The document discusses Pakistan-India relations over several decades since independence. It notes that relations have been defined by tensions, misunderstandings and wars due to unresolved disputes like Kashmir and water sharing. While economic cooperation and trade could improve ties, strategic differences like India's pursuit of regional hegemony versus Pakistan's support for regional bipolarity continue to create conflicts. Key flashpoints remain Kashmir, where India's actions are aimed at suppressing calls for freedom, and water sharing, where India has violated the Indus Water Treaty several times through illegal dam construction. Overall, the document argues that both countries must make sincere efforts like confidence building measures to resolve long-standing issues and improve their relations.
pakistan and india relation till 1947 to 2016Usama Ahmad
The document summarizes the history of relations between India and Pakistan since their partition in 1947. It discusses key events and disputes that have strained relations such as the partition of British India, the Kashmir dispute, several Indo-Pakistan wars, and ongoing tensions over terrorism. While the two countries have had hostile relations for decades, they have also attempted negotiations and agreements to reduce tensions, such as the Simla Agreement and later composite dialogue processes.
The partition of British India in 1947 divided the subcontinent into two independent states - India and Pakistan. This caused mass violence as millions of Hindus and Muslims migrated between the two new countries. Ongoing disputes over the territories of Jammu and Kashmir led to wars between India and Pakistan in 1965 and 1971. Water sharing of the Indus River also remained a source of conflict until the 1960 Indus Water Treaty. However, resolving the issues of Kashmir and fully implementing the water treaty remain important for improving relations between the two countries.
This document summarizes Pak-India relations since their partition in 1947. It outlines key events that have strained their relationship such as the Kashmir dispute, three Indo-Pakistan wars between 1965-1971, the Kargil War in 1999, and recent tensions in 2019. While agreements like the Indus Water Treaty and Simla Agreement have aimed to reduce tensions, disputes over Kashmir and cross-border attacks have typically undermined efforts to build trust and cooperation between the two countries.
This document provides an overview of the relationship between Pakistan and India, with a focus on the disputed region of Kashmir. It discusses:
1) The partition of British India and how Kashmir's accession became a point of contention.
2) India's diplomatic success in portraying Kashmir as an internal issue rather than an international dispute, due to its unified stance compared to divisions within Pakistan.
3) The origins of the Kashmir dispute, from the maharaja's rule to the UN resolutions calling for a plebiscite that was never implemented.
4) Various proposals over the decades to resolve the dispute through compromise, such as an independent Kashmir or accepting the current line of control
Pakistan & India relationships Over the Years by ZZSyed Zahoor
The document discusses Pakistan and India's relationship over time based on the perspectives of various Pakistani politicians and civil society leaders. It outlines a history of tensions and conflicts between the two countries, as well as periods of more positive diplomacy and peace talks. Imran Khan, leader of the PTI party, is discussed as advocating for increased economic cooperation, open borders, and a resolution of the Kashmir issue in order to improve relations. Benazir Bhutto is also mentioned, noting her views evolved from supporting Kashmiri separatism to calling for economic integration between Pakistan and India.
The US established diplomatic relations with Pakistan in 1947. Relations improved under President Eisenhower, with Pakistan seeking military and economic support from the US against threats from India and the Soviet Union. Pakistan joined defense pacts like SEATO and CENTO that aligned it with the West during the Cold War. This provided military and economic aid from the US, but also compromised Pakistan's foreign policy and hurt relations with other countries.
India and Pakistan share linguistic, cultural, geographic, and economic links, yet their relation has been mired in complexity due to a number of historical and political events.
Indo-Pak relations have been defined by the violent partition of British India in 1947, the Jammu & Kashmir conflict and the numerous military conflicts fought between the two nations.
The partition of British India was one of the largest human migrations ever seen and sparked bloody massacres of refugees across the region. It displaced up to 12.5 million people, with an estimated loss of life of 1 million. India became a secular nation with a Hindu majority population and a large Muslim minority, while Pakistan emerged as an Islamic republic with an overwhelming Muslim majority population and a very small population subscribing to other faiths.
pakistan and india relation till 1947 to 2016Usama Ahmad
The document summarizes the history of relations between India and Pakistan since their partition in 1947. It discusses key events and disputes that have strained relations such as the partition of British India, the Kashmir dispute, several Indo-Pakistan wars, and ongoing tensions over terrorism. While the two countries have had hostile relations for decades, they have also attempted negotiations and agreements to reduce tensions, such as the Simla Agreement and later composite dialogue processes.
The partition of British India in 1947 divided the subcontinent into two independent states - India and Pakistan. This caused mass violence as millions of Hindus and Muslims migrated between the two new countries. Ongoing disputes over the territories of Jammu and Kashmir led to wars between India and Pakistan in 1965 and 1971. Water sharing of the Indus River also remained a source of conflict until the 1960 Indus Water Treaty. However, resolving the issues of Kashmir and fully implementing the water treaty remain important for improving relations between the two countries.
This document summarizes Pak-India relations since their partition in 1947. It outlines key events that have strained their relationship such as the Kashmir dispute, three Indo-Pakistan wars between 1965-1971, the Kargil War in 1999, and recent tensions in 2019. While agreements like the Indus Water Treaty and Simla Agreement have aimed to reduce tensions, disputes over Kashmir and cross-border attacks have typically undermined efforts to build trust and cooperation between the two countries.
This document provides an overview of the relationship between Pakistan and India, with a focus on the disputed region of Kashmir. It discusses:
1) The partition of British India and how Kashmir's accession became a point of contention.
2) India's diplomatic success in portraying Kashmir as an internal issue rather than an international dispute, due to its unified stance compared to divisions within Pakistan.
3) The origins of the Kashmir dispute, from the maharaja's rule to the UN resolutions calling for a plebiscite that was never implemented.
4) Various proposals over the decades to resolve the dispute through compromise, such as an independent Kashmir or accepting the current line of control
Pakistan & India relationships Over the Years by ZZSyed Zahoor
The document discusses Pakistan and India's relationship over time based on the perspectives of various Pakistani politicians and civil society leaders. It outlines a history of tensions and conflicts between the two countries, as well as periods of more positive diplomacy and peace talks. Imran Khan, leader of the PTI party, is discussed as advocating for increased economic cooperation, open borders, and a resolution of the Kashmir issue in order to improve relations. Benazir Bhutto is also mentioned, noting her views evolved from supporting Kashmiri separatism to calling for economic integration between Pakistan and India.
The US established diplomatic relations with Pakistan in 1947. Relations improved under President Eisenhower, with Pakistan seeking military and economic support from the US against threats from India and the Soviet Union. Pakistan joined defense pacts like SEATO and CENTO that aligned it with the West during the Cold War. This provided military and economic aid from the US, but also compromised Pakistan's foreign policy and hurt relations with other countries.
India and Pakistan share linguistic, cultural, geographic, and economic links, yet their relation has been mired in complexity due to a number of historical and political events.
Indo-Pak relations have been defined by the violent partition of British India in 1947, the Jammu & Kashmir conflict and the numerous military conflicts fought between the two nations.
The partition of British India was one of the largest human migrations ever seen and sparked bloody massacres of refugees across the region. It displaced up to 12.5 million people, with an estimated loss of life of 1 million. India became a secular nation with a Hindu majority population and a large Muslim minority, while Pakistan emerged as an Islamic republic with an overwhelming Muslim majority population and a very small population subscribing to other faiths.
The document summarizes the relationship between Pakistan and India, outlining their shared history, cultural ties, ongoing disputes, and diplomatic efforts. It notes that while the two states have historic and economic links, their relationship has also been defined by hostility and conflict over issues like Kashmir and partition. It provides details on the multiple wars fought between Pakistan and India since independence and discusses several treaties signed in an effort to reduce tensions, including the Karachi Agreement, Liaquat-Nehru Pact, Sindh Taas Agreement, and Simla Agreement.
This document provides background information and key details about the 1965 war between India and Pakistan over the disputed Kashmir region. It discusses the causes of the war, including territorial disputes and Pakistan's desire to take Kashmir by force. It describes some major battles between Indian and Pakistani forces, and notes that the war ended in a stalemate. The aftermath saw international pressure and a ceasefire negotiated in Tashkent that restored the pre-war status quo.
Issues of conflict between india and pakistanFaizan Shabbir
The document outlines several key issues of conflict between India and Pakistan, including Sir Creek, the Siachin Glacier, and water disputes. Sir Creek is an unresolved maritime boundary in the Runn of Kutch region, which both countries claim. The Siachin Glacier is a strategically important mountainous region where both countries maintain a permanent military presence. There are also ongoing water disputes around dams and hydroelectric projects on rivers like the Chenab that flow between the two countries. These issues remain unresolved sources of tension despite numerous negotiations and treaties over the decades.
The document discusses the long-standing relationship between Pakistan and China, covering their diplomatic, economic, military, and nuclear cooperation. It notes that Pakistan was the first Muslim country to establish diplomatic relations with China in 1951. Since then, the two countries have strengthened ties across many areas and embarked on joint infrastructure projects through their China-Pakistan Economic Corridor initiative. The relationship is described as an "all-weather strategic cooperative partnership" that is mutually beneficial.
The document summarizes Sino-Pakistani relations from 1947 to 2017. It discusses major agreements between China and Pakistan, China's support for Pakistan's nuclear program and during wars with India. It outlines China's projects with Pakistan and other Asian countries through initiatives like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor and One Belt One Road. These infrastructure and development projects strengthen economic and strategic ties between China and Pakistan.
Pakistan and Iran have a long history of close relations since Pakistan's establishment in 1947. Iran was the first country to recognize Pakistan and the two countries signed a treaty of friendship in 1950. They have supported each other both militarily and economically over the years, including during the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pakistan wars. While relations faced some difficulties during the Soviet-Afghan war and rise of the Taliban, the countries have worked to rehabilitate ties in recent decades. They continue economic cooperation like on a proposed Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline and aim to strengthen security cooperation along their shared border.
Pakistan has diplomatic relationships with several countries based on mutual interests and objectives. Its foreign policy aims to protect national security, territorial integrity, and political sovereignty. Key aspects of Pakistan's foreign policy include sovereignty, national interests, and peaceful cooperation. Major foreign policy agencies include the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and intelligence services. Pakistan maintains relationships with neighboring countries like Iran, Afghanistan, India, China, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey as well as allies like the United States.
The document provides a chronology of key events in the Kashmir dispute from 1947 to 2017 between India and Pakistan over control of the Kashmir region. It outlines the partition of the subcontinent in 1947 that led to the Maharaja of Kashmir's accession to India and the first war between India and Pakistan over the region. Subsequent events include three wars, a Simla Agreement, a pro-independence insurgency in Indian-administered Kashmir in the late 1980s, and continuing violence and tensions along the Line of Control dividing the region.
The document discusses the major difficulties faced by Pakistan after its partition from India in 1947. It outlines geographical disputes over boundaries that divided Muslim-majority and Hindu-majority areas unequally. Other issues included the unequal division of military and financial assets, the settlement of refugees, conflicts over Kashmir and water rights, establishing foreign relations and policy, and selecting a capital city amid a lack of resources and administration.
China has over 5,000 years of history spanning many dynasties and emperors. In 1949, the People's Republic of China was formed under Mao Zedong. Pakistan was one of the first countries to recognize China in 1950, strengthening their diplomatic relations. Since then, China has been Pakistan's strongest ally and largest provider of military and economic assistance, helping with numerous infrastructure projects through their growing trade relationship.
The document summarizes key events of the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. It describes how Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and the Awami League won democratic elections in Pakistan in 1970 but power was not transferred. The Pakistan military launched a violent crackdown in Bangladesh, leading Bangladesh to declare independence on March 26, 1971. India supported Bangladesh and 10 million Bangladeshis sought refuge in India, straining resources. After international failures to resolve the crisis, India intervened militarily in December 1971, achieving a swift victory and the liberation of Bangladesh.
The document discusses the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan over control of the Kashmir region. It provides background on the history and division of Kashmir, positions of India and Pakistan, and UN involvement. The UN has brokered ceasefires but an attempted plebiscite to determine Kashmir's status has been delayed. The document proposes that the UN take a more proactive role by encouraging normalized relations between India and Pakistan and providing peacekeeping forces to secure borders and prevent militant movement.
This short document discusses numerical values, listing the numbers 5, 7, and 10 in the first few lines. It then includes some additional text spanning multiple lines before concluding with the numbers 17 and 18.
Iran and Pakistan have close cultural, religious, and economic ties dating back centuries. They share a 909 km border and were among the first to recognize each other after gaining independence. The two countries have supported each other militarily, including during the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pakistani wars. More recently, they have sought to strengthen economic cooperation through projects like the Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline and increased bilateral trade, though American opposition to Iran has posed challenges. Defense agreements also aim to bolster military collaboration between the two neighbors.
Pakistan and Iran have historically close relations due to their shared border, religious and cultural ties. Iran was the first country to recognize Pakistan after its independence. The two countries have supported each other in times of need, such as during the 1971 war for Bangladeshi independence and after natural disasters. While relations became strained after Pakistan allied with the US post-9/11, the two countries have sought to improve economic and security cooperation in recent years through projects like gas pipelines and improving border management. High-level military visits between the two countries in 2017 and 2018 aim to further strengthen bilateral relations.
Foreign Policy of Pakistan and Simla Agreement2ub1
The Simla Agreement signed by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto of Pakistan on 2nd July 1972 was much more than a peace treaty seeking to reverse the consequences of the 1971 war (i.e. to bring about withdrawals of troops and an exchange of PoWs). It was a comprehensive blue print for good neighbourly relations between India and Pakistan. Under the Simla Agreement both countries undertook to abjure conflict and confrontation which had marred relations in the past, and to work towards the establishment of durable peace, friendship and cooperation.
The document outlines the changing diplomatic relations between Pakistan and the Soviet Union from 1947 to 1988. It began with Pakistan refusing Soviet aid and aligning with the US in the 1950s. Relations fluctuated depending on various geopolitical events and alignments, with periods of both cooperation and deterioration. They hit a low point in the late 1970s and 1980s due to Pakistan supporting US efforts in Afghanistan while the Soviet Union occupied the country.
This document provides background information on the disintegration of Pakistan and creation of Bangladesh. It discusses the post-partition difficulties Pakistan faced, the political situation in 1947, and the various constitutional drafts proposed between 1950-1956 that created tensions between East and West Pakistan over representation. It also outlines Mujibur Rahman's six points, the role of the Awami League, events during the eras of Ayub Khan and Yahya Khan, Operation Searchlight in 1971, the Bangladesh Liberation War, and the key causes of the separation including language controversies, economic disparity, the dominance of the West Pakistani ruling elite, and Indian support for Bangladeshi independence.
This document provides an acknowledgment and summary of a course project report on India-Pakistan relations prepared by nine students. It thanks their professor for the opportunity and notes they tried to be unbiased. The three main sections discuss the reasons and results of the partition of India in 1947, including the two-nation theory and power politics involved. It also summarizes the major conflicts between India and Pakistan after independence, including disputes over irrigation water, Kashmir, and wars in 1965 and 1999.
This document contains a series of slides analyzing China's future economic, demographic, and geopolitical trends. It projects that China's economy will continue growing rapidly but begin slowing down in the next decade as the population ages and growth rates decline. It also notes growing military and economic asymmetries between China and India that are expected to start closing around 2035. Several scenarios are presented for how relations between the two countries and China's internal development could unfold.
The document summarizes the relationship between Pakistan and India, outlining their shared history, cultural ties, ongoing disputes, and diplomatic efforts. It notes that while the two states have historic and economic links, their relationship has also been defined by hostility and conflict over issues like Kashmir and partition. It provides details on the multiple wars fought between Pakistan and India since independence and discusses several treaties signed in an effort to reduce tensions, including the Karachi Agreement, Liaquat-Nehru Pact, Sindh Taas Agreement, and Simla Agreement.
This document provides background information and key details about the 1965 war between India and Pakistan over the disputed Kashmir region. It discusses the causes of the war, including territorial disputes and Pakistan's desire to take Kashmir by force. It describes some major battles between Indian and Pakistani forces, and notes that the war ended in a stalemate. The aftermath saw international pressure and a ceasefire negotiated in Tashkent that restored the pre-war status quo.
Issues of conflict between india and pakistanFaizan Shabbir
The document outlines several key issues of conflict between India and Pakistan, including Sir Creek, the Siachin Glacier, and water disputes. Sir Creek is an unresolved maritime boundary in the Runn of Kutch region, which both countries claim. The Siachin Glacier is a strategically important mountainous region where both countries maintain a permanent military presence. There are also ongoing water disputes around dams and hydroelectric projects on rivers like the Chenab that flow between the two countries. These issues remain unresolved sources of tension despite numerous negotiations and treaties over the decades.
The document discusses the long-standing relationship between Pakistan and China, covering their diplomatic, economic, military, and nuclear cooperation. It notes that Pakistan was the first Muslim country to establish diplomatic relations with China in 1951. Since then, the two countries have strengthened ties across many areas and embarked on joint infrastructure projects through their China-Pakistan Economic Corridor initiative. The relationship is described as an "all-weather strategic cooperative partnership" that is mutually beneficial.
The document summarizes Sino-Pakistani relations from 1947 to 2017. It discusses major agreements between China and Pakistan, China's support for Pakistan's nuclear program and during wars with India. It outlines China's projects with Pakistan and other Asian countries through initiatives like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor and One Belt One Road. These infrastructure and development projects strengthen economic and strategic ties between China and Pakistan.
Pakistan and Iran have a long history of close relations since Pakistan's establishment in 1947. Iran was the first country to recognize Pakistan and the two countries signed a treaty of friendship in 1950. They have supported each other both militarily and economically over the years, including during the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pakistan wars. While relations faced some difficulties during the Soviet-Afghan war and rise of the Taliban, the countries have worked to rehabilitate ties in recent decades. They continue economic cooperation like on a proposed Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline and aim to strengthen security cooperation along their shared border.
Pakistan has diplomatic relationships with several countries based on mutual interests and objectives. Its foreign policy aims to protect national security, territorial integrity, and political sovereignty. Key aspects of Pakistan's foreign policy include sovereignty, national interests, and peaceful cooperation. Major foreign policy agencies include the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and intelligence services. Pakistan maintains relationships with neighboring countries like Iran, Afghanistan, India, China, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey as well as allies like the United States.
The document provides a chronology of key events in the Kashmir dispute from 1947 to 2017 between India and Pakistan over control of the Kashmir region. It outlines the partition of the subcontinent in 1947 that led to the Maharaja of Kashmir's accession to India and the first war between India and Pakistan over the region. Subsequent events include three wars, a Simla Agreement, a pro-independence insurgency in Indian-administered Kashmir in the late 1980s, and continuing violence and tensions along the Line of Control dividing the region.
The document discusses the major difficulties faced by Pakistan after its partition from India in 1947. It outlines geographical disputes over boundaries that divided Muslim-majority and Hindu-majority areas unequally. Other issues included the unequal division of military and financial assets, the settlement of refugees, conflicts over Kashmir and water rights, establishing foreign relations and policy, and selecting a capital city amid a lack of resources and administration.
China has over 5,000 years of history spanning many dynasties and emperors. In 1949, the People's Republic of China was formed under Mao Zedong. Pakistan was one of the first countries to recognize China in 1950, strengthening their diplomatic relations. Since then, China has been Pakistan's strongest ally and largest provider of military and economic assistance, helping with numerous infrastructure projects through their growing trade relationship.
The document summarizes key events of the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. It describes how Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and the Awami League won democratic elections in Pakistan in 1970 but power was not transferred. The Pakistan military launched a violent crackdown in Bangladesh, leading Bangladesh to declare independence on March 26, 1971. India supported Bangladesh and 10 million Bangladeshis sought refuge in India, straining resources. After international failures to resolve the crisis, India intervened militarily in December 1971, achieving a swift victory and the liberation of Bangladesh.
The document discusses the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan over control of the Kashmir region. It provides background on the history and division of Kashmir, positions of India and Pakistan, and UN involvement. The UN has brokered ceasefires but an attempted plebiscite to determine Kashmir's status has been delayed. The document proposes that the UN take a more proactive role by encouraging normalized relations between India and Pakistan and providing peacekeeping forces to secure borders and prevent militant movement.
This short document discusses numerical values, listing the numbers 5, 7, and 10 in the first few lines. It then includes some additional text spanning multiple lines before concluding with the numbers 17 and 18.
Iran and Pakistan have close cultural, religious, and economic ties dating back centuries. They share a 909 km border and were among the first to recognize each other after gaining independence. The two countries have supported each other militarily, including during the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pakistani wars. More recently, they have sought to strengthen economic cooperation through projects like the Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline and increased bilateral trade, though American opposition to Iran has posed challenges. Defense agreements also aim to bolster military collaboration between the two neighbors.
Pakistan and Iran have historically close relations due to their shared border, religious and cultural ties. Iran was the first country to recognize Pakistan after its independence. The two countries have supported each other in times of need, such as during the 1971 war for Bangladeshi independence and after natural disasters. While relations became strained after Pakistan allied with the US post-9/11, the two countries have sought to improve economic and security cooperation in recent years through projects like gas pipelines and improving border management. High-level military visits between the two countries in 2017 and 2018 aim to further strengthen bilateral relations.
Foreign Policy of Pakistan and Simla Agreement2ub1
The Simla Agreement signed by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto of Pakistan on 2nd July 1972 was much more than a peace treaty seeking to reverse the consequences of the 1971 war (i.e. to bring about withdrawals of troops and an exchange of PoWs). It was a comprehensive blue print for good neighbourly relations between India and Pakistan. Under the Simla Agreement both countries undertook to abjure conflict and confrontation which had marred relations in the past, and to work towards the establishment of durable peace, friendship and cooperation.
The document outlines the changing diplomatic relations between Pakistan and the Soviet Union from 1947 to 1988. It began with Pakistan refusing Soviet aid and aligning with the US in the 1950s. Relations fluctuated depending on various geopolitical events and alignments, with periods of both cooperation and deterioration. They hit a low point in the late 1970s and 1980s due to Pakistan supporting US efforts in Afghanistan while the Soviet Union occupied the country.
This document provides background information on the disintegration of Pakistan and creation of Bangladesh. It discusses the post-partition difficulties Pakistan faced, the political situation in 1947, and the various constitutional drafts proposed between 1950-1956 that created tensions between East and West Pakistan over representation. It also outlines Mujibur Rahman's six points, the role of the Awami League, events during the eras of Ayub Khan and Yahya Khan, Operation Searchlight in 1971, the Bangladesh Liberation War, and the key causes of the separation including language controversies, economic disparity, the dominance of the West Pakistani ruling elite, and Indian support for Bangladeshi independence.
This document provides an acknowledgment and summary of a course project report on India-Pakistan relations prepared by nine students. It thanks their professor for the opportunity and notes they tried to be unbiased. The three main sections discuss the reasons and results of the partition of India in 1947, including the two-nation theory and power politics involved. It also summarizes the major conflicts between India and Pakistan after independence, including disputes over irrigation water, Kashmir, and wars in 1965 and 1999.
This document contains a series of slides analyzing China's future economic, demographic, and geopolitical trends. It projects that China's economy will continue growing rapidly but begin slowing down in the next decade as the population ages and growth rates decline. It also notes growing military and economic asymmetries between China and India that are expected to start closing around 2035. Several scenarios are presented for how relations between the two countries and China's internal development could unfold.
1) The document discusses the history of conflict between India and Pakistan over Kashmir since partition, including various battles and wars between the two countries.
2) It also discusses ongoing issues related to Kashmir such as terrorist camps, arms and drug trafficking, and ceasefire violations.
3) Additionally, the document outlines the history of trade relations between India and Pakistan, noting that bilateral trade has fluctuated over time but efforts have been made to increase trade through various agreements and policies.
The document discusses tensions between India and Pakistan over several decades. Key events include nuclear tests by both countries in 1998, military strikes by India in Kashmir in 1999, and the creation of India and Pakistan as separate states from Britain in 1947. The document also mentions the 1971 conflict in East Pakistan, Pakistan's relations with the US, insurgent activity in Kashmir allegedly supported by Pakistan, and the countries' history as long-time cricket rivals. It discusses both countries' missile capabilities and no-first-use policies regarding nuclear weapons.
The Kashmir conflict involves four parties - India, Pakistan, China, and Kashmiris. Kashmir was historically ruled by a Hindu maharaja but has a majority Muslim population. At independence, the maharaja signed Kashmir to India but Pakistan disputes this. The region has been a source of conflict through three wars and ongoing tensions. Both countries claim the region but the UN has called for a plebiscite to let Kashmiris decide their own fate. The dispute remains unresolved with no clear solution in sight.
Water dispute between India and Pakistanbabak danyal
The document discusses the longstanding water dispute between India and Pakistan over the Indus River system. It summarizes that India controls the headwaters of the rivers and Pakistan depends on them for agriculture. In 1960, the Indus Waters Treaty was brokered to allocate water rights between the countries, giving India control of three eastern rivers and Pakistan control of three western rivers. However, recent Indian dam construction projects on the western rivers have exacerbated water shortages in Pakistan and tensions over the treaty remain high.
The document discusses the complex relationship between India and Pakistan over the past 65+ years since partition. It outlines some of the key issues that have caused tensions, including the Kashmir dispute, water rights, and the division of military assets. Although there have been attempts at peace processes, the two countries have struggled to resolve their differences and develop trust and cooperation. Maintaining peace and stability would benefit both countries economically and socially. However, tensions often reemerge due to their shared history of conflict.
The document provides an overview of India-Pakistan relations from partition in 1947 through the 1990s. Some key points:
1. Relations have been tense since partition due to the refugee crisis, disputes over assets and borders, and the accession of Kashmir.
2. Major conflicts and wars occurred in 1947, 1965, and 1971. Agreements like Tashkent (1966) and Shimla (1972) aimed to reduce tensions but did not resolve core issues.
3. The 1990s saw ongoing disputes over Kashmir, nuclear weapons, and Pakistan's support for militant groups in Kashmir and Punjab.
The conflict between India and Pakistan originated from tensions between Indian and Muslim nationalism during British rule. The partition of British India led to an independent India and Pakistan in 1947, but also sparked religious conflict over the region of Jammu and Kashmir. Over 70 years since independence, India and Pakistan have fought three wars and have ongoing tensions over Kashmir, though they have also had some successes in sharing water resources and resolving border disputes. Religious nationalism and tensions over Kashmir have periodically led to outbreaks of violence between the two countries.
Early problems faced by Pakistan after its creation included:
1) Unjust boundaries drawn by Sir Radcliffe that deprived Pakistan of Muslim-majority lands and resources.
2) Administrative difficulties with the departure of Hindu government officials and lack of basic infrastructure and records.
3) The massive influx of over 1.25 million Muslim refugees fleeing violence in India.
4) Disputes over the division of financial assets and military hardware between Pakistan and India.
Indus water treaty and its Aftermath - The complete Story Asma Akbar
The document discusses the Indus Water Treaty signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan to distribute the water from the Indus River and its tributaries flowing between the two countries. It outlines the key terms of the treaty, including that the western rivers of Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab were allocated to Pakistan, while the eastern rivers of Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi were allocated to India. The treaty established the Indus Commission to facilitate cooperation and resolve disputes between the two countries. However, issues have arisen due to India's construction of hydroelectric projects on western rivers and the impacts of climate change, underscoring the need for cooperation and flexibility in interpreting the treaty.
The document discusses the Indus Water Treaty signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan to share the water from the Indus River and its tributaries. It summarizes the key terms of the treaty, including that Western rivers like the Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab were allocated to Pakistan, while Eastern rivers like the Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi were allocated to India. It also discusses subsequent disputes between the countries over construction of hydroelectric projects on shared rivers and the need to periodically review and modernize the treaty terms.
The document discusses the Indus Water Treaty between India and Pakistan. It provides background on the Indus River and its tributaries, the historical dispute over water rights that led to the treaty, key aspects of the treaty, and ongoing disputes. Some key points:
1) The 1960 Indus Water Treaty apportioned the eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) to India and the western rivers (Jhelum, Chenab, Indus) to Pakistan.
2) Disputes have arisen over various hydroelectric projects on both sides, such as the Tulbul Navigation Project, Baghliar Dam, and Kishanganga Dam.
3) Critics argue the
Indus water treaty : Media & Current Affairs : Student CollaborationAli Haider Saeed
An illustration of student-teacher collaborative discussion model in the subject of Media & Current Affairs during the Fall session 2020, Students engaged in the discussion on Indus Water Treaty
The document provides historical context on India-Pakistan relations since partition in 1947. It discusses the violent partition that divided British India, resulting in displacement of millions and over 1 million deaths. It then summarizes the numerous military conflicts between India and Pakistan since 1947 including the wars in 1948, 1965, and 1971 as well as the Kargil conflict. It also outlines the ongoing disputes between the two countries including Kashmir, water rights, terrorism, and political instability. Media role and four wars are also briefly discussed.
The 1960 Indus Waters Treaty allocated control of the eastern rivers to India and the western rivers to Pakistan. The treaty was stable during past wars but has become less stable due to territorial threats and lack of cooperation. Water disputes have increased tensions between India and Pakistan, especially after 9/11. Pakistan objects to some of India's hydroelectric dam projects, believing they violate the treaty. India is building more dams but says decreased water flow is due to climate change, not water theft. Improving education, peace talks, and UN involvement are recommended to resolve disputes and reduce tensions over the critical water issue.
Sir Creek : Media & Current Affairs : Student CollaborationAli Haider Saeed
An illustration of student-teacher collaborative discussion model in the subject of Media & Current Affairs during the Fall session 2020, Students engaged in the discussion on Indo-Pak Relations, featuring Sir Creek issue.
Pakistan faced many difficulties after its inception, including choosing a capital, unfair boundary distribution that gave Muslim majority areas to India, dealing with refugees from violence in India, disputes over division of military/financial assets and water resources, and the Kashmir dispute. Other problems included constitutional issues, and India's annexation of the princely states of Junagadh and Hyderabad against the rulers' wishes to join Pakistan. The founding leaders worked to address these challenges and establish a functioning government, but many issues, such as Kashmir, remained unresolved.
Pakistan has growing concerns over India's control of the rivers that flow from India into Pakistan. Under the 1960 Indus Water Treaty, Pakistan was given rights to three eastern rivers including the Chenab, a key tributary as it carries the waters of other rivers into the Indus. India has built several dams on these rivers, including the Baglihar Dam on the Chenab in the 1990s. Pakistan fears India could use these dams to restrict water flows and damage Pakistan's agriculture or cause floods during wartime. As the rivers originate in disputed Kashmir and pass through India, their control has become a geopolitical issue exacerbating tensions between the nuclear-armed neighbors.
The Indus River originates in Tibet and flows through India and Pakistan before emptying into the Arabian Sea in Pakistan. It has a total length of 3,180 km and drains an area of 1,165,000 square km. The Indus Water Treaty of 1960 allocated the eastern rivers (Sutlej, Beas, Ravi) to India and the western rivers (Jhelum, Chenab, Indus) to Pakistan. However, disputes have arisen over Indian projects on the western rivers, including the Tulbul Navigation Project, Baglihar Dam, and Kishanganga Dam projects. While the treaty helped resolve water disputes, critics say it does not adequately address issues like climate change,
Pakistan and India have had difficult relations since their independence in 1947 due to different cultures, traditions, and ways of life. Major issues include the Kashmir conflict over control of the region, military tensions and border skirmishes, environmental concerns, disputes over water rights, and allegations of human rights abuses. The Kashmir conflict stems from the partition of India and Pakistan in 1947 and the states' inability to resolve whether Kashmir should be part of Pakistan or India.
The Indus Water Treaty of 1960 between India and Pakistan apportioned the waters of the Indus River and its tributaries between the two countries. Pakistan was given unrestricted use of the western rivers including the Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab while India received the eastern rivers including the Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi. To replace its water supplies from the eastern rivers, Pakistan constructed dams such as Mangla and Tarbela as well as barrages and canals through its Indus Basin Replacement Works program. The treaty has helped reduce tensions between the two countries over water rights, though some issues around reduced traditional irrigation remain.
Pakistan faced numerous challenges after independence in 1947, as it had to build infrastructure from scratch in the peripheral areas that made up the new country. The initial problems included a lack of experienced lawmakers and permanent constitution, shortage of senior administrators and office resources, disputes over dividing assets with India, integrating princely states, dealing with refugees from communal violence, conflicts over water rights, and a weak economy with few industries. Social problems also emerged from tensions between ethnic groups over the formation of Pakistan.
United Nations World Oceans Day 2024; June 8th " Awaken new dephts".Christina Parmionova
The program will expand our perspectives and appreciation for our blue planet, build new foundations for our relationship to the ocean, and ignite a wave of action toward necessary change.
The Antyodaya Saral Haryana Portal is a pioneering initiative by the Government of Haryana aimed at providing citizens with seamless access to a wide range of government services
Preliminary findings _OECD field visits to ten regions in the TSI EU mining r...OECDregions
Preliminary findings from OECD field visits for the project: Enhancing EU Mining Regional Ecosystems to Support the Green Transition and Secure Mineral Raw Materials Supply.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Food safety, prepare for the unexpected - So what can be done in order to be ready to address food safety, food Consumers, food producers and manufacturers, food transporters, food businesses, food retailers can ...
Combined Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) Vessel List.Christina Parmionova
The best available, up-to-date information on all fishing and related vessels that appear on the illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing vessel lists published by Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs) and related organisations. The aim of the site is to improve the effectiveness of the original IUU lists as a tool for a wide variety of stakeholders to better understand and combat illegal fishing and broader fisheries crime.
To date, the following regional organisations maintain or share lists of vessels that have been found to carry out or support IUU fishing within their own or adjacent convention areas and/or species of competence:
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT)
General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM)
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC)
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT)
Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC)
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (NAFO)
North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC)
North Pacific Fisheries Commission (NPFC)
South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (SEAFO)
South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (SPRFMO)
Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement (SIOFA)
Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)
The Combined IUU Fishing Vessel List merges all these sources into one list that provides a single reference point to identify whether a vessel is currently IUU listed. Vessels that have been IUU listed in the past and subsequently delisted (for example because of a change in ownership, or because the vessel is no longer in service) are also retained on the site, so that the site contains a full historic record of IUU listed fishing vessels.
Unlike the IUU lists published on individual RFMO websites, which may update vessel details infrequently or not at all, the Combined IUU Fishing Vessel List is kept up to date with the best available information regarding changes to vessel identity, flag state, ownership, location, and operations.
This report explores the significance of border towns and spaces for strengthening responses to young people on the move. In particular it explores the linkages of young people to local service centres with the aim of further developing service, protection, and support strategies for migrant children in border areas across the region. The report is based on a small-scale fieldwork study in the border towns of Chipata and Katete in Zambia conducted in July 2023. Border towns and spaces provide a rich source of information about issues related to the informal or irregular movement of young people across borders, including smuggling and trafficking. They can help build a picture of the nature and scope of the type of movement young migrants undertake and also the forms of protection available to them. Border towns and spaces also provide a lens through which we can better understand the vulnerabilities of young people on the move and, critically, the strategies they use to navigate challenges and access support.
The findings in this report highlight some of the key factors shaping the experiences and vulnerabilities of young people on the move – particularly their proximity to border spaces and how this affects the risks that they face. The report describes strategies that young people on the move employ to remain below the radar of visibility to state and non-state actors due to fear of arrest, detention, and deportation while also trying to keep themselves safe and access support in border towns. These strategies of (in)visibility provide a way to protect themselves yet at the same time also heighten some of the risks young people face as their vulnerabilities are not always recognised by those who could offer support.
In this report we show that the realities and challenges of life and migration in this region and in Zambia need to be better understood for support to be strengthened and tuned to meet the specific needs of young people on the move. This includes understanding the role of state and non-state stakeholders, the impact of laws and policies and, critically, the experiences of the young people themselves. We provide recommendations for immediate action, recommendations for programming to support young people on the move in the two towns that would reduce risk for young people in this area, and recommendations for longer term policy advocacy.
RFP for Reno's Community Assistance CenterThis Is Reno
Property appraisals completed in May for downtown Reno’s Community Assistance and Triage Centers (CAC) reveal that repairing the buildings to bring them back into service would cost an estimated $10.1 million—nearly four times the amount previously reported by city staff.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Donate to charity during this holiday seasonSERUDS INDIA
For people who have money and are philanthropic, there are infinite opportunities to gift a needy person or child a Merry Christmas. Even if you are living on a shoestring budget, you will be surprised at how much you can do.
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2. More than six decades after independence,
Pakistan-India relations are less extensive than
were those between the United States and the
Soviet Union at the height of the Cold War.
Since Independence, Pakistan-India relations have
been under the shadows of suspicions,
misunderstandings, tensions and wars. Both states
never succeeded to win the mutual interests of
each other because of their unresolved disputes,
myopic approach and lack of co-operation.
3. Pakistan-India Relations can be best described
as one step ahead and two steps backward.
India has been seen as continually seeking
regional hegemony thus always creating a
threat of insecurity for Pakistan.
India strives to impose systemic Unipolarity
whereas Pakistan seeks to maintain Bipolarity.
Thus ensuing divergence of structural interests
creates conflict prone regional dynamics.
4. For India regional Unipolarity is essential to
ensure the emerging Asiatic systemic position.
For Pakistan regional Bipolarity is essential to
ensure state survival.
India’s hegemonic interests, uncontested regional
power, greater global influence and ill will towards
Pakistan by growing aggregate power base
increase Pakistan’s perception of existential threat.
Kashmir and water remain the dangerous flash
points between India and Pakistan.
5. Kashmir Issue:
Historical Background and Constitutional Framework
Governing IHK
There were about 562 Princely States, which existed
under the overall paramountcy of the British Crown.
The Cabinet Mission, in its statement of May 16,
1946, clarified that ‘Paramountcy could neither be
retained by the British Crown nor transferred to the
new Government’.
6. Kashmir Issue:
In Section 7 of the Indian Independence Act, 1947,
it was stated that ‘ the suzerainty of His Majesty over
the Indian States lapses.’ Thus, legally the Princely
States became independent.
The last British Viceroy Lord Mountbatten, during
his address to the Chamber of Princes on July 25,
1947, asserted that ‘the rulers were technically at
liberty to link with either of the dominion (India or
Pakistan).
7. Kashmir Issue:
As regards the criteria to be followed, Viceroy held that
‘normally geographical situation and communal interests and
so forth will be the factors to be considered.’
Princely States were, therefore, free to join either of the two
Dominions or to remain independent.
By August 15, 1947, the majority of the Princely States,
owing to their geographical contiguity and Hindu population,
joined India while only ten joined Pakistan.
8. Kashmir Issue:
Jammu and Kashmir State had a Muslim majority population,
under a Hindu ruler who was in favour of remaining
independent.
The Muslim majority population of Jammu and Kashmir
was in favour of joining Pakistan.
In end of July1947, the Maharaja ordered the Muslims to
surrender their arms to the police, and communal violence
erupted.
In the Jammu province, hundreds of Muslims were
massacred by the Hindus and Sikhs, who attacked Muslim
villages.
9. Kashmir Issue:
In August 1947, on the eve of Partition, Poonch revolted
against the Maharaja’s rule and in September 1947, the
Muslim population liberated the area from the State Police.
In October 1947, there was a revolt by the Muslim
population against the Maharaja. He fled from the capital
Srinagar to Jammu on October 26, 1947, and appealed to India
for help.
India claims that the Maharaja signed the ‘Instrument of
Accession’ on October 26.
10. Kashmir Issue:
In January 1950, India accorded a ‘special status’to the State
through Article 370 of the Indian Constitution. Under the said
Article three subjects, namely defence, external affairs and
communications only were to be dealt by the Indian
Parliament.
In February 1954 the Kashmir Constituent Assembly, while
adhering in principle to the special position of the State,
confirmed the legality of its accession to India.
11. Kashmir Issue:
In 1954, the president of India promulgated a Constitutional
Order, empowering the Indian government ‘to legislate on all
matters on the Union List, not just defence, foreign affairs and
communications.
In November 1956, the Constituent Assembly of IHK finalized
the Constitution of the State.
The UN Security Council in its Resolution 122 of Jan 24, 1957,
affirmed that the ‘final disposition of the State of Jammu and
Kashmir will be made in accordance with the will of the people
expressed through the democratic means under the auspices of
the UN.
12. Kashmir Issue:
Contemporary Indian Government’s Agenda
Suppress the cause of Kashmir’s freedom by means of
'undemocratic and coercive' attitude and policy
Demographic change by bringing and settling Kashmiri Pandits in
exclusive colonies against the spirit of Article 370 of the Indian
Constitution under which Indian Held Kashmir enjoys a special
status and integration of the state into the Indian Union.
Legal Protection (unbridled power) to the Indian troops in the
guise of the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA)
13. Kashmir Issue:
Contemporary Indian Government’s Agenda
On 20 Friday 2015 , the high court in Indian Held Kashmir
ruled that that the special status guaranteed to India-held
Kashmir under Article 370 was permanent.
The judges said the “limited sovereignty” it enjoyed was
“beyond amendment, repeal or abrogation”. This decision
constitutes a rebuff to the hard-line BJP government’s attempt
to alter the facts.
14. Way Forward:
Proactive diplomacy on Kashmir on all international fora should be
pursued.
Pakistan should not encourage calls for active support of armed,
banned, militant groups in Kashmir.
Allaying international concerns of not doing enough to tackle Alpha
Elements working for the Kashmiri Cause, by monitoring and taking
action against violent armed groups
15. Water Issue:
Historical Background of Indus Water Treaty
On 1st April 1948, India stopped the delivery of water
from the Ferozepur headworks to Dipalpur Canal and to
main branches of the Upper Bari Doab Canal and denying
water to some 5.5% of the sown area and almost 8% of the
cultivated area.
Agriculture of Pakistan of Pakistan almost dependent on
water of Indus Basins River.
On 4th May 1948, India agreed to the Inter-Dominion
Agreement with Pakistan.
16. Water Issue:
The agreement allowed for the continuation of water
supplies for irrigation purposes until the Pakistani side
managed to develop alternative water resources.
World Bank sponsored several rounds of talks in
Washington from 1952 to 1960.
In 1960 Indus Water Treaty was signed i.e. the division
of water between India and Pakistan brokered by the
World Bank.
17. Water Issue:
The Indus System of Rivers comprises of three Western
Rivers the Indus, the Jhelum and Chenab and three
Eastern Rivers - the Sutlej, the Beas and the Ravi
The treaty gives India exclusive use of all of the waters
of the Eastern Rivers and their tributaries before the point
where the rivers enter Pakistan.
The treaty gives Pakistan exclusive use of the Western
Rivers- the Indus, the Jhelum and Chenab.
18. Water Issue:
Indus Water Treaty is the best treaty which the two
rivals could get at that time .
Under the Indus Water Treaty, India is not permitted to
build dams for the purpose of water storage on the Indus,
Chenab and Jhelum rivers, but it is allowed to make
limited use of their water, including developing run of the
river hydroelectric power projects.
19. Water Issue:
Violations of Indus Water Treaty by India
Construction of illegal reservoirs like Wullar Barrage,
Baglihar Dam, Kishanganga Hydro Electric Power
Project vitiate the clause of treaty.
In 1970s, India started the construction of Sallal hydro
project on Chenab River.
Pakistan objected the construction of this project, after a
series of meetings, the issue got resolved through
agreement between the two governments in April, 1978.
20. Water Issue:
In 1984, India announced plans to build the barrage, The
Wullar Barrage, which Indian refers to as Tulbul
Navigation project on the Jhelum River at the mouth of
Wullar Lake was the second Indian project that became
controversial and still remains unresolved.
Baglihar, located on Chenab river was the third Indian
project that became controversial. The International Court
of Arbitration gave a verdict in favour of India due to
weak Pakistan’s position.
21. Water Issue:
After Baglihar, India and Pakistan have got locked in a
dispute over the configuration of Kishanganga
hydroelectric project . On February 18th
2013, the
International Court of Arbitration gave a partial award in
response to Pakistan’s appeal over India’s Kishenganga
project, allowing India to divert waters from the Neelum-
Jhelum river but restraining drawdown flushing
techniques.
22. Water Issue:
Omissions and Challenges in the Treaty
The treaty permits India to use the waters of the western
rivers for irrigation and hydropower projects but it does not
call for an examination of the cumulative effects of a cascade
of such projects.
The issue of the quality of water being affected by pollution
due to toxic industrial waste was not considered in the treaty.
Lack of operational capacity did not let Pakistan take full
advantage of the Indus Water Treaty which served India’s
interests better.
23. Water Issue:
The Treaty is silent about.
a)How much water can be diverted through those
projects.
b)And in which season.
The Indus Commission hasn’t played an effective role as
envisaged in the treaty. All disputes have been settled by
the courts of arbitration.
Issues of climate changes and groundwater management
were not mentioned when the treaty was being
formulated.
24. Water Issue:
These include the rapid melting and recession of the
Hindukush-Himalayan glaciers, disruption in monsoon
pattern that replenished river flows and aquifers; increase
in the number, duration, and severity of floods or
droughts as well as higher temperature.
Pakistan, at present, has water storage capacity of just 9
percent (30 days) against international average capacity
of 40 percent.
25. Water Issue:
Need to re-envisage the Treaty.
Need to initiate a serious dialogue on strengthening the
dispute resolution mechanism of the Indus Water Treaty.
Need to develop plans of action for co-operation on water-
related challenges.
The long-term water security of India and Pakistan, which
is closely linked to their food and energy security, can only
be achieved if they can muster the necessary political will
to establish mutually beneficial co-operation on water
resources.
26. Water Issue:
Need to establish a joint Sophisticated Forecasting System, That
will allow for real time data sharing regarding the flow of water in
the rivers and tributaries of the Indus Water System. This data must
be shared through the website that include three dimensional
models of dams.
There should be a permanent liaison between Ministry of Water &
Power and Ministry of Foreign Affairs in order to promote
informed decision making on water related issues with India.
Pakistan should actively highlight the violation of Indus Water
Treaty by India on international forums by drawing attention
towards the humanitarian aspects.
27. Trade between India and Pakistan: Potentials and
Pitfalls
Economic co-operation and trade is the best way to darn
relations between two countries.
Economic integration and trade was the basic
dynamic which brought peace and prosperity in Europe
after 2nd
World War.
Free markets and trade, common value of tolerance and
understanding can re-invent the relations.
Economic integration could yield a Peace Dividend
between both states.
28. Trade between India and Pakistan: Potentials and
Pitfalls
“Customs unions and other systems of closer commercial
relations could serve as the means to the improvement of
political relations and the maintenance of peace.”
Economist Wilfred Pareto
By economic and trade cooperation with India, Pakistan
can gain a huge market of more than one billion people.
The lower in transportation and transaction cost of trade
will benefit the business industry of both countries.
29. Trade between India and Pakistan: Potentials and
Pitfalls
Pakistan, by allowing Transit facilities over land to India for
its trade with Afghanistan, could gain enormous economic
benefit.
Pakistan’s Non Discriminatory Market Access (NDMA) to
India will lead to a mutually beneficial trade relationship if:
a)India agrees to gradually ease its Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs)
on Pakistani items.
b)Removal of 614 items from the sensitive list in which
Pakistan has excellence.
30. Analysis of SAFTA:
South Asia Free Trade Area was established in January 2006.
SAFTA provide a huge scope for trade among the member
countries.
Trade volume between India and Pakistan can increase to $42
billion from current volume of only $2.5 billion, if implemented in
true essence.
Pakistan maintains a positive list of about 1400 items that India
may export to Pakistan.
The India maintains high tariffs on goods such as textiles, leather,
and the mineral onyx, which are of particular interest to Pakistan.
31. Analysis of SAFTA:
Initiative by India to grant MFN status to Pakistan, and Pakistan
reciprocating it with significantly lower tariff rates on goods is in
particular interest to Pakistan.
Reforms and initiatives for Foreign Direct Investment flows.
Volume of formal trade can only be increase by de-regularizing the
informal trade. i.e. minimizing trade cost such as transportation,
freight charges and tariff barriers and by easing strict visa regime.
32. Strategic face of CPEC and Pakistan- India Relations:
Strategic outreach to Indian Ocean via Gwadar (624 nautical km
to the east of Strait of Hormuz) will help China to counter Indian
and American naval activities.
China’s submarine operations in the Indian Ocean and the
Chinese-Pakistani naval cooperation will have the potential to
change the regional naval power balance.
India has established a cell in RAW with special allocation of
huge sum of money approx. $300 million to scuttle this mega
project.
RAW-NDS nexus and active training camps on Pakistan-
Afghanistan border, near Spin Boldak, across the border from the
Pakistani town of Chaman.
33. Strategic face of CPEC and Pakistan- India Relations:
Apprehension and confessional video statement of Indian spy
Kulbhushan admitting to foment terrorism in Balochistan and
Karachi vindicated India’s nefarious designs and involvement to
sabotage CPEC project.
Logistics support agreement (it will allow the US. and Indian
militaries to use each other's land, air and naval bases for
resupplies, repair and rest) in its final phase to counter China’s
influence in the South China Sea and into the Indian Ocean.
India is also making new inroads into the Gulf region among the
nations disaffected with Pakistan because of its rather balanced
position on Iran-Gulf relations.
34. Contemporary trends b/w India and Pakistan
Pakistan is pursuing a policy of distancing from all anti-
Indian non state actors which is itself a promising trend.
Pathankot incident __a test case, setting a good precedent of
restrain by India and Pakistan’s positive response in that
direction.
The precedent of intelligence sharing by Pakistan National
Security Adviser (NSA) Nasir Janjua with his India
counterpart about a possible terror attack in Gujarat.
Capturing of a Indian spy brought both countries back to
square one.
35. Contemporary Trends b/w India and Pakistan:
Dozen of "laser walls" have been made operational along the
India-Pakistan international border in Punjab.
Pakistan still adopting a constructive and principle position
conveying India that it wants a structured, sustained and
result-oriented comprehensive dialogue to address all the
issue.
Indian lobby factor in the drop of F-16 subsidy:
Pro-India US legislators objection to a sale of F-16
aircraft to Pakistan. These voices are American;
but the agenda is India’s.
36. Way Forward:
The policy of Pakistan must be based on positive engagement
without compromise on core principles.
Pakistan must strive for dialogue Process with India without
preconditions.
Pakistan need to Normalize the relation with India coupled with
respect to dignity.
Dire need of Strategic stability and balance vis-à-vis nuclear
weapons in South Asia.
India need to resume the dialogue process with comprehensive
approach.
Need for substantial efforts by both sides to overcome bilateral odds.
37. Way Forward:
Effective mechanism of Military to military co-
operation.
Need to re-examine Simla accord to solve the
Kashmir issue.
Need to regularize and accountability of Media of
over propagating negativism.
Back channel diplomacy by both sides.
Both States need to promote Track 11and 111
initiatives and regularization of intercourse at every
official level.
38. Way Forward:
Need to pursue mutually beneficial economic goals by
putting aside fraught politics.
If India and China can have trade amounting 75
billion dollars despite irredentist issues, then why can’t
Pakistan and India.
India and Pakistan need to promote close and
enduring partnership in trade.
Need to public support for free bilateral trade.
“When goods don’t travel across
borders, soldiers will.” -Frederich de Bastiat