oxidising an reducing agent
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•175 views
Oxidation is the addition of oxygen to a substance or removal of hydrogen, while reduction is the addition of hydrogen or removal of oxygen. An oxidizing agent provides oxygen for oxidation reactions and removes hydrogen, while a reducing agent provides hydrogen for reduction reactions and removes oxygen. Examples of oxidation-reduction reactions are provided along with identification of the oxidized substance, reduced substance, oxidizing agent, and reducing agent in each reaction.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Oxidizing and reducing agents
Basic concepts on redox reactions.. Get full control over these reactions by paying full attention. All reagents are included.
REDUCTION AND REDUCING AGENTS
REDUCTION AND REDUCING AGENTS. in this presentation we explain the
Definition
Identification
Position in periodic table
Examples etc
of reduction and reducing agents.
BP401T. PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY–III Unit V Reactions of synthetic im...
BP401T. PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY–III Unit V Reactions of synthetic im...Thulasidhasan Jayaseelan
Metal hydride reduction (NaBH4 and LiAlH4), Clemmensen reduction, Birch reduction,Wolff Kishner reduction. Oppenauer-oxidation and Dakin reaction. Beckmanns rearrangement and Schmidt rearrangement. Claisen-Schmidt condensationoxidising and reducing agent
this is about the topic of chemistry the oxidising and reducing agent it tell about the defination of the oxidation as wellas oxidising agent.
Oxidation ppt
Oxidation is any chemical reaction that involves the transfer of electrons. There are two main types of oxidation reactions: reactions involving the elimination of hydrogen from a substrate, and reactions involving the addition of oxygen to a substrate. Common oxidizing agents include chromium trioxide, dichromate, permanganate, and halogens. Alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes and ketones, aldehydes to carboxylic acids, and alkenes can undergo permanganate cleavage. The document provides examples of oxidation reactions and multiple choice questions to test understanding.
organic chemistry
This document summarizes a seminar on dissolving metals and Birch reduction presented by Miss. Neha Milind Dhansekhar. The seminar covered: (1) Reduction using metals like Zn, Li, Na, and Mg under neutral and acidic conditions; (2) Birch reduction using Li/Na in liquid ammonia to reduce aromatics and acetylene; and (3) Specific examples of reductions like sodium alcohol reducing ketones to alcohols and Birch reduction reducing aromatic rings.
Reactions of synthetic importance
The document discusses two important metal hydride reductions - Clemmensen reduction and metal hydride reductions using sodium borohydride and lithium aluminium hydride. Clemmensen reduction involves the reduction of carbonyl groups to hydrocarbons using zinc amalgam and hydrochloric acid. Sodium borohydride is a mild reducing agent that reduces carbonyl groups to secondary alcohols. Lithium aluminium hydride is a strong reducing agent that can reduce a wide range of functional groups such as carbonyls, carboxylic acids, nitriles, and nitro groups to the corresponding alcohols or amines. Both sodium borohydride and lithium aluminium hydride reactions proceed by
5. Lindlar & adam's catalyst
The document discusses Lindlar's catalyst and Adam's catalyst. Lindlar's catalyst consists of palladium deposited on calcium carbonate and poisoned with lead or sulfur. It is used to selectively hydrogenate alkynes to alkenes without full reduction to alkanes. Adam's catalyst, also known as platinum dioxide PtO2•H2O, is used for hydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, dehydrogenation, and oxidation reactions. It hydrogenates alkenes with syn stereochemistry and is commonly used to reduce ketones to alcohols and nitro compounds to amines. Both catalysts provide selective hydrogenation under mild conditions.
Recommended
Oxidizing and reducing agents
Basic concepts on redox reactions.. Get full control over these reactions by paying full attention. All reagents are included.
REDUCTION AND REDUCING AGENTS
REDUCTION AND REDUCING AGENTS. in this presentation we explain the
Definition
Identification
Position in periodic table
Examples etc
of reduction and reducing agents.
BP401T. PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY–III Unit V Reactions of synthetic im...
BP401T. PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY–III Unit V Reactions of synthetic im...Thulasidhasan Jayaseelan
Metal hydride reduction (NaBH4 and LiAlH4), Clemmensen reduction, Birch reduction,Wolff Kishner reduction. Oppenauer-oxidation and Dakin reaction. Beckmanns rearrangement and Schmidt rearrangement. Claisen-Schmidt condensationoxidising and reducing agent
this is about the topic of chemistry the oxidising and reducing agent it tell about the defination of the oxidation as wellas oxidising agent.
Oxidation ppt
Oxidation is any chemical reaction that involves the transfer of electrons. There are two main types of oxidation reactions: reactions involving the elimination of hydrogen from a substrate, and reactions involving the addition of oxygen to a substrate. Common oxidizing agents include chromium trioxide, dichromate, permanganate, and halogens. Alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes and ketones, aldehydes to carboxylic acids, and alkenes can undergo permanganate cleavage. The document provides examples of oxidation reactions and multiple choice questions to test understanding.
organic chemistry
This document summarizes a seminar on dissolving metals and Birch reduction presented by Miss. Neha Milind Dhansekhar. The seminar covered: (1) Reduction using metals like Zn, Li, Na, and Mg under neutral and acidic conditions; (2) Birch reduction using Li/Na in liquid ammonia to reduce aromatics and acetylene; and (3) Specific examples of reductions like sodium alcohol reducing ketones to alcohols and Birch reduction reducing aromatic rings.
Reactions of synthetic importance
The document discusses two important metal hydride reductions - Clemmensen reduction and metal hydride reductions using sodium borohydride and lithium aluminium hydride. Clemmensen reduction involves the reduction of carbonyl groups to hydrocarbons using zinc amalgam and hydrochloric acid. Sodium borohydride is a mild reducing agent that reduces carbonyl groups to secondary alcohols. Lithium aluminium hydride is a strong reducing agent that can reduce a wide range of functional groups such as carbonyls, carboxylic acids, nitriles, and nitro groups to the corresponding alcohols or amines. Both sodium borohydride and lithium aluminium hydride reactions proceed by
5. Lindlar & adam's catalyst
The document discusses Lindlar's catalyst and Adam's catalyst. Lindlar's catalyst consists of palladium deposited on calcium carbonate and poisoned with lead or sulfur. It is used to selectively hydrogenate alkynes to alkenes without full reduction to alkanes. Adam's catalyst, also known as platinum dioxide PtO2•H2O, is used for hydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, dehydrogenation, and oxidation reactions. It hydrogenates alkenes with syn stereochemistry and is commonly used to reduce ketones to alcohols and nitro compounds to amines. Both catalysts provide selective hydrogenation under mild conditions.
OXIDATION ,PROCESS CHEMISTRY ,MPHARM
OXIDATION ,TYPES OF OXIDATIVE REACTIONS , NON-METALLIC OXIDIZING AGNETS ,LIQUID PHASE OXIDATION, PHARAMACEUTICAL PROCESS CHEMISTRY, MPHARM
Reduction reactions
This document provides an overview of reduction reactions in organic chemistry. It discusses various types of reduction reactions including catalytic hydrogenation, hydride transfer reactions using reagents like LiAlH4 and NaBH4, dissolving metal reductions, and others. Specific metal hydride reductions using boron and aluminum reagents like sodium borohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride, lithium aluminum hydride, and diisobutylaluminum hydride are explained in detail including their mechanisms and selectivity. Diimide reduction is also briefly covered. The document concludes with a bibliography of reference books on organic reaction mechanisms.
Hydrogenation (5)
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
Reductive alkylation
The reactions of aldehydes or ketones with ammonia, primary amines, or secondary amines in the presence of reducing agents to give primary, secondary, or tertiary amines, respectively are known as reductive aminations (of the carbonyl compounds) or reductive alkylation's (of the amines).
Oxidizing agents&ozonolysis
Nonmetallic oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, and oxygen gas are discussed. Hydrogen peroxide is an unstable liquid that decomposes into water and oxygen. It is used as a bleaching agent and disinfectant. Sodium hypochlorite is a greenish-yellow solid that decomposes into sodium chloride and chlorine. It is commonly used as a bleach and disinfectant. Oxygen gas makes up 20.8% of the atmosphere and is essential for cellular respiration in living organisms.
Reduction by dissolving metals
Chemical methods of reduction can take place by addition of electrons to the unsaturated compound followed by transfer of protons or can take place by addition of hydride ion followed by protonation.
Reductions that follow the first path are generally effected by metal, the source of the electrons, and a proton donor, which may be water, an alcohol or an acid. However, in the absence of proton source, it can undergo dimerization or polymerization.
Birch reduction
The Birch reduction is a reaction where aromatic compounds undergo partial reduction to unconjugated cyclohexadiene compounds in the presence of alkali metals like sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia. The solvated electrons from the reaction of the metal with liquid ammonia give the solution an intense blue color. The mechanism begins with single electron transfer from the metal to the aromatic ring, forming a radical anion. Regioselectivity in the reduction depends on whether substituents on the aromatic ring are electron donating groups or electron withdrawing groups. The Birch reduction can selectively reduce the less electron-rich ring in bicyclic aromatic compounds.
Reduction with metal hydride- PCI syllabus-Organic / Heterocyclic chemistry
This document discusses various reagents used for reduction reactions, including lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) and sodium borohydride (NaBH4). LiAlH4 is commonly used to reduce functional groups like nitro, carbonyl, and nitrile groups in the presence of carbon-carbon double bonds. NaBH4 selectively reduces aldehydes and ketones to alcohols while leaving halogen and cyano groups unaffected. Sodium cyanoborohydride (NaBH3CN) is a more selective reagent that can be used in the presence of acid-sensitive functional groups.
Green Chemistry Catalysts for Transfer Hydrogenation Reactions: Synthesis, ch...
The poster that I presented at the 253rd American Chemical Society National Meeting and Exposition in San Francisco,
CA. It highlights some of my research at Millersville University under the mentorship of Dr. Edward Rajaseelan.
Reduction Reaction
This document summarizes different types of reduction reactions. It discusses the mechanism of reduction reactions as the removal of oxygen or addition of hydrogen. It describes two types of catalysts - homogeneous and heterogeneous. It also outlines several specific types of reduction reactions including catalytic hydrogenation, hydride transfer reactions, dissolving metal reactions, replacement of oxygen by hydrogen, reductive coupling, and reduction with cleavage. Key reducing agents mentioned are lithium aluminum hydride, sodium borohydride, and various transition metals.
Bouveault blanc reduction
It is a chemical reactionin which esters are reduced to primary alochols using absolute ethanol and sodium metal.
Reduction reactions
This document discusses various types of reduction reactions including:
1) Catalytic hydrogenation using metals like Pt, Pd, Ni, Ru, Rh to reduce double and triple bonds.
2) Hydride transfer reactions using sources like LiAlH4, NaBH4 to reduce carbonyl groups, nitro groups, and more.
3) Dissolving metal reductions using reactive metals like Li, Na in ammonia solution (Birch reduction) to reduce aromatics.
4) Specific reducing agents and conditions are described for reducing different functional groups selectively like carbonyls, nitriles, alkynes and more.
3. NaBH4
Sodium borohydride is a reducing agent used in organic synthesis. It is commonly used to reduce carbonyl groups such as aldehydes and ketones to alcohols. The reduction occurs via a two-step mechanism where the borohydride first adds to the carbonyl carbon, then a proton transfers in a second step. Sodium borohydride is a mild reducing agent and selectively reduces carbonyls over other functional groups. It is preferred over lithium aluminum hydride for carbonyl reductions due to its milder and more controlled reactivity in aqueous conditions.
Birch reduction- As per PCI syllabus - Organic / Heterocyclic chemistry
The Birch reduction is a chemical reaction that uses alkali metals like sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia or amines to reduce aromatic rings and conjugated dienes. This forms mainly unconjugated dihydro derivatives. Radical ions are reactive intermediates that contain an unpaired electron and a charge. Radical cations have a positive charge while radical anions have a negative charge. Radicals are atoms, molecules, or ions with an unpaired valence electron and can be generated through redox reactions, radiation, heat, electrolysis or electrical discharges. The Birch reduction mechanism involves the alkali metal donating an electron to form a radical anion which abstracts a proton to form an ion that picks up
Oxidation
Magnesium and methane undergo oxidation reactions in the examples provided. In the magnesium reaction, magnesium atoms are oxidized when they lose electrons to form magnesium ions. In the methane reaction, hydrogen atoms gain oxygen and are oxidized to form water, while carbon gains oxygen and is oxidized to carbon dioxide. Oxidation causes a loss of electrons or gain of oxygen. Reduction is the opposite, with a gain of electrons or loss of oxygen. Oxidizing agents become reduced by causing other reactants to be oxidized, while reducing agents become oxidized by causing other reactants to be reduced.
Chapter 3 ketone
Here are the answers:
a)
i) K (2-methyl-1-propanol):
CH3
|
CH3-C-CH2-CH2-OH
|
CH3
L (2-methyl-2-propanol):
CH3
|
CH3-C-CH(OH)-CH3
ii) K can be prepared by reacting propanone with methylmagnesium bromide, a Grignard reagent:
CH3COCH3 + CH3MgBr → CH3C(OCH3)(CH3) → CH3C(OH)(CH3)CH3 + MgBr
iii) M
Reduction reactions
This document discusses reduction reactions and reducing agents. It aims to teach the reader to: 1) exploit differences in reactivity between hydride and neutral reducing agents to achieve chemoselective reductions; 2) use substrate chirality to control syn vs. anti diastereoselectivity in ketone reductions; 3) rationalize reaction outcomes using transition state diagrams; 4) appreciate the versatility of transition metals in reductions; 5) understand the utility of dissolving metal reductions; and 6) use radical chemistry for deoxygenation and halide reduction. It then provides details on various hydride and neutral reducing agents, focusing on their reactivities and applications in selective reductions.
Chapter 3 Oxidation and Reduction
This document discusses oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions. It defines oxidation as the gain of oxygen, loss of hydrogen, or loss of electrons, while reduction is defined as the loss of oxygen, gain of hydrogen, or gain of electrons. Redox reactions involve both oxidation and reduction occurring simultaneously. Oxidation numbers are assigned to elements to indicate degree of oxidation. Common oxidizing agents are listed that can oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+, like potassium manganate, chlorine, and nitric acid. Reducing agents like sodium sulfite can reduce Fe3+ back to Fe2+. The document also covers IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic compounds and rules for assigning oxidation numbers.
Complex metal hydrides and selectrides
The complex metal hydrides are generally salts in which the anions contain hydrides
They typically contain more than one type of metal or metalloid and can be soluble or react with water
General Formula of Complex Metal Hydrides- MxM'yHn
where, M= Alkali metal; M'= Metal/Metalloid
UNIT PROCESS IN SYNTHESIS(APIT)
This document provides information about amination by reduction. It discusses various reduction methods used to synthesize amines including metal and acid reduction, metal hydrides, sulfides, and electrolysis. Metal and acid reduction, specifically the Bechamp method using iron and hydrochloric acid, is described in detail. An example process for the production of aniline via the reduction of nitrobenzene is outlined, including reaction details and equipment used. Amines produced by these reductive methods are important intermediates for chemicals, dyes, pharmaceuticals, and other industrial products.
Redox intro
Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between reactants, resulting in both oxidation and reduction occurring simultaneously. Oxidation is defined as either the loss of electrons or gain of oxygen. Reduction is defined as either the gain of electrons or loss of oxygen. Common examples of redox reactions in daily life include combustion, corrosion, photosynthesis, and respiration.
Redox o h
Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between reactants, resulting in both oxidation and reduction occurring simultaneously. Oxidation is defined as either the loss of electrons or gain of oxygen. Reduction is defined as either the gain of electrons or loss of oxygen. Common examples of redox reactions in daily life include combustion, corrosion/rusting, photosynthesis, and respiration.
More Related Content
What's hot
OXIDATION ,PROCESS CHEMISTRY ,MPHARM
OXIDATION ,TYPES OF OXIDATIVE REACTIONS , NON-METALLIC OXIDIZING AGNETS ,LIQUID PHASE OXIDATION, PHARAMACEUTICAL PROCESS CHEMISTRY, MPHARM
Reduction reactions
This document provides an overview of reduction reactions in organic chemistry. It discusses various types of reduction reactions including catalytic hydrogenation, hydride transfer reactions using reagents like LiAlH4 and NaBH4, dissolving metal reductions, and others. Specific metal hydride reductions using boron and aluminum reagents like sodium borohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride, lithium aluminum hydride, and diisobutylaluminum hydride are explained in detail including their mechanisms and selectivity. Diimide reduction is also briefly covered. The document concludes with a bibliography of reference books on organic reaction mechanisms.
Hydrogenation (5)
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
Reductive alkylation
The reactions of aldehydes or ketones with ammonia, primary amines, or secondary amines in the presence of reducing agents to give primary, secondary, or tertiary amines, respectively are known as reductive aminations (of the carbonyl compounds) or reductive alkylation's (of the amines).
Oxidizing agents&ozonolysis
Nonmetallic oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, and oxygen gas are discussed. Hydrogen peroxide is an unstable liquid that decomposes into water and oxygen. It is used as a bleaching agent and disinfectant. Sodium hypochlorite is a greenish-yellow solid that decomposes into sodium chloride and chlorine. It is commonly used as a bleach and disinfectant. Oxygen gas makes up 20.8% of the atmosphere and is essential for cellular respiration in living organisms.
Reduction by dissolving metals
Chemical methods of reduction can take place by addition of electrons to the unsaturated compound followed by transfer of protons or can take place by addition of hydride ion followed by protonation.
Reductions that follow the first path are generally effected by metal, the source of the electrons, and a proton donor, which may be water, an alcohol or an acid. However, in the absence of proton source, it can undergo dimerization or polymerization.
Birch reduction
The Birch reduction is a reaction where aromatic compounds undergo partial reduction to unconjugated cyclohexadiene compounds in the presence of alkali metals like sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia. The solvated electrons from the reaction of the metal with liquid ammonia give the solution an intense blue color. The mechanism begins with single electron transfer from the metal to the aromatic ring, forming a radical anion. Regioselectivity in the reduction depends on whether substituents on the aromatic ring are electron donating groups or electron withdrawing groups. The Birch reduction can selectively reduce the less electron-rich ring in bicyclic aromatic compounds.
Reduction with metal hydride- PCI syllabus-Organic / Heterocyclic chemistry
This document discusses various reagents used for reduction reactions, including lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) and sodium borohydride (NaBH4). LiAlH4 is commonly used to reduce functional groups like nitro, carbonyl, and nitrile groups in the presence of carbon-carbon double bonds. NaBH4 selectively reduces aldehydes and ketones to alcohols while leaving halogen and cyano groups unaffected. Sodium cyanoborohydride (NaBH3CN) is a more selective reagent that can be used in the presence of acid-sensitive functional groups.
Green Chemistry Catalysts for Transfer Hydrogenation Reactions: Synthesis, ch...
The poster that I presented at the 253rd American Chemical Society National Meeting and Exposition in San Francisco,
CA. It highlights some of my research at Millersville University under the mentorship of Dr. Edward Rajaseelan.
Reduction Reaction
This document summarizes different types of reduction reactions. It discusses the mechanism of reduction reactions as the removal of oxygen or addition of hydrogen. It describes two types of catalysts - homogeneous and heterogeneous. It also outlines several specific types of reduction reactions including catalytic hydrogenation, hydride transfer reactions, dissolving metal reactions, replacement of oxygen by hydrogen, reductive coupling, and reduction with cleavage. Key reducing agents mentioned are lithium aluminum hydride, sodium borohydride, and various transition metals.
Bouveault blanc reduction
It is a chemical reactionin which esters are reduced to primary alochols using absolute ethanol and sodium metal.
Reduction reactions
This document discusses various types of reduction reactions including:
1) Catalytic hydrogenation using metals like Pt, Pd, Ni, Ru, Rh to reduce double and triple bonds.
2) Hydride transfer reactions using sources like LiAlH4, NaBH4 to reduce carbonyl groups, nitro groups, and more.
3) Dissolving metal reductions using reactive metals like Li, Na in ammonia solution (Birch reduction) to reduce aromatics.
4) Specific reducing agents and conditions are described for reducing different functional groups selectively like carbonyls, nitriles, alkynes and more.
3. NaBH4
Sodium borohydride is a reducing agent used in organic synthesis. It is commonly used to reduce carbonyl groups such as aldehydes and ketones to alcohols. The reduction occurs via a two-step mechanism where the borohydride first adds to the carbonyl carbon, then a proton transfers in a second step. Sodium borohydride is a mild reducing agent and selectively reduces carbonyls over other functional groups. It is preferred over lithium aluminum hydride for carbonyl reductions due to its milder and more controlled reactivity in aqueous conditions.
Birch reduction- As per PCI syllabus - Organic / Heterocyclic chemistry
The Birch reduction is a chemical reaction that uses alkali metals like sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia or amines to reduce aromatic rings and conjugated dienes. This forms mainly unconjugated dihydro derivatives. Radical ions are reactive intermediates that contain an unpaired electron and a charge. Radical cations have a positive charge while radical anions have a negative charge. Radicals are atoms, molecules, or ions with an unpaired valence electron and can be generated through redox reactions, radiation, heat, electrolysis or electrical discharges. The Birch reduction mechanism involves the alkali metal donating an electron to form a radical anion which abstracts a proton to form an ion that picks up
Oxidation
Magnesium and methane undergo oxidation reactions in the examples provided. In the magnesium reaction, magnesium atoms are oxidized when they lose electrons to form magnesium ions. In the methane reaction, hydrogen atoms gain oxygen and are oxidized to form water, while carbon gains oxygen and is oxidized to carbon dioxide. Oxidation causes a loss of electrons or gain of oxygen. Reduction is the opposite, with a gain of electrons or loss of oxygen. Oxidizing agents become reduced by causing other reactants to be oxidized, while reducing agents become oxidized by causing other reactants to be reduced.
Chapter 3 ketone
Here are the answers:
a)
i) K (2-methyl-1-propanol):
CH3
|
CH3-C-CH2-CH2-OH
|
CH3
L (2-methyl-2-propanol):
CH3
|
CH3-C-CH(OH)-CH3
ii) K can be prepared by reacting propanone with methylmagnesium bromide, a Grignard reagent:
CH3COCH3 + CH3MgBr → CH3C(OCH3)(CH3) → CH3C(OH)(CH3)CH3 + MgBr
iii) M
Reduction reactions
This document discusses reduction reactions and reducing agents. It aims to teach the reader to: 1) exploit differences in reactivity between hydride and neutral reducing agents to achieve chemoselective reductions; 2) use substrate chirality to control syn vs. anti diastereoselectivity in ketone reductions; 3) rationalize reaction outcomes using transition state diagrams; 4) appreciate the versatility of transition metals in reductions; 5) understand the utility of dissolving metal reductions; and 6) use radical chemistry for deoxygenation and halide reduction. It then provides details on various hydride and neutral reducing agents, focusing on their reactivities and applications in selective reductions.
Chapter 3 Oxidation and Reduction
This document discusses oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions. It defines oxidation as the gain of oxygen, loss of hydrogen, or loss of electrons, while reduction is defined as the loss of oxygen, gain of hydrogen, or gain of electrons. Redox reactions involve both oxidation and reduction occurring simultaneously. Oxidation numbers are assigned to elements to indicate degree of oxidation. Common oxidizing agents are listed that can oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+, like potassium manganate, chlorine, and nitric acid. Reducing agents like sodium sulfite can reduce Fe3+ back to Fe2+. The document also covers IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic compounds and rules for assigning oxidation numbers.
Complex metal hydrides and selectrides
The complex metal hydrides are generally salts in which the anions contain hydrides
They typically contain more than one type of metal or metalloid and can be soluble or react with water
General Formula of Complex Metal Hydrides- MxM'yHn
where, M= Alkali metal; M'= Metal/Metalloid
UNIT PROCESS IN SYNTHESIS(APIT)
This document provides information about amination by reduction. It discusses various reduction methods used to synthesize amines including metal and acid reduction, metal hydrides, sulfides, and electrolysis. Metal and acid reduction, specifically the Bechamp method using iron and hydrochloric acid, is described in detail. An example process for the production of aniline via the reduction of nitrobenzene is outlined, including reaction details and equipment used. Amines produced by these reductive methods are important intermediates for chemicals, dyes, pharmaceuticals, and other industrial products.
What's hot (20)
Reduction with metal hydride- PCI syllabus-Organic / Heterocyclic chemistry
Reduction with metal hydride- PCI syllabus-Organic / Heterocyclic chemistry
Green Chemistry Catalysts for Transfer Hydrogenation Reactions: Synthesis, ch...
Green Chemistry Catalysts for Transfer Hydrogenation Reactions: Synthesis, ch...
Birch reduction- As per PCI syllabus - Organic / Heterocyclic chemistry
Birch reduction- As per PCI syllabus - Organic / Heterocyclic chemistry
Similar to oxidising an reducing agent
Redox intro
Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between reactants, resulting in both oxidation and reduction occurring simultaneously. Oxidation is defined as either the loss of electrons or gain of oxygen. Reduction is defined as either the gain of electrons or loss of oxygen. Common examples of redox reactions in daily life include combustion, corrosion, photosynthesis, and respiration.
Redox o h
Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between reactants, resulting in both oxidation and reduction occurring simultaneously. Oxidation is defined as either the loss of electrons or gain of oxygen. Reduction is defined as either the gain of electrons or loss of oxygen. Common examples of redox reactions in daily life include combustion, corrosion/rusting, photosynthesis, and respiration.
Redox reactions
This document discusses redox reactions and oxidation states. It defines oxidizing and reducing agents as chemical species that cause the other reactant to be oxidized or reduced, respectively. Redox reactions involve the oxidation of one substance and the reduction of another through electron transfer. Tests are described to identify reducing and oxidizing agents based on their ability to reduce dichromate, manganate, or oxidize iodide ions. The document also explains how to determine the oxidation state of atoms in compounds and polyatomic ions using the fact that the sum of oxidation states equals the overall charge.
Tejendra BIOCHEM.pptx
Bio chemistry ppt
Oxidation ppt
Reduction ppt
Hydrolysis ppt
Science ppt
Class 11 Chemistry ppt
Redox reaactions ppt
Chemistry ppt
oxidizing reagents ppt
Reducing reagents ppt
Oxidation ppt
Reduction ppt
Oxidation number ppt
Topic 7 oxidation and reduction
SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY
TOPIC : Oxidation and Reduction
for grade 10 and 11.IGCSE,MYP,CBSE,SSC and other boards
Redox
Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between reactants, resulting in changes to their oxidation states. Oxidation is the loss of electrons or gain of oxygen, while reduction is the gain of electrons or loss of oxygen. The document provides examples of redox reactions and identifies the oxidizing and reducing agents and species undergoing oxidation and reduction. It also gives the oxidation states of elements in ammonium sulfate.
Ch4 Organic Reactions - organic chemistry.ppt
The document discusses oxidation and reduction reactions. It defines oxidation as the loss of electrons or addition of oxygen, and reduction as the gain of electrons or removal of oxygen. Some examples of oxidation and reduction reactions are provided, such as the reaction of copper oxide and hydrogen to form copper and water. The document also discusses organic oxidation and reduction, noting that organic oxidation involves increasing the number of bonds to more electronegative elements like oxygen, while reduction decreases these bonds. Common reducing agents for aldehydes and ketones like lithium aluminum hydride and sodium borohydride are also mentioned.
Oxidation – reduction reactions by Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14
The document discusses oxidation-reduction reactions. It states that oxidation is the loss of electrons by a substance, while reduction is the gain of electrons by another substance. It provides examples of oxidation and reduction, including carbon forming cations or anions when bonds are broken. Oxidizing agents cause other substances to lose electrons, while reducing agents gain electrons from other substances. Common redox reactions are described where reactants lose electrons (are oxidized) and gain electrons (are reduced). The document also discusses defining oxidation as the loss of hydrogen and reduction as the gain of hydrogen in chemical reactions. Finally, it introduces the concept of oxidation number or state to reflect the electrons lost or gained by an element relative to its elemental state.
Chemical reactions and equations
complete overview of chemical reactions along with their types.
it contains
chemical reaction and equation
types of chemical reaction (5 types)
corrosion
rancidity
Chemical reactions and Equations PPT.pptx
This document provides an overview of chemical reactions and equations. It defines chemical reactions as processes that result in the formation of new substances that cannot be reversed physically. It describes several types of chemical reactions that occur in daily life and gives examples of each. The key points covered are: reactants and products, writing chemical equations, the need to balance equations based on the law of conservation of mass, and common types of chemical reactions like combination, decomposition, displacement, and redox.
Redox reactions
contains explanation of redox reaction, differences between oxidation and reduction, related pictures and solved examples along with test your understanding section.
oxidant and reductant.pdf
The document discusses oxidation and reduction reactions. It defines an oxidant as a substance that accepts electrons from another substance, and defines reduction as the gain of electrons and oxidation as the loss of electrons. It provides examples of chemical and biological oxidation reactions involving the addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen. Reduction reactions are defined as those involving the removal of oxygen or addition of hydrogen. Metals typically act as reducing agents that donate electrons, while non-metals act as oxidizing agents that accept electrons.
Redox Reaction
Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between substances, causing some substances to be oxidized (lose electrons) and others to be reduced (gain electrons). In the examples given, sodium metal is oxidized when it reacts with bromine gas, losing electrons to become sodium ions. Bromine gas is reduced, gaining electrons to become bromide ions. Zinc metal also undergoes oxidation when reacting with hydrochloric acid, losing electrons to form zinc ions, while hydrogen ions are reduced, gaining electrons to form hydrogen gas. Oxidation numbers are used to indicate the charge of atoms in their elemental or ionic states and can help identify whether a substance is being oxidized or reduced in a redox reaction.
Oxidation reduction reaction
This the reaction that explains the loose or gain oxygen, hydrogen, electron transfer and the increase or decrease of oxidation number.
In this slide, we also talk about the oxidation number: how it is being calculated, examples of element in a compound with their oxidation number
Acid Bases and Salts and Chemical Equations
1) The document discusses chemical reactions and equations, focusing on chemical changes, types of chemical equations, and balanced chemical equations.
2) It then covers the five main types of chemical reactions - combination, decomposition, displacement, double displacement, and oxidation-reduction reactions.
3) Finally, it discusses acids, bases, and salts. It defines acids and bases, lists their key properties, methods of classification, common examples, and uses.
OXIDATIVE REACTION.pptx
This document discusses various oxidative reactions and oxidizing agents. It focuses on non-metallic oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, and oxygen gas. For each oxidizing agent, the document describes their industrial production, chemical properties, and common uses. Key oxidative reactions discussed include oxidation of organic compounds, metals, and complexes.
Anions
1. Qualitative inorganic analysis involves the detection and identification of anions in samples. Anions are divided into six groups including carbonates, sulphur-containing anions, halides, cyanogen, arsenic/phosphorus, and nitrogen-containing.
2. Carbonates and bicarbonates react with acids to produce carbon dioxide gas. Sulphur-containing anions such as sulphides, sulphites, thiosulphates and sulphates are identified through reactions that produce precipitates, gases, or color changes with reagents like barium chloride, silver nitrate, and iron (III) chloride.
3. Common tests involve observing properties like solubility, as
Acids, Bases and Indicators Part 2
This document discusses acids, bases, and indicators. It provides examples of reactions between acids and metals, including the production of hydrogen gas. It also discusses reactions between acids and metal carbonates, producing carbon dioxide gas. Finally, it explains why conditioner is necessary after shampoo to neutralize the alkaline nature of hair and restore moisture.
1 redox (1)
This document defines oxidation and reduction in terms of the loss or gain of oxygen, hydrogen, and electrons. It also discusses oxidation and reduction in terms of changes in oxidation number. Oxidation involves the loss of electrons, hydrogen, or oxygen or an increase in oxidation number, while reduction involves the gain of electrons, hydrogen, or oxygen or a decrease in oxidation number. Redox reactions involve the coupled process of oxidation and reduction occurring simultaneously. Examples of redox reactions are provided and analyzed in terms of half reactions and changes in oxidation numbers of reactants and products.
Redox reactions
This document provides an overview of redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions, including definitions of key terms like oxidation, reduction, oxidizing agents, reducing agents, and disproportionation reactions. It discusses identifying oxidation and reduction based on changes in oxygen, hydrogen, or electron content. Methods for determining oxidation states and balancing redox reactions using the half-reaction method are also described. Real-world examples of redox processes like corrosion and the blue bottle experiment are mentioned.
Similar to oxidising an reducing agent (20)
Oxidation – reduction reactions by Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14
Oxidation – reduction reactions by Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14
Recently uploaded
如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptx
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
(Work in progress.)
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptx
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,kP,Pakistan
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsComparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Particle-In-Cell (PIC) algorithm,
Plasma expansion in the dipole magnetic field.
Recently uploaded (20)
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
oxidising an reducing agent
- 1. Oxidising agents and reducing agent Submitted to – Mrs. Chetna mam From- Himanshu Arora Class-10 B
- 2. Oxidation means the addition of oxygen to a substance and the removal of hydrogen from a substance is called oxidation.
- 3. It means the addition of hydrogen to a substance and the removal of oxygen to a substance is called reduction.
- 4. It is reaction in which both oxidation and reduction take place simultaneously.
- 5. Cuo + H2 Cu + H2O H2S + Cl2 S + 2HCl
- 6. The substance which gives oxygen for oxidation and the substance which remove the hydrogen is called oxidising agents.
- 7. The substance which give hydrogen for reduction and the substance which remove oxygen is called reducing agents.
- 8. ZnO + C Zn + CO Substance oxidised – C Substance reduced – ZnO Oxdising agent – ZnO Reducing agent - C
- 9. MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O Substance Oxidised – 4HCl Substance reduced – MnO2 Reducing Agent – 4HCl Oxidising Agent – MnO2s