Breast cancer is the most common female cancer in the US and the second most common cause of cancer death in women. Risk factors include age, family history, lifestyle factors, and reproductive history. Evaluation of breast complaints requires a thorough history, physical exam including triple assessment with mammography, ultrasound and biopsy. Staging involves assessing tumor size, lymph node involvement and metastasis. Treatment may involve neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgery such as mastectomy or lumpectomy with radiation, and adjuvant systemic therapy.
Please find the power point on Carcinoma of rectum. I tried present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references.
I have include all the contain about mammography like introduction,principle,anatomy,general views ,mammography physics (x-ray tube, housing,filter ,collimator and generator) and different advance technology about mammography.
Hope it will help your queries.
Thank you....!!
Please find the power point on Carcinoma of rectum. I tried present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references.
I have include all the contain about mammography like introduction,principle,anatomy,general views ,mammography physics (x-ray tube, housing,filter ,collimator and generator) and different advance technology about mammography.
Hope it will help your queries.
Thank you....!!
Xeroradiography is the production of visible image utilizing the charged surface of a photoconductor (amorphous selenium) as the detecting medium, partially dissipating the charge by exposure to X rays to form a latent image and making the latent image visible by xerographic processing.
A comprehensive study about new and upcoming modalities in imaging and screening of breast lesions with description about every new modalities with their advantages and pitfalls.
classification of soft tissue injuries. gustilo anderson classification, tscheren classification, hanover fracture scale and ao soft tissue grading system, types of wounds. orthopedic open fracture classification for management of soft tissue injuries
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
2. • The most common female cancer in the US
• The second most common cause of cancer death in women
• The main cause of death in women ages 40 to 59
Siegel R, Ward E, Brawley O, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2011: The impact of eliminating socioeconomic and
racial disparities on premature cancer deaths. CA Cancer J Clin 2011; 61:212.
3.
4. RISK FACTORS
• Age and gender
• Race and ethnicity
• Benign breast disease
• Personal history of breast cancer
• Lifestyle and dietary factors
• Reproductive and hormonal factors
• Family history and genetic factors
• Exposure to ionizing radiation
• Environment factors
• Smoking
5.
6. EVALUATION OF BREAST COMPLAINTS REQUIRES A
VIGILANT AND SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO
ENSURE THAT CANCERS ARE DIAGNOSED AND
TREATED PROMPTLY AND BENIGN BREAST DISEASE
RECEIVES APPROPRIATE ATTENTION AND CARE.
7. HISTORY
• Any change in the general appearance of the breast
• New or persistent skin changes
• New nipple inversion
• Nipple discharge
• The characteristics of any breast pain
• The presence of a breast lump (mass) and its evolution
• The precise location of any breast lump
• Whether a lump waxes and wanes during the menstrual cycle
16. DIAGNOSTIC MAMMOGRAM
• The majority of breast cancers are associated with abnormal mammographic
findings
• If an abnormality is found at mammographic screening, supplemental
mammographic views and possibly ultrasound should be used for further
characterization.
• Some of the most aggressive cancers appear between normal screening
mammograms and are therefore termed interval cancers
17. DIAGNOSTIC MAMMOGRAM
• Younger women may present with large tumors prior to the age at which
screening is usually recommended,
• When women present with a suspicious new mass, diagnostic mammograms
should be part of the initial workup, despite young age or having had a
negative routine screening mammogram.
21. BREAST IMAGING REPORTING AND DATA SYSTEM (BI-
RADS)
Assessment category Recommendation Probability of malignancy
0: Incomplete Need for further evaluation Not applicable
1: Normal Normal interval follow-up 0 percent
2: Benign Normal interval follow-up 0 percent
3: Probably benign
A short interval follow-up is
recommended
≤2 percent
4: Suspicious abnormality A biopsy should be considered
>2 to 95 percent
(a) Low-risk
(b) Intermediate-risk
(c) Moderate to high-risk
5: Highly suggestive of
malignancy
Biopsy or surgery should be
performed
≥95 percent
6: Biopsy-proven carcinoma
22. ULTRASONOGRAPHY
• Ultrasound can be used to differentiate between solid and cystic breast
masses that are palpable or detected mammographically.
• ultrasound evaluation of the axilla can be used to detect lymph nodes that are
suspicious for axillary metastases.
• Ultrasound provides guidance for interventional procedures of suspicious
areas in the breast or axilla.
23. BREAST MRI
• Highly sensitive
• Can identify foci of cancer that are not evident on physical examination,
mammogram, or ultrasound.
• Not recommended as a routine component of the diagnostic evaluation of
breast cancer for most women because
• Limited specificity
• Increases the number of unnecessary biopsies
• Delays definitive treatment
• Increases the number of patients undergoing mastectomy
24. BREAST MRI
• For patients with axillary nodal metastases and a clinically occult primary
tumor.
• When the clinical extent of disease is larger than what is appreciated by
mammography
• To assess posterior tumor extension and pectoralis fascia or muscle
involvement if that will determine a change in surgical approach or the use of
neoadjuvant therapy.
25. BREAST MRI
• For women with Paget’s disease of the breast who have a negative physical
examination and mammogram.
• In women with locally advanced breast cancer who are being considered for
upfront (neoadjuvant) systemic therapy.
• For women with very high risk for contralateral disease.
• For women who are planning extensive reconstructive surgery, breast MRI
may be used to identify occult contralateral cancers.
26. BIOPSY
• In the patient with a suspicious mammographic abnormality or palpable
breast mass, the obligatory diagnostic technique is biopsy.
• Surgical biopsy should not be utilized as a diagnostic tool unless percutaneous
palpation-guided or image-guided biopsy is not feasible.
32. SYSTEMIC EVALUATION
• Indications for radiological staging beyond a general work-up depend upon
the stage of disease.
• For those patients who presents with early stage (I to IIIA) disease, the use of
imaging studies to detect distant metastases are generally limited to patients
with a higher pre-test probability of distant metastases.
33. SYSTEMIC EVALUATION
• Distant metastases in breast cancer most commonly occur in the lung, liver,
and bone.
• Radiologic imaging techniques
• Chest radiography
• Abdominal/pelvic computed tomography (CT) scanning
• Ultrasonography
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• Bone scans
35. Tumor Size (T)
TX Primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0 No evidence of primary tumor
Tis Carcinoma in situ
Tis (DCIS) Ductal carcinoma in situ
Tis (LCIS) Lobular carcinoma in situ
Tis
(Paget's)
Paget's disease of the nipple NOT associated with invasive carcinoma and/or carcinoma in situ in
the underlying breast parenchyma.
T1 Tumor ≤20 mm in greatest dimension
T1mi Tumor ≤1 mm in greatest dimension
T1a Tumor >1 mm but ≤5 mm in greatest dimension
T1b Tumor >5 mm but ≤10 mm in greatest dimension
T1c Tumor >10 mm but ≤20 mm in greatest dimension
T2 Tumor >20 mm but ≤50 mm in greatest dimension
T3 Tumor >50 mm in greatest dimension
T4 Tumor of any size with direct extension to the chest wall and/or to the skin (ulceration or skin nodules)
T4a Extension to the chest wall, not including only pectoralis muscle adherence/invasion
T4b
Ulceration and/or ipsilateral satellite nodules and/or edema (including peau d'orange) of the skin,
which do not meet the criteria for inflammatory carcinoma
T4c Both T4a and T4b
T4d Inflammatory carcinoma
36. Regional Lymph Nodes (N)
NX Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed (eg, previously removed)
N0 No regional lymph node metastases
N1 Metastases to movable ipsilateral level I, II axillary lymph node(s)
N2
Metastases in ipsilateral level I, II axillary lymph nodes that are clinically fixed or matted; or in
clinically detected ipsilateral internal mammary nodes in the absence of clinically evident axillary
lymph node metastases
N2a Metastases in ipsilateral level I, II axillary lymph nodes fixed to one another (matted) or to other structures
N2b
Metastases only in clinically detected‡ ipsilateral internal mammary nodes and in the absence of clinically
evident level I, II axillary lymph node metastases
N3
Metastases in ipsilateral infraclavicular (level III axillary) lymph node(s) with or without level I, II
axillary lymph node involvement; or in clinically detected ipsilateral internal mammary lymph
node(s) with clinically evident level I, II axillary lymph node metastases; or metastases in ipsilateral
supraclavicular lymph node(s) with or without axillary or internal mammary lymph node
involvement
N3a Metastases in ipsilateral infraclavicular lymph node(s)
N3b Metastases in ipsilateral internal mammary lymph node(s) and axillary lymph node(s)
N3c Metastases in ipsilateral supraclavicular lymph node(s)
37. Distant Metastasis (M)
M0 No clinical or radiographic evidence of distant metastases
cM0(i+)
No clinical or radiographic evidence of distant metastases, but deposits of
molecularly or microscopically detected tumor cells in circulating blood, bone
marrow, or other nonregional nodal tissue that are no larger than 0.2 mm in a
patient without symptoms or signs of metastases
M1
Distant detectable metastases as determined by classic clinical and radiographic
means and/or histologically proven larger than 0.2 mm
38. 0 Tis N0 M0
IA T1 N0 M0
IB
T0 N1mi M0
T1 N1mi M0
IIA
T0 N1 M0
T1 N1 M0
T2 N0 M0
IIB
T2 N1 M0
T3 N0 M0
IIIA
T0 N2 M0
T1 N2 M0
T2 N2 M0
T3 N1 M0
T3 N2 M0
IIIB
T4 N0 M0
T4 N1 M0
T4 N2 M0
IIIC Any T N3 M0
IV Any T Any N M1
39. NEOADJUVANT SYSTEMIC THERAPY
• For patients with locally advanced, inoperable and inflammatory breast
cancer, neoadjuvant systemic therapy has become standard treatment.
• For patients with operable, early stage breast cancer, neoadjuvant systemic
therapy results in long-term distant disease-free survival and overall survival
comparable to that achieved with adjuvant systemic therapy.
• there is insufficient evidence that neoadjuvant systemic therapy offers benefit
over primary surgery followed by appropriate adjuvant therapy for smaller
tumors and/or no clinically apparent axillary lymph node involvement
van der Hage JA, van de Velde CJ, Julien JP, et al. Preoperative chemotherapy in primary
operable breast cancer: results from the European Organization for Research and Treatment
of Cancer trial 10902. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19:4224.
40. CANDIDATES
• Locally advanced, inoperable breast cancer
• IIIA, IIIB, IIIC and inflammatory breast cancer
• Early stage, operable breast cancer
• Main indication is BCS (>3cm)
• IIA, IIB, or IIIA
• Patients with surgical contraindications and elderly
Evans TR, Yellowlees A, Foster E, et al. Phase III randomized trial of doxorubicin and docetaxel
versus doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide as primary medical therapy in women with breast
cancer: an anglo-celtic cooperative oncology group study. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:2988.
41. PRE-TREATMENT EVALUATION
• histopathological confirmation of invasive carcinoma
• assessment of ER, PR and HER2 status
• Placement of radiopaque clips to mark the primary tumor location
• Assessment of axillary lymph node status
42. RESPONCE
Response assessment
Target lesions
CR
Disappearance of all target lesions and reduction in the short axis measurement of all pathologic lymph nodes to
≤10 mm
PR ≥30 percent decrease in the sum of the longest diameter of the target lesions compared with baseline
PD
≥20 percent increase of at least 5 mm in the sum of the longest diameters of the target lesions compared with
the smallest sum of the longest diameter recorded
OR
The appearance of new lesions including those detected by FDG-PET
SD Neither PR nor PD
Non-target lesions
CR Disappearance of all non-target lesions and normalization of tumor marker levels
IR, SD
Persistence of one or more non-target lesions and/or the maintenance of tumor marker levels above normal
limits
PD
The appearance of one of more new lesions or unequivocal progression.
If patient has measurable disease, an increase in the overall level, or substantial worsening in non-target lesions,
such that tumor burden has increased, even if there is a SD or PR in target lesions.
If no measurable disease, an increase in the overall tumor burden comparable in magnitude to the increase that
would be required to declare PD in measurable disease (eg, an increase in pleural effusions from trace to large,
or an increase in lymphangitic disease from localized to widespread).
43. LOCOREGIONAL THERAPY
• Mastectomy
• Breast Conserving Surgery
• Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy (SLNB)
• Negative ALND not performed
• Positive ALND performed
+/- RT
44. POST OP RADIOTHERAPY
• Breast conserving surgery
• Patients with locally advanced breast cancer (stage III disease) treated with
mastectomy
• Majority of patients with histologically positive lymph nodes remaining after
preoperative chemotherapy