The Indus River originates in Tibet and flows through India and Pakistan before emptying into the Arabian Sea in Pakistan. It has a total length of 3,180 km and drains an area of 1,165,000 square km. The Indus Water Treaty of 1960 allocated the eastern rivers (Sutlej, Beas, Ravi) to India and the western rivers (Jhelum, Chenab, Indus) to Pakistan. However, disputes have arisen over Indian projects on the western rivers, including the Tulbul Navigation Project, Baglihar Dam, and Kishanganga Dam projects. While the treaty helped resolve water disputes, critics say it does not adequately address issues like climate change,

1. TOTAL LENGTH - 3,180 km
Basin Area - 1,165 million Sq
Discharge - 6,600m cu/s
Countries - INDIA & PAKISTAN
Sources - Tibetian plateau,Gar river,Senge
zangbo

3. INTRODUCTION
 Indus river originates in the Tibetian plateau in the
vicinity of lake Mansarovar,runs across through the
Ladakh region of J&K towards Gilgit-Baltistan &
then its flows southerly direction along the entire
length of Punjab,Pakistan to merge with Arabian
sea near the port city of Karachi
 It is the longest river of Pakistan and
 21st largest river of world in terms of annual flow.

4.  Its left bank tributary is Chenab & has its own 4
tributaries namely the Jhelum, the Ravi,the Beas, the
Sutlej.
 Its right bank tributaries are the Shyok, the Gilgit, the
Kabul, the Gomal, the Kurram.
 The flow of rivers is determined by seasons- it
deminishes in winter while flooding in monsoon months
from July to September.
 Around two-third of water supplied for irrigation and in
homes comes from the Indus and its associated rivers.

5. INDUSVALLEYCIVILISATION-EARLIESTCIVILISATION
INHUAMNHISTORY

6. ISSUES:-
 Sindh/Indus river is stratigically vital resource for
Pakistan.
 After Pakistan and India declared independence the use
of the waters and its 5 tributaries became a major dispute
between them.
 The irrigation canals of the Sutlej valley & the Bari Doab
were split, with the canals lying primarily in Pakistan and
the headwork dams in India disrupting supply in some
parts of Pakistan.

7. Some Major Dams on India’s Part of Indus River Basin

8.  The concern over India building large dams over various
Punjab rivers that could undercut the supply flowing to
Pakistan, as well as the possibility that India could divert
rivers in the time of war, caused political constraints due
to inherent mistrust and suspicion.
 This led to the signing of Indus Water Treaty in 1960.

9. INDUS WATER TREATY

10. INDUS WATER TREATY
 It is the eastern distribution treaty between India and
Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank (then the
International Bank for reconstruction and development).
 Treaty signed on sept 19’1960 by India Prime Minister
Jawahar Lal Nehru and president of Pakistan Ayub Khan.
 According to the agreement, control over the 3 eastern
rivers ,the Beas, the Ravi and the Sutlej was given to
India & 3 western rivers , the Indus, the Chenab, the
Jhelum to Pakistan.

11. INVOLVEMENT OF THE WORLD BANK
 Initially the bank was reluctant to get involved.
 World bank refuses loans to both countries even
though they were economically viable.
 Offered an impartial third party .
 Offered an option taking into account both
countries’ needs.

12. ROLE OF WORLD BANK
 In 1951, David E. Lilienthal, former chairman of
Tennessee Valley Authority, visited India and
Pakistan.
 Lilienthal wrote an article with suggestions that
Indus Basin be treated, exploited, and developed as a
single unit.
 World Bank mediated from 1952 onwards, and Indus
Waters Treaty (IWT) was signed in September 1960
although Pakistan, not fully convinced ,refused to
sign until 1958.
 IWT conferred rights over 3 western rivers of Indus
river system (Jhelum, Chenab and Indus) to Pakistan,
and over 3 eastern rivers (Sutlej, Ravi and Beas) to
India.

13. PROVISIONS
 The treaty under Article 5.1 envisages the sharing of
waters of the rivers of the Ravi, Beas, Sutlej, Jhelum,
Chenab which joins the Indus River on its left
bank(eastern side) in Pakistan.
 According to this treaty, Ravi, Sutlej, Beas which
constitute the eastern rivers are allocated for exclusive
use by India before they enter Pakistan.
 However a transition period of 10 years was permitted in
which India was bound to supply water to Pakistan from
these rivers until Pakistan was able to build the canal
system for utilisation of water.

14.  Pakistan has exclusive use of western rivers- the Jhelum,
the Chenab & the Indus.
 Pakistan also recieved one time financial compensation
for the loss of waters from eastern rivers.
 Since march 31,1970, after 10 years moratoriam, India
secured full rights for use of waters of 3 rivers allocated
to it.
 The treaty resulted in the partitioning of the rivers rather
than sharing of the waters.
 It was successful in settling the disagreement over
Baglihar dam (Jammu & kashmir).

15. ARTICLES AND APPENDICES OF IWT :-
 Article 1- definitions
 Article 2-provisions regarding eastern rivers
 Article 3- provisions regarding western rivers
 Article 4 - provisions regarding eastern & western rivers.
 Article 5- financial provisions
 Article 6 - exchange of data
 Article 7 - future cooperations
 Article 8 – permanent indus commission
 Article 9 – settlement of differences and disputes
 Article 10 – emergency powers
 Article 11 – general provisions
 Article 12 – final provisions

16.  Annexure A- exchange of notes between
government of india and pakistan.
 Annexure B – agricultural use by pakistan from
certain tributaries of the ravi.
 Annexure C – agricultural use by india from the
western rivers.
 Annexure D – Generation of hydroelectric power by
india on western rivers.
 Annexure E – storage of waters by india on western
rivers
 Annexure F – neutral expert
 Annexure G – court of Arbitration
 Annexure H – transitional arrangements.

17. HOW THE WATER COULD BE USED
 As per provisions of the treaty, India could use only
20% of the total water carried by Indus.
 All the waters of the eastern rivers shall be
available for unrestricted use in India.
 Except for domestic and non-comsumptive uses
agricultural uses, and generation of hydroelectric
power. Pakistan shall be under an obligation to let
flow and shall not permit any interference with the
waters of Sutluj, Ravi main in the reaches where
these rivers flow in Pakistan and have not yet finally
crossed into Pakistan.
 Pakistan has unrestricted use of all those of waters
of western rivers.

18. THE 3 DISPUTES

19. THE TULBUL NAVIGATION PROJECT( WULLAR
BARRAGE)
1. It was prosed to be built at the mouth of wullar lake in baramulla
district of kashmir valley.
 The plan was to construct a barrage to increase the flow of water
in jhelum to make it navigable during the lean season.
 Pakistan objected that it violets the provisions of the treaty.
They believed
 that the project would adversely affect the triple canal project,
upper chenab canal, upper jhelum canal,& lower bari doab canal.
 India would control the jhelum river during winters.
 Mangla dam would be adversely affected.
 Project seemed to be a security threat to pakistan’s sovereignty.

20.  IN 1986 Pakistan reffer the project dispute to Indus water
commission ,but after 1 year the commission recorded
failure to resolve it subsequently India stops the
construction.
 From 1986-1991, 13 rounds of talks held but dipute
remained unresolved.
 However India agreed to some of Pakistan’s condition but
after Pakistan added the condition that of not constructing
Kishanganga project. India refused to accept the
condition.
 Dispute dominated Indo-Pak talks, the Agra summit of
2001, secreatary level talks of 2011, but not much
development have been achived yet.

21. THE BAGLIHAR PROJECT DISPUTE
 The dispute emerged in 1999, when Pakistan challanged
the design of the project.
 Pakistan saw it as the violation of the treaty
 The project gives India a strategic leverage to manipulate
the flow of river during any critic situation (wars etc).
 A neutral expert Prof. Raymond Lafitte of Switzerland
instructed India to make some changes in the structure of
project but Pakistan was not satisfied with the verdict as he
did not consider much of Pakistan’s objection
 The Baglihar party settled by third party but relation
between two countries beacame hostile when water was to
be filled in the Baglihar dam
 Pakistan demanded compensation for its loss
 Finally differnces over filling dam was resolved in 2010.

22. THE KISHANGANGA PROJECT DISPUTE
 It is a project by India over Kishanganga river at Gurez.
 Project’s power generation capacity is 330 MW.
 Pakistan was of the view that the diversion will reduce the the
flow of water to the Neelum valley.
 A series of talks were held to resolve the diferences and
dispute but talks remaine unresolved and problematic.

23. CRITICS
 Critics of IWT highlight that it does not consider the
effect of climate change on water availability,
sedimentation.
 The treaty does not address the issue of quality or
pollution of water from industrial or agricultural
runoff, deforestation etc.
 It does not provide for watershed management in
respect of rivers whose catchment areas are
located across borders.
 There are no restrictions on how many dams India
could built in indus basin.
 Nor the water is distributed quantitatively, thus
creating a potential for water exploitation by India.

24. SUGGESTION
 India and Pakistan need to intiate a serious dialogue on
strengthening the dispute resolution mechanism and
develop strategy and plans for co-operation on water
related challenges.
 The long term water security of India and Pakistan which is
linked to their food and energy security can only be
achieved if they estabilish mutual beneficial co-operation
on water resources.

25. THANK YOU

26. SUBMITTED BY:-
RANJANA DALAL
31318414