems for severity, rationale for radiological signs and new management recommendations as per 2013 American College of Gastroenterology guidelines
Acute Pancreatitis (According to American College of Gastroenterology 2013 gu...Jibran Mohsin
This Presentation focuses on definition, new classification, different scoring systems for severity, rationale for radiological signs and new management recommendations as per 2013 American College of Gastroenterology guidelines
Pancreatitis - being one of the differentials for acute abdomen which includes Acute & Chronic pancreatitis, their aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features & possible complications.
Gastroparesis is a condition in which a human stomach cannot empty itself of food in a normal manner. Gastroparesis disorder is also known as delayed gastric emptying.
Pancreatitis - being one of the differentials for acute abdomen which includes Acute & Chronic pancreatitis, their aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features & possible complications.
Gastroparesis is a condition in which a human stomach cannot empty itself of food in a normal manner. Gastroparesis disorder is also known as delayed gastric emptying.
classification of soft tissue injuries. gustilo anderson classification, tscheren classification, hanover fracture scale and ao soft tissue grading system, types of wounds. orthopedic open fracture classification for management of soft tissue injuries
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
4. EXAMINATION
• Young lady sitting in bed, well oriented in time place and person.
• Vitals:
• Pulse = 80/min
• B.P = 110/70 mmHg
• R.R = 16/min
• Temp = A/F
8. USG ABDOMEN (2010)
• Dilated pancreatic duct with stone at junction of head and body of pancreas.
9. ERCP (2010)
• Large stone which cannot be retrieved.
• Papillotomy performed.
10. USG ABDOMEN (2012)
• Pancreas is scarred.
• Dilated pancreatic duct.
• Large stone measuring 16 x 20 mm is noted in the pancreatic duct at the junction of pancreatic head
and body.
11. COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY
• Dilated pancreatic duct with proximal narrowing.
• Large intraductal calculus at the junction of head and body.
• Panrenchymal thickening in the region of head and body.
• Peripancreatic fat stranding.
• Pancreatic tail is normal.
16. CHRONIC PANCREATITIS
• Permanent and irreversible damage to the pancreas, with histologic evidence of chronic inflammation,
fibrosis, and destruction of exocrine (acinar cell) and endocrine (islets of Langerhans) tissue.
19. GENDER
• Males are affected more than females (6.7 vs 3.2 cases/100,000)
• Alcohol-induced illness is more prevalent in males.
• Idiopathic and hyperlipidemia-induced pancreatitis is more prevalent in females.
• Equal sex ratios are observed in hereditary pancreatitis.
27. METABOLIC
• Excessive alcohol consumption
• Most common cause.
• 60-70% of chronic pancreatitis cases are due to alcohol consumption but only 10-15% alcoholics develop the
disease.
• Increases protein secretion and decreased fluid and bicarb production.
• Viscous protenaceous debris becomes insipissated within the lumen, causing ductular obstruction.
28. METABOLIC
• Hyperlipidemia
• Usually presents with repeated attacks of acute pancreatitis.
• Hypercalcemia
• Now a rare cause
• Nutritional or tropical chronic pancreatitis
32. AUTOIMMUNE PANCREATITIS
• Uncommon, less than 1% cases
• Diffuse enlargement of pancreas
• Diffuse and irregular narrowing of the main pancreatic duct
• Increased circulating levels of IgG4
• Autoantibodies
• Association with other autoimmune disease.
33. ETIOLOGY
• Alcohol 70%
• Idiopathic (including tropical) 20%
• Other 10%
• Hereditary
• Hyperparathyroidism
• Hypertriglyceridemia
• Autoimmune pancreatitis
• Obstruction
• Trauma
• Pancrease divisum
Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery 8th ed
34. PANCREATIC STONES
• Calcium carbonate crystals trapped in a matrix of fibrillar and other material.
• The fibrillar center of most stones contains no calcium, but a mixture of other metals.
• Stones form from an initial noncalcified protein precipitate (PSP/lithostathine), which serves as a focus
for layered calcium carbonate precipitation.
• PSP/lithostathine are potent inhibitors of CaCO3 crystal growth.
• Availability fo PSP/lithostathine in duct fluid of alcoholic patients is decreased by elevated levels of
precipitation and decreased production. increased CaCO3 crystal deposition.
35. FIBROSIS
• A common feature of all forms of chronic pancreatitis is the perilobular fibrosis that forms surrounding
individual acini, then propagates to surround small lobules, and eventually coalesces to replace larger
areas of acinar tissue.
• The sentinel acute pancreatitis event (SAPE) hypothesis
38. SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS
• Abdominal pain
• Most common symptom.
• Located in epigastrium
• Penetrating through to back
• Steady and boring
• Exacerbated by eating and drinking
• Nausea and vomiting
39.
40. • Malabsorption
• Occurs when pancreatic exocrine capacity fall below 10% of normal.
• Weight loss
• Diarrhea
• Steatorrhea
41. • Pancreatogenic (Brittle) Diabetes
• Acinar tissue loss and replacement by fibrosis is greater than the degree of loss of islet tissue.
• Frank diabetes is seen initially in about 20% of patients with chronic pancreatitis, and impaired glucose
metabolism can be detected in up to 70% of patients.
• Ketoacidosis and diabetic nephropathy are relatively uncommon in pancreatogenic diabetes
42. • Pancreatogenic (Brittle) Diabetes
• Global deficiency of all three glucoregulatory islet cell hormones: insulin, glucagon, and pancreatic
polypeptide (PP).
• The expression of the hepatic insulin receptor gene, and the subsequent availability and action of insulin
receptors on hepatocyte membranes, are regulated by PP.
• Paradoxical combination of enhanced peripheral sensitivity to insulin, and decreased hepatic sensitivity to
insulin.
43. Parameter Type I IDDM Type II NIDDM
Type III
Pancreaticogenic
Ketoacidosis Common Rare Rare
Hyperglycemia Severe Usually mild Mild
Hypoglycemia Common Rare Common
Peripheral insulin
sensitivity
Normal or increased Decreased Increased
Hepatic insulin sensitivity Normal Normal or
Decreased
Decreased
Insulin levels Low High Low
Glucagon levels Normal or high Normal or high Low
Pancreatic polypeptide
levels
High High Low
Typical age of onset Childhood or
adolescence
Adulthood Any
44. TESTS FOR CHRONIC PANCREATITIS
• Measurement of pancreatic products in blood
• Enzymes
• Pancreatic polypeptide
• Measurement of pancreatic exocrine secretion
• Direct measurements
• Enzymes
• Bicarb
• Indirect measurements
• Bentiromide test
• Schilling test
• Fecal fat
• [14C]-olein absorption
• Imaging techniques
• Palin radiograph abdomen
• Ultrasonography
• Computed tomography
• Endoscopic reterograde cholangiopancreatograhy
• Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography
• Endoscopic ultrasonography
51. PSEUDOCYST
• A chronic collection of pancreatic fluid surrounded by a nonepithelialized wall of granulation tissue and
fibrosis.
• The most common complication of chronic pancreatitis.
• Pseudocysts are multiple in 17% of patients.
• Pseudocysts communicate with the pancreatic ductal system in up to 80% of cases.
• They may occur intrapancreatically, or extend beyond the region of the pancreas into other cavities or
compartments.
• Usually cause symptoms of pain, fullness, or early satiety.
52. Definitions of Pancreatic Fluid Collections
Term Definition
Peripancreatic fluid collection A collection of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice which occurs early in the course of
acute pancreatitis, or which forms after a pancreatic duct leak; located in or near
the pancreas, it lacks a well organized wall of granulation or fibrous tissue
Early pancreatic (sterile)
necrosis
A focal or diffuse area of nonviable pancreatic parenchyma, typically occupying
more than 30% of the gland, and containing liquefied debris and fluid
Late pancreatic (sterile) necrosis An organized collection of sterile necrotic debris and fluid with a well-defined
margin or wall within the normal domain of the pancreas
Acute pseudocyst A collection of pancreatic juice enclosed within a perimeter of early granulation
tissue, usually as a consequence of acute pancreatitis which has occurred within the
preceding 3–4 weeks
Chronic pseudocyst A collection of pancreatic fluid surrounded by a wall of normal granulation and
fibrous tissue, usually persisting for more than 6 weeks
Pancreatic abscess Any of the above in which gross purulence (pus) is present, with bacterial or fungal
organisms documented to be present
53. PSEUDOCYST
• Asymptomatic pseudocysts can be managed expectantly, and may resolve spontaneously or persist
without complication.
• Symptomatic or enlarging pseudocysts require treatment.
• The management of a pseudocyst should involve the multidisciplinary approach for evaluation and
selection of any given treatment strategy.
54.
55. PSEUDOCYST
• If infection is suspected, the pseudocyst should be aspirated (not drained) by CT- or US-guided fine-
needle aspiration, and the contents examined.
• If infection is present, and the contents resemble pus, external drainage is employed using either
surgical or percutaneous techniques.
56. PSEUDOCYST
• If the pseudocyst has failed to resolve with conservative therapy and symptoms persist, internal
drainage is usually preferred to external drainage.
• Percutaneous catheter based method
• Endoscopic method
• Surgical method
• Transpapillary duct drainage method
57.
58.
59. PANCREATIC ASCITES
• Disrupted pancreatic duct leads to pancreatic fluid extravasation that does not become sequestered as
a pseudocyst, but drains freely into the peritoneal cavity.
• The pancreatic fluid tracks superiorly into the thorax, and a pancreatic pleural effusion occurs.
• Pancreatic ascites and pleural effusion occur together in 14% of patients.
• Paracentesis or thoracentesis reveals noninfected fluid with a protein level greater than 25 g/L and a
markedly elevated amylase level.
60.
61. PANCREATIC ASCITES
• ERCP is most helpful to delineate the location of the pancreatic duct leak.
• Antisecretory therapy with the somatostatin analog octreotide acetate, together with bowel rest and
parenteral nutrition, is successful in more than half of patients.
• Reapposition of serosal surfaces to facilitate closure of the leak is considered a part of therapy.
• A period of chest tube drainage may facilitate closure of the internal fistula.
• Surgical therapy is reserved for those who fail to respond to medical treatment.
62.
63. PANCREATIC-ENTERIC FISTULA
• The most common site of communication is the transverse colon or splenic flexure.
• Presents with evidence of gastrointestinal or colonic bleeding and sepsis.
• When the fistula involves the colon, operative correction is usually required.
64. HEAD-OF-PANCREAS MASS
• An inflammatory mass develops in head of pancreas in upto 30% of patients.
• Commonly presents with severe pain.
• Duodenum preserving pancreatic head resection.
65. SPLENIC AND PORTAL VEIN THROMBOSIS
• Splenic vein thrombosis occurs in association with chronic pancreatitis in 4 to 8% of cases.
• Portal vein compression and occlusion can occur as a consequence of an inflammatory mass in the head
of the pancreas.
• Variceal formation.
• The mortality risk of bleeding exceeds 20%.
• The addition of splenectomy to prevent variceal hemorrhage is prudent when surgery is otherwise
indicated to correct other problems.
67. MEDICAL THERAPY
• Analgesia
• Alcohol abstention
• Oral analgesics are prescribed alone or with analgesia-enhancing agents such as gabapentin.
• Use of narcotics should be titrated to achieve pain relief with the lowest effective dose.
68. MEDICAL THERAPY
• Enzyme Therapy
• Reverses the effects of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency.
• Non-enteric coated preparations reduce enteric signals for pancreatic enzymes secretion reduce intraductal
pressure reduce pain.
• Enteric coated preparations result in little to no pain relief.
• Enteric coated preparations are treatment of choice for steatorrhea.
69. MEDICAL THERAPY
• Antisecretory Therapy
• Somatostatin administration has been shown to inhibit pancreatic exocrine secretion and CCK release.
• Severe pain exacerbations in chronic pancreatitis can benefit from a combination of octreotide therapy and
TPN.
70. MEDICAL THERAPY
• Neurolytic Therapy
• the use of radiologically- or endoscopically-guided celiac plexus blockade in chronic pancreatitis has
been disappointing.
71. ENDOSCOPIC MANAGEMENT
• Pancreatic duct stenting is used for treatment of proximal pancreatic duct stenosis, decompression of a
pancreatic duct leak, and for drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts that can be catheterized through the
main pancreatic duct.
• Minor papilla sphincterotomy and dorsal duct stenting for chronic pancreatitis due to pancreas divisum.
• Idiopathic pancreatitis patients have been treated with endoscopic stenting, pancreatic duct
sphincterotomy, and endoscopic stone removal.
• Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) has been used for pancreatic duct stones, together with
endoscopic stenting and stone removal.
74. HISTORY OF SURGICAL THERAPY
• 1911 – Pancreatostomy by Link.
• 1942 – Total pancreatectomy by Priestley.
• 1946 – Proximal pancreatic resection by Whipple.
• 1940 – 1950 – Sphincteroplasty.
• 1954 – Roux en Y pancreaticojejunostomy by Duval and Zollinger.
• 1958 – Roux en Y lateral pancreaticojejunostomy by Puestow and Gilllesby.
• 1960 – Roux en Y lateral pancreaticojejunostomy by Partington and Rochelle.
• 1980 – Duodenal preserving pancreatic head resection by Begger.
• 1987 – Local resection of pancreatic head with longitudinal pancreaticojejunostomy by Frey and Smith
76. DRAINAGE PROCEDURES
• The effectiveness of decompression of the pancreatic duct is dependent on the extent to which ductal
hypertension is the etiologic agent for the disease.
• Successful pain relief after the Puestow-type decompression procedure has been reported in 75 to 85%
of patients for the first few years after surgery, but pain recurs in >20% of patients after 5 years.
• The surgical management of pancreatic duct stones and stenosis has been shown to be superior to
endoscopic treatment in randomized clinical trials in which the long, side-to-side technique of
pancreaticojejunostomy is used.
81. DISTAL PANCREATECTOMY
• For patients with focal inflammatory changes localized to the body and tail, or in whom no significant
ductal dilatation exists, the technique of partial (40 to 80%) distal pancreatectomy has been advocated.
• Distal pancreatectomy is less morbid than more extensive resectional procedures.
• Long-term outcomes reveal good pain relief in only 60% of patients, with completion pancreatectomy
required for pain relief in 13% of patients.
82.
83. NINETY-FIVE PERCENT DISTAL PANCREATECTOMY
• Pain relief in 60 to 77% of patients long term.
• High risk of brittle diabetes, hypoglycemic coma, and malnutrition.
84.
85. PROXIMAL PANCREATECTOMY
• Proximal pancreatectomy or pancreaticoduodenectomy, with or without pylorus preservation has been
widely used for the treatment of chronic pancreatitis.
• Pain relief 4 to 6 years after operation was found in 71 to 89% of patients.
• Mortality ranged from 1.5 to 3%.
• In follow-up, 25 to 48% of patients developed diabetes.
86.
87. TOTAL PANCREATECTOMY
• This operation produces no better pain relief for their patients than pancreaticoduodenectomy (about
80% to 85%).
• The metabolic consequences are profound and life-threatening.
88. DPPHR
• Pain relief maintained in 91% after 6 years follow up.
• Mortality <1%.
• Diabetes 21%.
• Similar complication risk as in the Whipple procedure.
89.
90. LR-LPJ
• Excavation of the pancreatic head including the ductal structures in continuity with a long dichotomy of
the dorsal duct.
• Preservation of the pancreatic neck as well as the capsule of the posterior pancreatic head.
• Pain relief in 87% of patients.
• No operative mortality
• Postop complications 22%.
91.
92. DENERVATION PROCEDURES
• Symptomatic relief in patients with persistent and disabling pain who are poor candidates for resection
or drainage procedures.
• Neurolytic therapy
• celiac ganglionectomy or splanchnicectomy
• Transhiatal splanchnicectomy
• Transthoracic splanchnicectomy with or without vagotomy
• Videoscopic transthoracic splanchnicectomy.