This document provides an acknowledgment and summary of a course project report on India-Pakistan relations prepared by nine students. It thanks their professor for the opportunity and notes they tried to be unbiased. The three main sections discuss the reasons and results of the partition of India in 1947, including the two-nation theory and power politics involved. It also summarizes the major conflicts between India and Pakistan after independence, including disputes over irrigation water, Kashmir, and wars in 1965 and 1999.

1. Course Project on: India- Pakistan Relations

2. Acknowledgment
This report is prepared and submitted as a requirement of our course project from our subject International
Relations; which was on Indo-Pak Relations. The project includes following members:
Sibgha Khalid (15-BS-R-01)
Iram Batool (15-BS-R-02)
Abdullah Ahmad (15-BS-R-08)
Usama Hashmi (15-BS-R-18)
Ansa Irshad (15-BS-R-20)
Shehzeen Mumtaz (15-BS-R-32)
Shahzal Ali (15-BS-R-28)
Muhammad Waqar (15-BS-R-51)
Moreover, we would like to thanks Prof. Zeeshan Hanif for giving us an opportunity to work on this
informative project. All the information included in this report is based on the data that we collected
through various resources. Although care and diligence has been taken in writing this report and we used
credible resources for collecting information, but it might be possible that actual results somehow vary
due to concerned factors. We have taken care that our project would not be bias and partial. Hope you
will find our report and project interesting.
As a gesture of good will, this report has been dedicated to Professor Zeeshan.

3. Reasons & Results of Separation
Introduction:
The partition of India is a signal event in world history, not merely in the history of the Indian
subcontinent. British rule became established in eastern India around the mid-eighteenth century, and by
the early part of the nineteenth century, the British had tightened their grip over considerable portions of
the country. The suppression of the Indian revolt of 1857-58 ushered in a period, which would last ninety
years,when India was directly under Crown rule. Communal tensions heightened in this period,
especially with the rise of nationalism in the early 20th century. Though the Indian National Congress, the
premier body of nationalist opinion, was ecumenical and widely representative in some respects,Indian
Muslims were encouraged,initially by the British, to forge a distinct political and cultural identity. The
Muslim League arose as an organization intended to enhance the various -- political, cultural, social,
economic, and religious -- interests of the Muslims.
The Partition of British India in 1947,which created the two independent states of India and Pakistan,
was followed by one of the cruel and bloodiest migrations and ethnic cleansings in history. Whatever the
"causes" of the partition, the brute facts cannot be belied: down to the present day, the partition remains
the single largest episode of the uprooting of people in modern history. The religious fury and violence
that it unleashed caused the deaths of some 2 million Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs. An estimated 12 to 15
million people were forcibly transferred between the two countries. At least 75,000 women were raped.
The trauma incurred in the process has been profound. Consequently relations between the two states,
between them and some of their people, and between some of their groups have not normalized even after
more than half a century; on the contrary they have consistently worsened with each passing year.
Two Nation Theory:
The partition of sub-continent in 1947,leading to independence and establishment of sovereign states of
Pakistan and India. The partition was a climax within a pattern of violence in the name of Hindus and
Muslims conflict (two nation theory) for severalgenerations before 1947.
During the British regime in sub-continent, Muslims comprised of approximately 25% of total population
of the country. The Muslims though differing in ethnic traits and language were spread across the
country, especially in the East-Bengal and Punjab regions where they had formed a majority.
The Muslims also varied in their societal and economic status ranging from solvent businessman to urban
and the rural class.
However,the religious difference between Hindus and Muslims, despite their co-existence had been
marked.
There were many religious, cultural and social differences between Hindus and Muslims.
Two Nation theory was one of the important reasons of partition of sub-continent in 1947, this concept
had been prevailing from a long time but it became the front issue in 1940.
Even an eminent Muslim Mathematician Al-Beruni in 1001 A.D had said that;
"The Hindussociety maintained this peculiar characteroverthe centuries. The two societies,Hindus and
Muslims, like two streams have sometimes touched but nevermerged, each following its separate course.
(Al- Beruni)
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, early Muslim leader gave the concept of two nations in following words;
“I amconvinced now that Hindusand Muslims could never become one nation astheir religion and way
of life is quite distinct from each other.”
(Sir Syed Ahmed Khan)
Another address in the support of Two-Nation Ideology is given below;

4. “India is not a nation, nor a country. It is a Sub-Continent of nationalities.Hindusand Muslims being the
two major nations. The Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religions, Philosophies, social
customs and literature. They neither intermarry norinterline and they belong to two different civilizations
which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions.”
(Quaid-e-Azam 23rd March, 1940)
The Two Nation Theory in its simplest way means the religious, cultural, political, social and economic
dissimilarities between two major communities, Hindus and Muslims of the sub-continent.
PowerPolitics:
India claims that creation of Pakistan was a result of power politics, mainly by the monopolists derived by
their personal motives and desires through the platform of Muslim League. Some Indian analysts say that
majority of the Muslims of India were not consulted in the matter of partition of Indian sub-continent.
Partition and World War II:
After World War II the British were in a hurry to leave India. The
Elections of winter 1945-46 were thus in point of fact about the future
Political shape of an independent subcontinent.
Congress sought a mandate to keep India united while the Muslim League stood for a separate Pakistan.
Emotive and sensationalist slogans such as (What is the Slogan of Pakistan? It is that there is no God but
Allah)' and (if you are a Muslim then join the Muslim League) were raised. Hindus and Sikhs were
demonized as infidels and exploiters. Muslims who opposed the Muslim League were portrayed as
renegades to Islam. The election results vindicated the contradictory claims of both parties.
Congress secured 905 generalseats out of a total of 1,585 while the gains of the Muslim League were
even more impressive. It won 440 seats out of a total of 495 reserved for Muslims. It is to be noted that
Muslims in the Hindu-majority provinces also voted massively in favor of the Muslim League.
The Cabinet Mission of 1946 sent by the post-war Labour Government of Clement Atlee failed to
convince the two rival parties to agree upon a formula of power sharing within a united India. The factor
that sealed the fate of unity was the eruption of large-scale communal violence.
Following Jawaharlal Nehru's ill-considered press statement of 10th
July
1946 in Bombay declaring that Congress would enter the Constituent
Assembly ‘completely unfettered by agreements and free to meet all situations as they arise'.
On 29 July 1946,Jinnah gave the call to direct action to Muslims to protest the alleged anti-minority
attitude of Nehru. 0n 16 August 1946.
Major Conflicts after the Inception of Pakistan:
Following are the major conflicts that rose after Pakistan came into being:
 Irrigation Water Conflict
 Kashmir Conflict
 Kargil War
 Siachen Glacier Conflict

5. Pakistan has been in a state of war with India three times. 1947-48,right after partition. Then in 1965 over
Kashmir dispute. And then in 1999,Kargil War.
Pakistan and India also had some clashes in 1971 civil war – that resulted in inception of Bangladesh.
Irrigation WaterConflict:
Many areas of Pakistan including Bahawalpur and West Punjab majorly were agrarian lands and their
economy depended mostly on agricultural lands, which were irrigated by water coming from India. The
geography was in such way that sources of Indus basin came from India and Pakistan felt threatened by it.
India at first, tried water blockade technique to weaken the economy by causing damage to agriculture.
But then in September 1960,“Indus Water Basin Treaty” was signed by between India and Pakistan in
assistance with World Bank. According to which the eastern rivers were given to India: Beas, Ravi and
Sutlej. And the control over western rivers was given to Pakistan; Indus, Jhelumand Chenab.
This treaty is remarked as one of the most successfulwater-sharing treaties of the world.
Kashmir Conflict:
Kashmir was one of the princely states of India with a Muslim majority. At the time of partition,
Maharaja of Kashmir, Hari Singh, who was a Hindu, ruled over Muslim majority of Kashmir. In July,
1947 Jinnah wrote a letter to Hari Singh, saying that if Kashmir decides to become a part of Pakistan,
every possible favor would be given to it. But Hari Sing denied this offer.
Due to some unfair distribution of land by Radcliff, a pathway was provided to Indian forces through
Gurdaspur. Kashmir signed a “Standstill Agreement” with Pakistan. The people of Kashmir were
retaliating against Maharaja. In order to favor those rebellions, Pakistan sent its Pashtuns – known as
Mujahedeen to Kashmir on 22nd
October, 1947.
In December 1947,a meeting took place between Jawaharlal Nehru and Liaqat Ali Khan. The matter
was left unresolved and India took this issue to UN Security Council, which in return form UNCIP –
United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan. UN proposed a two-way process which included:

6. - The demilitarization of Pakistani troops.
- The demilitarization of Indian troops.
- Holding free and fair plebiscite in Kashmir.
Pakistan refused to accept this mandate of UN. The cease-fire took place on 1st
January, 1949.
War of 1965:
Pakistan took advantage of the discontent in the Kashmir Valley and sent in a few thousand armed
Pakistani infiltrators across the cease-fire line in August in an operation code named as “Operation
Gibraltar.” Pakistan also fired in Akhnoor, somewhere along LOC. And incidents of violence increased
in Kashmir Valley; A full Indo-Pakistani war broke out on 6th
September in which India captured some
territory of Pakistan (Karachi). But later cease-fire took place on 23rd
September, 1965.
Meeting between Indira Gandhi and Z. A. Bhutto took place in which Kashmir issue was sought to be
resolved, but the meeting and negotiations went in vain.
Insurgencies, conflicts and riots continued in Kashmir. In 1987, elections were held between two major
political frontiers of Kashmir i.e., MUF (MuslimUnited Front) and National Conference. National
Conference lead by Sheikh Abdullah, won the elections. MUF accused that elections were rigged and
insurgencies started taking place once again. People of Kashmir were living a highly disrupted life and
the conflict remained the bone of contention between India and Pakistan. India also blamed Pakistan of
exporting terrorists in order to provide aid to Kashmiri rebels.
1999 – Kargil War:
In winters, Indian arms come down to lower altitudes due to weather severities. Similarly in the winters of
1999, Indian arms men came down from high peaks of Kargil. However,some infiltrators took advantage
of this and tried to capture the vacant mountain peaks along the Kargil Range. The infiltrators included
Pakistani militants and Kashmiri freedom fighters. As Kargil is the main point of communication between
Leh and Srinagar, the purpose of infiltrators and Pakistani militants was to cut off Indian communication
by capturing Kargil.
However,India started its “Operation Vijay” to clear the Kargil sector.
The Kargil conflict was settled down when Bill Clinton put pressure on Pakistan to remove its militants,
because the conflict was beginning to expand, giving way to nuclear warfare. At the end, however,India
again gained the control of Kargil peaks and now it patrols the peaks throughout the year.
After Kargil war,in 2001,Pervez Musharraf and Behari Vajpayee met for peace talks. All the
negotiations and peace talks have resulted in nothing remarkable up till now. In 2010,killing of Tufail
Ahmad Mattoo resulted in protests and riots in Kashmir. 2014 Kashmir Elections were boycotted by
Hurriyat Leaders but there was a major turnout in the elections and Indian authorities say that results are
in favor of democracy of India.
In fact the recent killing of Burhan Wani in 2016 has worsened the Kashmir.
About 43% of Kashmir remains under Indian control including areas such as Jammu, Kashmir Valley
and Ladakh. About 37% is Pakistan-administered, including Azad Kashmir and Giglit-Baltistan. China
has hold of Aksai Chin and Shaksgam Valley.
Kashmir remains one of the oldest conflicts in the world that till today remains unresolved.
SiachenGlacierConflict:
Siachen Glacier is located in the eastern Karakorum Range of Himalayas, just where the LOC between
India and Pakistan ends. UN and Pakistani map in 1970s show that Siachen belongs to Pakistan whereas
India believes that it is a cartographic error.
In 1984,India launched its “Operation Meghdoot” one day before Pakistan’s “Operation Ababil” and
gained control of major portion of Siachen Glacier.
Weather Severities: Between 2003 and 2010, 353 Pakistani soldiers have lost their lives in various
operations, 140 of them were killed in Gayari Sector avalanche. India claims to have lost 869 army
personnel due to climatic conditions.

7. Since 1984,India has the control on the major passes of Saltoro Ridge - eastern part of glacier. Whereas
Pakistan has control on the western glacial valleys.
Peace talks on September 2003 were held in which Siachen was to be declared as “Peace Park.” Also
because of growing environmental issue as well, since fuel is consumed by the troops appointed in the
region.
Timeline ofIndia and Pakistan: The ups and downs of the relations between arch-nemesis are described
era by era – starting from Ayub Khan’s era and so on
1965 Indo-Pak War:
The 1965 war between India and Pakistan was the second conflict between the two countries over the
status of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The dispute over this region originated in the process of
decolonization in South Asia. When the British colony of India gained its independence in 1947, it was
partitioned into two separate entities: the secular nation of India and the predominantly Muslim nation of
Pakistan. Pakistan was composed of two noncontiguous regions, East Pakistan and West Pakistan,
separated by Indian Territory. The state of Jammu and Kashmir, which had a predominantly Muslim
population but a Hindu leader, shared borders with both India and West Pakistan. The argument over
which nation would incorporate the state led to the first India-Pakistan War in 1947–48 and ended with
UN mediation. Jammu and Kashmir, also known as “Indian Kashmir” or just “Kashmir,” joined the
Republic of India, but the Pakistani Government continued to believe that the majority Muslim state
rightfully belonged to Pakistan. Conflict resumed again in early 1965, when Pakistani and Indian forces
clashed over disputed territory along the border between the two nations. Hostilities intensified that
August when the Pakistani Army attempted to take Kashmir by force. The attempt to seize the state was
unsuccessful, and the second India-Pakistan War reached a stalemate. This time, the international politics
of the Cold War affected the nature of the conflict.
The United States had a history of ambivalent relations with India. During the 1950s, U.S. officials
regarded Indian leadership with some caution due to India’s involvement in the nonaligned movement.
The United States hoped to maintain a regional balance of power, which meant not allowing India to
influence the political development of other states. However,a 1962 border conflict between India and
China ended with a decisive Chinese victory, which motivated the United States and the United Kingdom
to provide military supplies to the Indian Army. After the clash with China, India also turned to the Soviet
Union for assistance,which placed some strains on U.S.-Indian relations. However,the United States also
provided India with considerable development assistance throughout the 1960s and 1970s.
U.S.-Pakistanirelations had been more consistently positive. The U.S. Government looked to Pakistan as
an example of a moderate Muslim state and appreciated Pakistani assistance in holding the line against
communist expansion by joining the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) in 1954 and the
Baghdad Pact (later renamed the Central Treaty Organization, or CENTO) in 1955. Pakistan’s interest in
these pacts stemmed from its desire to develop its military and defensive capabilities, which were
substantially weaker than those of India. Both the United States and the United Kingdom supplied arms to
Pakistan in these years.
After Pakistani troops invaded Kashmir, India moved quickly to internationalize the regional dispute. It
asked the United Nations to reprise its role in the First India-Pakistan War and end the current conflict.
The Security Council passed Resolution 211 on September 20 calling for an end to the fighting and
negotiations on the settlement of the Kashmir problem, and the United States and the United Kingdom
supported the UN decision by cutting off arms supplies to both belligerents. This ban affected both
belligerents, but Pakistan felt the effects more keenly since it had a much weaker military in comparison
to India. The UN resolution and the halting of arms sales had an immediate impact. India accepted the
ceasefire on September 21 and Pakistan on September 22.
The ceasefire alone did not resolve the status of Kashmir, and both sides accepted the Soviet Union as a
third-party mediator. Negotiations in Tashkent concluded in January 1966, with both sides giving up
territorial claims, withdrawing their armies from the disputed territory. Nevertheless, although the
Tashkent agreement achieved its short-term aims, conflict in South Asia would reignite a few years later.

8. Losses:
 Territory captured by Pakistan 1617 sq. miles
 Pak Territory captured by India 446 sq. miles
 Men Killed: Pakistan 103 and India 9500
 Tanks Lost Pakistan 165
 Tanks Lost India 475
 Air Crafts destroyed Pak 14
 Air Crafts destroyed India 110
Cease Fire:
 On September 22, the United Nations Security Council unanimously passed a resolution that called
for an unconditional ceasefire
 The Soviet Union, led by Premier Alexei Kosygin, hosted ceasefire negotiations in Tashkent (now
in Uzbekistan), where Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistani President Ayub
Khan signed the Tashkent Agreement, agreeing to withdraw to pre-August lines no later than
February 25, 1966.
1971 Indo-Pak War:
The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was a major conflict between India and Pakistan. The war is closely
associated with Bangladesh Liberation War (sometimes also referred to as Pakistani Civil War). There is
an argument about exact dates of the war. However,the armed conflict on India's western front during the
period between 3 December 1971 and 16 December 1971 is called the Indo-Pakistani War by both the
Bangladeshi and Indian armies. The war ended in a crushing defeat for the Pakistani military in just a
fortnight.
Causes of1971 War:
a). According to Najam Sethi, a well-respected and honored journalist from Pakistan, East Pakistan
always complained that they received less development funds and less attention from the West Pakistan.
b) Pakistani army started its operation in East Pakistan to contain the movement and anger among the
Bengalis.
c) The AwamiLeague secured a clear majority in the 1971 elections of Pakistan but still he was deprived
of the Prime Minister ship following opposition from leaders in West Pakistan.
d) The Indo-Pakistani conflict was sparked by the Bangladesh Liberation war.
e) On December 3,1971, Pakistani air attack on a number of air bases in northwestern India.
History of 1971 War:
a) The 1947 partition of the British Indian empire had created a Pakistan comprised of two “wings”—
West Pakistan (present-day Pakistan) and East Bengal (later renamed East Pakistan; now Bangladesh)—
that were separated by 1,600 km (1,000 mi) of Indian territory.
b) The East and West were also very different in the way of their culture, and the West area dominated
the political ways of the country. Although the East had most of Pakistan’s population, the Western
population, especially the Punjabis, had all of the political power.

9. c) In 1970, the East won an election by landslide victory, but the West refused to let the East have power.
This outraged the East, and they believed that independence was necessary.
d) The leader of the Pakistani army was also the self-appointed president of Pakistan. General Agha
Mohammed Yahya Khan planned a genocide attack on East Pakistan against Bengali elite and the Hindus
of the East.
e) During the war,which was called Operation Searchlight, large numbers of the Bengali intelligentsia in
East Pakistan were killed and many prominent Bengali leaders were thrown in jail.
f) In response, the AwamiLeague leadership of East Pakistan declared the province’s independence on
March 26. As the crackdown escalated into a full-blown and brutal civil war over the next two months,
some 10 million Bengalis fled East Pakistan and took refuge in the neighboring Indian state of West
Bengal.
g) The Indian leadership of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi quickly decided that it was cheaper to resort to
war against Pakistan than to absorb millions of refugees into India’s already bloated population.
h) Gandhi and her advisers fashioned a strategy to support the creation of a separate state for ethnic
Bengalis. This strategy involved support for the indigenous Bengali resistance movement, led by the
Mukti Bahini (Liberation Force).
i) To this end, India’s military intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing, helped to organize,
train, and arm these insurgents.
j) The Mukti Bahini managed to harass the regular Pakistani army units stationed in East Pakistan and
helped to create conducive conditions for a full-scale Indian military intervention in early December.
k) On December 3, 1971, the third Indo-Pakistani war formally began with a Pakistani air attack on a
number of air bases in northwestern India.
l) The Indian air force responded the next day by striking at severalWest Pakistani air bases. Along with
the airborne attack, the Pakistani army simultaneously launched a ground operation in Kashmīr and in the
Punjab region, thereby opening a western front. In the western sector a number of pitched battles took
place, particularly in Azad Kashmīr near Pūnch (Poonch) and Chhamb.
PakistaniStrategyin War:
Pakistan’s strategy was almost the exact opposite of India’s.
ii. Pakistani strategy was predicated on the conviction that the east would have to be defended in the west.
iii. By threatening vital Indian assets such as Kashmir and the Punjab, Pakistani planners hoped to draw
Indian forces away from the east and gain enough time for outside powers to restrain New Delhi.
iv. Further there had been lack of cooperation between the armored and infantry division in this battle
since no higher corps headquarter was controlling both the divisions and the infantry and armored
division commander had a personality clash.
In brief the Pakistani military leadership was confused and vague about the method of execution of the
strategic concept; i.e. ‘Defense of East Pakistan lies in West Pakistan’ as late as 1968-69 at the time when
defense plans were revised under General Yaqub Khan.
Indian Strategyin War:
i. In the western theatre of the war,the Indian Navy, under the command of Vice
Admiral S.N. Kohli, successfully attacked Karachi’s port in Operation Trident on the
night of 4–5 December,using missile boats, sinking Pakistani destroyer PNS Khyber
and minesweeper PNS Muhafiz; PNS Shah Jahan was also badly damaged.

10. ii. ii. Operation Python on the night of 8–9 December,in which Indian missile boats
attacked the Karachiport, resulting in further destruction of reserve fueltanks and the
sinking of three Pakistani merchant ships.
iii. Pakistan attacked at severalplaces along India’s western border with Pakistan, but
the Indian army successfully held their positions. The Indian Army quickly
responded to the Pakistan Army’s movements in the west and made some initial
gains, including capturing around 5,500 square miles (14,000 km2) of Pakistan
territory.
iv. Another Indian strategy involved support for the indigenous Bengali resistance
movement, led by the Mukti Bahini (Liberation Force). To this end, India’s military
intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing, helped to organize, train, and
arm these insurgents.
Results of 1971 War:
• Eastern Command of Pakistan Military collapse
• 6 December 1971: East Pakistan is recognized as Bangladesh by India.
• On December 16, the Allied Forces of Bangladesh and India defeated Pakistan in the east.
• On 16 December 1971, Lt. Gen A. A. K. Niazi, CO of Pakistan Army forces located in East Pakistan
signed the Instrument of Surrender.
• Over 93,000 Pakistani troops surrendered to the Indian forces, making it the largest surrender since
World War II.
• India and Bangladesh gain victory.
• The East-Pakistan got independence and recognized as a new state of Bangladesh.
Indo-PakistanRelations in the Era of Zulifqar Bhutto (1971-1977)
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto assumed the leadership of Pakistan at the hour when it became deprived of its eastern
wing and, Pakistan was facing the gravest of its crisis and the nation was in a very low morale. He
adopted an independent a foreign policy which was meant to liberate Pakistan from the dependence of US
and it proved successfulin its agenda. Within the few months after such a catastrophe, Bhutto designed
the foreign policy of Pakistan on new lines according to its real interests. Despite the criticism of his
contemporary political elite, he exercised the office of the prime minister as well as the foreign officer. In
his own words ‘bilateralism doesn’t experience any confusion in the context of foreign policy of Pakistan.
In his article, “Bilateralism: New Horizons” published by the Pakistan institute of the international affairs
he argues that the alliance system in order to gain interests doesn’t need to be justified. He is of the view
that to practice bilateralism it is necessary to examine the transformations in the global environment in the
nascence,early development and maturity of Pakistan as a state. Bhutto as the man of great diplomatic
skills initiated a new foreign policy towards India after the debacle in Bangladesh. He after long
deliberation applied the bilateralism on Pakistan and India relation and accepted longstanding Indian
demand to settle all outstanding issues between the two countries without intervention of any third
country, but bilaterally. He accepted the terms of the Simla accord in meetings with Indra Gandhi, the
then prime minister of India. He abandoned the Kashmir issue and ignored the Bengal as the former part
of Pakistan. A critic on his foreign policy towards India said that Indra and he were the classmates at
Oxford University which led to the formulation of policies on the personal basis and not on the national
basis. Before it, he was,in the era of Ayub khan who advocated the cause of the Kashmiris. The matter of
the fact is that he did not abandon the Kashmir but accepted the fact that only two countries can solve the
matter as previously the U.N.O. and other big powers failed to settle the Kashmir Issues, in spite of two
wars. Bhutto advocated the argument that the bilateralism helped Pakistan to escape the through the
disloyal shoals and currents that hazarded the passage of by design placed states in the complex.
Simla Agreement July 2,1972

11. Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi sign an agreement
in the Indian town of Shimla, in which both countries agree to "put an end to the conflict and
confrontation that have hitherto marred their relations and work for the promotion of a friendly and
harmonious relationship and the establishment of a durable peace in the subcontinent". Both sides agree
to settle any disputes "by peacefulmeans".
The Simla Agreement designates the ceasefire line of December 17, 1971, as being the new "Line-of-
Control (LoC)" between the two countries, which "shall be respected by both sides without prejudice to
the recognized position of either side"
India’s First Nuclear Test:
1974 - The Kashmiri state government affirms that the state "is a constituent unit of the Union of India".
Pakistan rejects the accord with the Indian government.
On May 18, India detonates a nuclear device at Pokhran, in an operation codenamed "Smiling Buddha".
India refers to the device as a "peaceful nuclear explosive".
Due to the nuclear tests of India, Bhutto started the nuclear proliferation of Pakistan in order to maintain
the balance of power between two countries.
Samjhota Express 22 July, 1976:
The Samjhota Express commonly called the Friend Express, is a twice-weekly train – Tuesdays and
Fridays that runs between Delhi and Attari in India and Lahore in Pakistan. The word Samjhota means
"agreement", "accord" and "compromise" in both Hindi and Urdu.
Until the reopening of the Thar Express,this was the only rail connection between the two countries. The
train was started on 22 July 1976 following the Shimla Agreement and ran between Amritsar and Lahore,
a distance of about 42 km. Following disturbances in Punjab in the late eighties, due to security reasons
Indian Railways decided to terminate the service at Atari, where customs and immigration clearances take
place.
Zia ul Haq (1977-1988):
When Zia ul Haqq came into power, Pak-India relations were not on lighter note. However,many
incidents and events took place during his regimes which brought positive and negative effects on Pak-
India relationship.
Approximately after two years of Zia's assumption of power, Congress, led by Indira Gandhi, was voted
out of office and replaced by the Janata Party, and its foreign minister Atal Behari Vajpayee was long
seen as anti-Pakistan. Vajpayee visited Pakistan in February 1978. There were exchanges on many
issues; many agreements were signed on trade, cultural exchanges, and communications but not on such
key issues as Kashmir and nuclear development.
NuclearIssue:
The nuclear issue was of critical importance to both Pakistan and India. In 1974 a nuclear device
successfully tested by India. Bhutto reacted strongly to this test and felt the need to develop Pakistan’s
own atomic bomb. When Zia came into power under the circumstance, he continued the development
program. He asked India to agree to several steps to end this potential nuclear arms race by taking
measures such as the simultaneous signing of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
and joint agreement for inspection of all nuclear sites by the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Pakistan also proposed a pact to allow for mutual inspection of sites. And, finally, Pakistan proposed a
South Asian nuclear-free zone. However, it appeared that Zia was looking for a way to terminate the
costly Pakistani program but in order to get popularity and acceptance of this idea in Pakistan; he required

12. some concessions from India. Termination would also get him out of difficulties the program was causing
with the United States,including the curtailment of aid in 1979.
SAARC:
Pakistan was at first reluctant, fearing Indian domination in SAARC as many summits were held in India,
but eventually agreed to join the group, along with Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, and Sri
Lanka. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was formally inaugurated at a
summit meeting in Dhaka in 1985. Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi ofIndia (1984-89) came to Islamabad
in 1988 to attend a SAARC summit, the first visit of an Indian prime minister since 1960,when Nehru
visited to sign the Indus WatersTreaty. After that in December 1985,Zia stopped briefly in New Delhi
and in February 1987 visited again, without any invitation to see a cricket match between the two
countries. Zia's estimation was that he and Rajiv could meet quite cordially but could not agree on
substantive issues.
Agreement:
In 1988 two countries, India and Pakistan signed an agreement that neither side will attack the other’s
nuclear installations or facilities and both sides agreed to share information on the latitude and longitude
of all nuclear installation. This agreement was later ratified, and each year since then two countries share
information on January 1st
.
SiachenConflict:
The boundary of Siachen was undefined, which was the major cause of bone of contention. The line of
control (LOC) of 1972 between Pakistan and India was demarcated on the south of Siachen, at a grid
point known as NJ9842. At that time this zone was called a neutral zone but latter after 1984,both
countries claimed their right to control the area.
The Siachen Conflict,sometimes referred to as the Siachen War, is a military conflict between India and
Pakistan over the disputed Siachen Glacier region in Kashmir. The conflict began in 1984 with India’s
successfulOperation Meghdoot during which it wrested control of the Siachen Glacier from Pakistan and
forced the Pakistanis to retreat west of the Saltoro Ridge. India has established control over all of the 70
kilometers long Siachen Glacier and all of its tributary glaciers, as well as the three main passes of the
Saltoro Ridge to the west of the glacier, Sia La, Bilafond La, and Gyong La. Pakistan controls the glacial
valleys to the west of the Saltoro Ridge. India gained more than 1,000 square miles (3,000 km2
) of
territory because of its military operations in Siachen.
In early 1986, the Indian and Pakistani governments began high-level talks to resolve the Siachen Glacier
border dispute and to improve trade. Thus, even today Siachen has no defined boundary and the armies of
both countries are protecting the glacier from further advance against each other. A cease-fire went into
effect in 2003.
Khalistan movement:
The first Home Rule movement began in 1960s and lasted till 1978. From 1978 to 1993,‘terrorism’ was
added to its struggle after its demand changed to a separate Khalistan state. Thereafter,the movement
adopted the politics of grievance, which began in 1994 and continues till today. Khalistan leader Dr.
Chohan had declared in 1970s that he would even declare a parallel government in Nankana Sahib, the
birthplace of Guru Nanak, now in Pakistan.
After the 1977 martiallaw, India alleged that General Zia ul Haq had been extending “unusual
hospitality” to visiting Sikh pilgrims. It was also reported that the General had been meeting them in the
President House and had been bidding farewell to them with some souvenirs and the Indian government
did not like these gestures.
Dhillon, who had been banned from entering India after Operation Blue Star in June 1984 and had
sought American citizenship, used to visit Pakistan and became friends with some political figures too.
During his stay, he would routinely avail their hospitality. The Indian government termed this as an anti-
India act.

13. When the Khalistan movement became active in India and abroad, the Indian government claimed that
“Pakistan armed, trained and to a certain extent financed Sikh militants.”
Despite Pakistan’s assurances that it did not support the Sikhs in their movement, the Indian government
tried to drag Pakistan in the Khalistan issue. It later became known that major Sikh organizations such as
All India Sikh Students Federation (AISSF), Babar Khalisa, World Sikh Organization (WSO), and
International Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF) were all getting support from Sikh Diaspora in United
Kingdom, Canada, United States and other countries.
On the day, Sept 30, 1981,an alert was raised at Lahore airport that an aircraft was heading towards
Pakistani territory without permission. Within minutes, an Indian passenger plane landed at the Lahore
airport. It was said that the plane had been hijacked by five Sikh men while it was on a normal Jammu to
New Delhi flight, and the hijackers had forced the pilot to divert the aircraft towards Lahore with 111
passengers on board.
This was an act of Sikh militants struggling for a separate homeland, Khalistan. The Sikh hijackers
wanted the Indian government to release their associates in Indian jails. They released all except 45
passengers and wanted to swap them with Sikh prisoners jailed in India on charges of creating unrest in
the country.
The Pakistani government immediately came into action. A smart squad of Special Services Group (SSG)
commandos was prepared and they sneaked inside the plane, pretended to be aircraft cleaners. In a
lightning quick operation, all five knife-wielding Sikh hijackers were arrested and the passengers were
freed. The militants were prosecuted under the relevant laws and sentenced to life imprisonment. The
Indian government appreciated the Pakistani act.
1988 Non-NuclearAggressionAgreement:
December 31, 1988 The Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Government of the
Republic of India,herein after referred to as the Contracting Parties,reaffirming their commitment to
durable peace and the development of friendly and harmonious bilateral relations; conscious of the role of
confidence building measures in promoting such bilateral relations based on mutual trust and goodwill;
have agreed as follows:
1.
i. Each party shall refrain from undertaking, encouraging or participating in, directly or indirectly, any
action aimed at causing the destruction of, or damage to, any nuclear installation or facility in the other
country.
ii. The term "nuclear installation orfacility" includes nuclear power and research reactors,fuel
fabrication, uranium enrichment, isotopes separation and reprocessing facilities as well as any other
installations with fresh or irradiated nuclear fuel and materials in any form and establishments storing
significant quantities of radio-active materials.
2. Each Contracting Party shall inform the other on 1st January of each calendar year of the latitude and
longitude of its nuclear installations and facilities and whenever there is any change.
3. This Agreement is subject to ratification. It shall come into force with effect from the date on which the
Instruments of Ratification are exchanged
1989 Kashmir Insurgency:
In 1989 armed resistance to Indian rule began in the Kashmir valley. Muslim United Front complained
that the 1987 elections to the state's legislative assembly were rigged against them, and they formed
militant wings. Pakistan gave its "moral and diplomatic" support to the movement, calling for the issue to
be resolved via an UN-sponsored referendum. On the other hand government of India maintained that
Pakistan's support of the insurgency consisted of training and supplying weapons to militant separatists
and repeatedly called for Pakistan to cease "cross-border terrorism".
1991 Pakistan-India agreementon advance notice on military exercises,
maneuvers and troop movements:

14. India and Pakistan recognize the need to jointly formulate an agreement at the Government level on
giving advance notice on exercises,maneuvers and troop movements in order to prevent any crisis
situation arising due to misreading of the other side's intentions. The agreement was signed at New Delhi
on 6 April 1991.
1992 JointDeclarationon the Complete Prohibition of ChemicalWeapons:
The Foreign Secretary of Pakistan and India, Shaharyar M. Khan and J.N. Dixit,signed this
Declaration on 19 August 1992,at New Delhi. The terms of the declaration were
1. They undertake never under any circumstances:
a) to develop, produce or otherwise acquire chemical weapons;
b) to use chemical weapons;
c) to assist, encourage or induce, in any way,anyone to engage in development, production, acquisition,
stockpiling or use of chemical weapons.
2. They would cooperate with each other, in finalization and adoption of a comprehensive Chemical
Weapons Convention which ensures the security of all states and encourages the full utilization of
achievements in the field of chemistry for peacefulpurposes, especially for economic development of the
developing countries.
3. They reiterate their resolve to become original States party to the proposed Convention currently being
drafted in the Conference on Disarmament.
4. They would exercise their right to develop their chemical industry and related applications and
products only for peacefulpurposes and for the welfare of their peoples.
1996-1997Diplomatic Push:
30th
January,1996. After a series of clashes on LOC, Pakistani and Indian military officers meet at LOC
in order to ease tensions.
In March 1997, Pakistani and Indian foreign secretaries Shamshad Ahmad and Krishnan Raghunath,
open the first round of peace talks in New Delhi. They both agreed to meet in Islamabad.
Later at 9th
SAARC summit held in Maldives, 12-14 May 1997, Pakistani and Indian Prime Ministers,
Inder Kumar Gujral and Nawaz Sharif met each other and took a number of decisions like agreeing to
release prisoners from each other's countries, agreeing to establish a hotline between both of them, and
most importantly, agreeing to establish working groups to address various outstanding issues upon which
the two countries disagreed.
19-23 June,Pakistaniand Indian foreign secretaries Shamshad Ahmad and Krishnan Raghunath meet for
second round of talks in Islamabad, they announced an eight-point agenda for peace talks, including
discussion of the Kashmir issue. The eight point agenda included 1) Peace and Security, 2) Jammu and
Kashmir, 3) Siachin, 4) Wullar Barrage,5) Sir Creek,6) Terrorism, 7) Commerce, 8) Promotion of
friendly exchanges in various fields.
1998 NuclearRivalry:
On 11 and 13 May 1998,India conducted its second underground nuclear tests in Pokhran, Rajasthan
located near to border with Pakistan. In response,on 28 May 1998,Pakistan conducted six tests in
Chagai, Baluchistan. Both sides were heavily criticized by the international community for the tests as
fears of a nuclear confrontation grew. The United States ordered sanctions against both countries, freezing
more than $20bn of aid, loans and trade. Japan ordered a block on about $1bn of aid loans to India. The
United Nations Security council adopted Resolution 1172,condemning the tests by both India and
Pakistan. All new U.S. economic assistance to Pakistan was suspended in May 1998. The sanctions were
eventually permanently lifted by the U.S. after Pakistan became a front line ally in the war against terror
in 2001. On the other hand, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Iran congratulated Pakistan while UK, France and
Russia refrained from condemning India for its nuclear tests.
1999 Lahore Declaration:

15. During the campaign of General Elections of February, 1997 in Pakistan, Mian Nawaz Sharif, the
leader of Pakistan Muslim League (N),categorically declared his wish for the normalization of relations
with India as his top priority. The two Prime Ministers in their meeting at New York in September, 1998,
had agreed to start a direct Bus Service between NewDelhiand Lahore. Mian Nawaz Sharif, in an
interview to an Indian correspondent; had expressed his desire to welcome Mr. Vajpayee on the inaugural
ceremony of the bus service. The Indian Prime Minister sending a positive response, announced to come
to Lahore on February 20, 1999.Indian prime minister Atal Behari Vajpayee on 20th February, 1999,
crossed the Punjab custom post in gold colored bus. That bus journey formally launched a regular service
between Lahore and Delhi. On 21 February,Lahore Declaration was signed in a summit meeting along
with a Joint Statement and Memorandumof Understanding. Both Prime Ministers recorded their
commitments to:
 identify their efforts to resolve all issues, including the issue of Jammu and Kashmir;
 follow their composite and integrated dialogue process for an early and positive outcome of the
agreed bilateral agenda;
 Take immediate steps for reducing the risk of accidental or unauthorized use of nuclear weapons.
Along with Lahore declaration, the two foreign secretaries signed a memorandum of understanding
(MOU) on nuclear and security issues. The Joint Statement added “cooperation in information
technology” and “holding consultations on easing the visa and trade flexibility”.
It can be concluded that Lahore Declaration had bright prospects for the peace in the region and lasting
solution of disputes. That was the exhibition of a political will by the political leaders, for a peaceful
relationship and it had melted the ice between the two countries. The Kargil crisis in May, 1999 and later
on the military takeover in October, 1999 in Pakistan derailed the peace process with India. Pakistan lost
a rare opportunity to solve the Kashmir problem.
1999 Kargil War:
The Kargil War took place between May and July 1999 in the Kargil district of Kashmir. There were
three major phases to the Kargil War. First, Pakistan infiltrated forces into the Indian-controlled section of
Kashmir and occupied strategic locations enabling it to bring NH1 within range of its artillery fire. The
next stage consisted of India discovering the infiltration and mobilizing forces to respond to it. The final
stage involved major battles by Indian and Pakistani forces resulting in India recapturing most of the
territories held by Pakistani forces and the subsequent withdrawal of Pakistani forces back across the Line
of Control after international pressure. On 5 July, PM Nawaz Sharif met with President Bill Clinton in
US and later announced Pakistani army's withdrawal from Kargil.
The objective of the whole conflict was to cut off the link between Kashmir and Ladakh by hitting
National Highway No.1 (NH 1). The highway was the main logistical and supply route. Later Pakistan
can force Indian army to withdraw its troops from the Siachen Glacier,forcing India to negotiate and
resolve the Kashmir dispute. Pakistan also wanted to bring global attention towards Kashmir issue
through Kargil conflict. Though the Kargil conflict had brought the Kashmir dispute into international
focus, which was one of Pakistan's aims but it did not work instead Pakistan was criticized by other
countries for instigating the war, as its paramilitary forces and insurgents crossed the Line of Control.
Since Pakistan and India each had weapons of mass destruction, many in the international community
were concerned that if the Kargil conflict intensified, it could lead to nuclear war.
During 1999:
Indian Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee meets with Nawaz Sharif, his Pakistani counterpart, in
Lahore. The two sign the Lahore Declaration, the first major agreement between the two countries since
the 1972 Shimla Accord.Both countries reaffirm their commitment to the Shimla Accord,and agree to
undertake a number of 'Confidence Building Measures' (CBMs).
Some of the diplomatic gains are eroded,however, after the Kargil conflict breaks out in May. Pakistani
forces and Kashmiri fighters occupy strategic positions on the Indian side of the LoC, prompting an
Indian counter offensive in which they are pushed back to the other side of the original LoC.

16. Kargil is the first armed conflict between the two neighbors since they officially conducted nuclear
weapons tests.
In October 1999,General Pervez Musharraf,the Pakistanichief of army staff, leads a military coup,
deposing Nawaz Sharif, the then prime minister, and installing himself as the head of the government.
2001:
Tensions along the Line of Control remain high, with 38 people killed in an attack on the Kashmiri
assembly in Srinagar. Following that attack, Farooq Abdullah, the chief minister of Indian-administered
Kashmir, calls on the Indian government to launch a full-scale military operation against alleged training
camps in Pakistan.
In July, Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf and Indian Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee meet
for a two-day summit in the Indian city of Agra. That summit collapses after two days, with both sides
unable to reach agreement on the core issue of Kashmir.
On December 13, an armed attack on the Indian parliament in New Delhi leaves 14 people dead. India
blames Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Muhammad for the attacks.
The attacks lead to a massing of India's and Pakistan's militaries along the LoC. The standoff only ends in
October 2002,after international mediation.
2002:
President Musharraf pledges that Pakistan will combat extremism on its own soil, but affirms that the
country has a right to Kashmir.
2003:
After Musharraf calls for a ceasefire along the LoC during a UN General Assembly meeting in
September, the two countries reach an agreement to cool tensions and cease hostilities across the defacto
border.
2004:
Vajpayee and Musharraf hold direct talks at the 12th SAARC summit in Islamabad in January, and the
two countries' foreign secretaries meet later in the year. This year marks the beginning of the Composite
Dialogue Process,in which bilateral meetings are held between officials at various levels of government
(including foreign ministers, foreign secretaries,military officers, border security officials, anti-narcotics
officials and nuclear experts). In November, on the eve of a visit to Jammu and Kashmir, the new Indian
Prime Minister, Man Mohan Singh, announces that India will be reducing its deployment of troops there.
In addition, both countries agreed to extend a nuclear testing ban and to set up a hotline between their
foreign secretaries aimed at preventing misunderstandings that might lead to a nuclear war
Secondly, PM Shaukat Aziz also paid a visit to India during 2004.
2005:
Baglihar Dam issue was a new issue raised by Pakistan in 2005.
Another notable event was the visit of Pervez Musharraf during the year 2005.
2006:
India redeploys 5,000 troops from Jammu and Kashmir, citing an "improvement" in the situation there,
but the two countries are unable to reach an agreement on withdrawing forces from the Siachen glacier.
In September, President Musharraf and Prime Minister Singh agree to put into place an Indo-Pak
institutional anti-terrorism mechanism.
2007:

17. On February 18,the train service between India and Pakistan (the Samjhauta Express) is bombed near
Panipat, north of New Delhi. Sixty-eight people are killed, and dozens injured.
The fifth round of talks regarding the review of nuclear and ballistic missile-related CBMs is held as part
of the Composite Dialogue Process. The second round of the Joint Anti-Terrorism Mechanism (JATM)
is also held.
2008:
India joins a framework agreement between Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan on a $7.6bn gas
pipeline project. A series of Kashmir-specific CBMs are also agreed to (including the approval of a triple-
entry permit facility).
In July, India blames Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) directorate for a bomb attack on the
Indian embassy in Kabul, which kills 58 and injures another 141.
In September, Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari and Indian Prime Minister Singh formally announce
the opening of several trade routes between the two countries.
In October,cross-LoC trade commences, though it is limited to 21 items and can take place on only two
days a week.
On November 26, armed gunmen open fire on civilians at several sites in Mumbai, India. The attacks on
the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower,the Oberoi Trident Hotel, the Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Leopold
Cafe, Cama Hospital, Nariman House Jewish community centre, Metro Cinema,St Xavier's College and
in a lane near the Times of India office,prompt an almost three-day siege of the Taj, where gunmen
remain holed up until all but one of them are killed in an Indian security forces operation. More than 160
people are killed in the attacks.
Ajmal Kasab,the only attacker captured alive, says the attackers were members of Lashkar-e-Taiba.
In the wake of the attacks,India breaks off talks with Pakistan
Relations betweenIndia and Pakistanfrom 2008-2014:
 The Indo-Pak relations took drastic changes during this time period. The important events that
affected the relationship between the two countries during this time frame are stated below.
2008:
The following significant events shaped up the relations between India and Pakistan in
2008.
 India joins a framework agreement between Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan on
7.6 billion dollars.
 In July, Indian embassy in Kabul was bombed in which 58 people were killed and 41
injured. India blamed Pakistan's ISI for the attack.
 In September, Asif Ali Zardari and Man Mohan Singh announced the opening of several
trade routes, including across the LOC.
 In October cross LOC trade was commenced but was limited to certain items and the
trade was allowed for only 2 days a week.
 On November 26, Mumbai was attacked by terrorists. Places like Taj Mahal Palace and
Tower, The Oberoi Trident Hotel, The Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Railway Station,
Leopold Cafe,Cama Hospital, Nariman House,Jewish Community Centre,Metro
Cinema, St. Xavier College and in a lane near Times of India office. India blamed
Pakistan for the attacks as it alleged that the attack has been planned on Pakistan's soil. In
the wake of the attack India breaks off all ties with Pakistan.
2009:
 Pakistan's government concedes that Mumbai Attacks may have been partly planned
on their soil but denied the allegations that plotters were aided by Pakistan's
intelligence agencies.

18.  Youssef Raza Gilani and Man Mohan Singh met on the sidelines of NAM (non-
aligned movement) summit in Sham-el-Sheikh, Egypt.
 India agreed to have talks, if Pakistan started a crackdown against militants.
 In August, India gives Pakistan a new dossier of evidence regarding Mumbai
Attacks,asking to prosecute Hafiz Saeed, head of Jamat Ud Dawah.
2010:
 In January, Pakistani and Indian forces exchanged fire across the LOC in Kashmir
which triggered tension in the region.
 In February, Foreign Secretaries met in New Delhi for talks. This meeting was
followed by the two countries "Foreign Ministers" meeting in Islamabad. The foreign
secretary of India at that time was "Nirupama Rao" and "Salman Bashir" was of
Pakistan. Whereas "S.M. Krishna" was the foreign minister of India and "Shah
Mehmod Qureshi" of Pakistan.
 In May, Ajmal Kasab was found guilty of murder, conspiracy and terrorism. He was
sentenced to death.
2011:
 In January, Indian Home Secretary "G.K.Pillai" shared information regarding
samjhota express bombings (2007).
 The two countries foreign secretaries met in Thimphu, Bhutan in February and
agreed to resume peace talks.
2012:
 In November, India executed Ajmal Kasab.
2013:
 In January, Pak-India traded accusations of violating ceasefire in Kashmir. ISI
accused the Indian troops for the death of a soldier and India charged that Pakistan's
shelling destroyed a home in their territory.
 In September, Prime Ministers of both countries met in New York on the sidelines of
the UN General Assembly. Both the leaders agreed to end tensions between the
armies of both sides in the disputed Kashmir.
2014:
 On February 12,India and Pakistan agreed to release trucks that were detained in
their respective territory, ending a three week impasse triggered by seizure of a truck
in India administrated Kashmir, coming across the de-facto LOC for allegedly
carrying brown sugar (adulterated heroin).
 On May 1,Raheel Sharif declared Kashmir as the jugular vein of Pakistan. He
issued the statement that Kashmir issue should be resolved in accordance to the
aspirations of the Kashmiri's and UNSC's resolution.
 On May 25,Pakistan released 151 Indian fishermen from its jail in a good will
gesture ahead of the swearing in ceremony of Narendra Modi as Prime Minister.
 On May 27, Indian PM Modi held talks with Pakistan's PM Nawaz Sharif in New
Delhi. Both sides expressed willingness to begin new era of bilateral relations.
2015:
 Islamabad expressed concerns about the capacity growth of Indian military potential
as from 2014-15, its defensive potential has been increased up to 12%. ($38.35
billion). In February 2015, the Govt. of BJP joined conventional arms race.
Pakistan’s stance was that it has never been in an arms race with India and it will
keep this policy in the future as well.

19. However,some delay was put from Pakistan’s side in granting India the status of
Most Favorite Nation (MFN Award).
 Islamabad accused New Delhi of using Afghan territory for terrorist attacks in
Pakistan and the involvement of RAW in such activities.
 In May 2015,Modi decided to break the ice between both countries through “Cricket
Diplomacy.” In which both teams would appear on the playing stadiums of UAE,just
to create an environment like 2011-2012, in which Youssef Raza Gillani paid a visit
to India and watched cricket match along with former PM M. Sindhom.
 From September 2014 to March 2015,there were some conflicts along LoC and
Working Boundary, over Kashmir dispute.
 In March 2015,attention was paid to bilateral issues such as: Siachen, Sir Creek and
Water conflict.
 Stabilization of Line of Control.
 Visit of Secretary Minister of Foreign Affairs of India, held on the eve of SAARC
summit.
2016:
Following list of events took place in 2016:
i) Pathankot Attack
ii) Uri Attack
iii) Postponement of SAARC summit
iv) LoC Violation
v) Surgical Strikes
vi) Curfew in India-administered Kashmir
vii) Modi’s Speech about Baluchistan
viii) PM Nawaz Sharif’s speech in UN General Assembly
ix) Ignominy of Pakistani Artists
Pathankot Attack:
The 2016 Pathankot attack was a terrorist attack committed on 2nd
January 2016 by a heavily armed
group which attacked the Pathankot Air Force Station, part of the Western Air Command of the Indian
Air Force.
On the morning of 1st January 2016 at around 03:30 at least six heavily-armed people dressed in Indian
Army uniforms breached the high-security perimeter of the airbase in Pathankot. The infiltrators entered
the base but they were stopped from entering the area where “high value assets” were placed. On 2nd
January,four attackers and 2 security forces personnel were killed in the initial gun battle. The
Pathankot–Jammu highway was sealed off as soon as news of the attack broke out. According to Indian
intelligence officers, the attackers may have entered India on 31 December 2015 along the banks of the
Beas River which cuts across the Pakistani border. Gunshots were heard on the morning of 3 January
2016,leading to speculation that more attackers were still in the airbase. A fresh IED explosion on 3
January injured three National Security Guard personnel.
Maulana Masood Azhar,chief of Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM), and his brother Abdul Rauf Asghar,are
among four persons identified by Indian intelligence agencies as "handlers" behind the attack. The
agencies found evidence that the conspiracy was hatched near Lahore. Indian defense Minister Manohar
Parrikar said there are indications that some of the materials used were made in Pakistan.
Uri Attack:
It was an assault on Indian administered Kashmir, Uri (near Jammu and Kashmir). It has been termed as
the deadliest terrorist attack on the armed forces in Kashmir during two decades. Indian army brigade
headquarters were attacked in Uri, near the LoC. 17 Indian soldiers were killed and 19 were badly injured.
This attack further resulted in postponement of SAARC summit.

20. India alleges Pakistan backed militants to carry out Uri attacks and targeting Indian military, while
Pakistan denies this and links the attacks with Kashmiri Mujahedeen.
Surgical Strikes:
On 28th
September, 2016 India claimed that it conducted surgical strikes in the territory across LoC
controlled by Pakistan and killed terrorists, while Pakistan denies any such attacks.
Curfew in Indian-administered Kashmir:
On 7th
July, 2016 Indian Govt. enforced curfew and it continued for over 4 months. Meanwhile, anti-
Indian protests were witnessed constantly. In November 2016, the curfew was finally lifted up.
Ignominy of Pakistani actors:
Cutting out the roles of Pakistani actors from Bollywood movies and not acknowledging the efforts that
actors put in making of movies and dramas,caused the tensions to rise up between India and Pakistan.
Fawad Khan and Mahira Khan have been the victims of such disgrace.
SAARC Meeting cancellation:
Due to Uri attack, India withdrew from 19th
SAARC summit that was going to be held in Pakistan on
November 9th
and 10th
. According to Indian Foreign Ministry:
"India has conveyed to current SAARC Chair Nepal that increasing cross-border terrorist attacks in the
region and growing interference in the internal affairs of Member Statesby one country have created an
environment that is not conducive to the successful holding of the 19th SAARC Summit in Islamabad in
November 2016." "In the prevailing circumstances, the Government of India is unable to participate in
the proposed Summit in Islamabad."
Modi’s Speech regarding Baluchistan:
Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s concluding remarks at the all-party meet to discuss the ongoing unrest in
Kashmir Valley, especially the ones extending support to activists in Baluchistan, Giglit-Baltistan and
Pakistan-occupied-Kashmir, have made headlines across the world.
“Pakistan forgets that it bombs its own citizens using fighter planes. The time has come when Pakistan
shall have to answer to the world forthe atrocities committed by it against people in Baluchistan and
PoK,” the prime minister said according to a statement released by Press Information Bureau.
This statement of PM Modi caused havoc in Pakistani as well as international media. And according to
some, Modi crossed the red line.
Speech of Nawaz Sharif in UN General Assembly:
Following speech was made my PM Nawaz Sharif in United Nations General Assembly 2016:
“The international order established after the Second World War is passing away,but a new order has yet
to emerge. Competition between the major powers is becoming more confrontational. This can pose
serious threats to peace across Asia.
“Confrontation should not be our destiny in South Asia. Pakistan wants peace with India. I have gone the
extra mile to achieve this, repeatedly offering a dialogue to address all outstanding issues.
“But India has posed unacceptable preconditions to engage in a dialogue. Let us be clear: talks are no
favor to Pakistan. Talks are in the interest of both countries. They are essential to resolve our differences,
especially the Jammu and Kashmir dispute, and to avert the danger of any escalation.
“Peace and normalization between Pakistan and India cannot be achieved without a resolution of the
Kashmir dispute. This is an objective evaluation, not a partisan position.

21. “On behalf of the Kashmiri people; on behalf of the mothers, wives, sisters, and fathers of the innocent
Kashmiri children, women and men who have been killed, blinded and injured; on behalf of the Pakistani
nation, I demand an independent inquiry into the extra-judicial killings, and a UN fact finding mission to
investigate brutalities perpetrated by the Indian occupying forces,so that those guilty of these atrocities
are punished.”
Unique Facts regarding Pak-India Relations:
Following are some of interesting facts regarding the arch-nemesis,India and Pakistan:
The whole world witnessed Jhallianwala Bagh killings of Muslims, under the supervision of General
Dyer (who was a brigadier at the time of massacre).
General Dyer was killed by a Hindu, Ram Singh in an attempt to take revenge of Jhallianwala incident.
The words of Hindu after assassinating General Dyer were: “My name is Muhammad RamSingh,rather
than RamSingh.”
Secondly, the critiques of Muslim League argue that it was not the only party that represented Muslims of
India, but Congress also had a fair proportion of Muslim participation. Muslim League was monopolized
by the Nawabs of Uttar Pradesh,Bihar and Hyderabad Deccan; primary example is Liaqat Ali Khan. Mr.
Jinnah also did not have social foundations and that much following in Pakistani region of NWFP, Punjab
and Baluchistan.
On the verge of partition, Mr. Gandhi offered Mr. Jinnah of Indian premiership and forming his own
cabinet excluding all congress leaders. But Mr. Nehru was not satisfied over this and this could have
ended up in further aggravation of Hindu-Muslim riots, so this offer ended without any result.
Mr. Gandhi was assassinated on 30th
January, 1948 by Nathuram Godse,a Hindu nationalist. The
reason Godse presented was “Gandhi was responsible forthe Indian partition and the formation of
Pakistan, and Gandhi was on hungerstrike during the days when India wasin a state of war with
Pakistan over Kashmir and also because Gandhi forced Indian government to release 55 crore rupees
due share of Pakistan.”
So in order to show his hatred towards Pakistan, Godse murdered Gandhi out of anger. He was then
executed in 1949.
Before signing Indus Water Basin Treaty in 1960,for 13 years from 1947 to 1960,all our water reserves
were under Indian possession. During these 13 years India could have easily caused famine in Western
Punjab and ultimately in Pakistan, but she did not. Although a threat of famine remained, but practical
practice of it never happened. Therefore,the hostility in case of India should not be exaggerated.
Coming towards the Kashmir issue, according to UN’s resolution 47,three postulates are given. First two
must be fulfilled in order for the third to take place. This says:
- Pakistan should de-militarize Kashmir.
- India should also de-militarize Kashmir, although a small amount of armed forces can be kept for
security purposes.
- Once these two conditions are fulfilled, there would be a plebiscite in Kashmir.
Hussain Shaheed Suharwardy, the PM of Bengal at the time of partition, was not allowed to enter in
Bengal and Pakistan and was declared as a traitor by Pakistan. Whereas,he along with Gandhi tried his
level best to stop Hindu-Muslim killings in Calcutta, and on return he was declared as a “traitor.”
Ancestors of extremist wings operating on both sides were the victims of Hindu-Muslim riots at the time
of partition. Roots of Hafiz Saeed’s ancestors match with the victims and similar is the case with certain
BJP leaders.
Proposals forpeacefulIndo-Pak Relations:
 Bilateral trade should be promoted.
 Security concerns must be resolved diplomatically and security threats should not be exaggerated.

22.  Issues such as Kashmir dispute, terrorism and water issues must be resolved by bilateral table
talks.
 Cultural Exchange programs should be promoted.
 Both countries should promote students exchange programs.
 Religion is quiet important to us Muslims, but it should be separated from politics. It should be
given secondary importance without any formal declarations on contemporary basis because:
a) Non-state actors misuse the religion.
b) Religious beliefs of the people are exploited and manipulated to keep the cold war warm.
c) State protection for non-state actors should be stopped.
 State protection of non-state actors should be stopped.
 Social and economic challenges should be resolved by mutual cooperation.
 Peace should be given adequate amount of room to propagate.