OTC drugs are medications that can be purchased without a prescription. They include analgesics, cough/cold medicines, and antacids. OTC drugs are cheaper and more convenient than prescription drugs. However, they still carry risks like drug interactions and side effects if not taken properly. Pharmacists play an important role in counseling patients on safe OTC use, including asking questions to assess medical history, providing instructions, and ensuring understanding. Proper use of OTC drugs can provide symptom relief when needed.
Function of community pharmacy, Organization and structure of retail and wholesale drug store, Legal requirement for establishment, Maintenance of records
Title: Clinical Pharmacy: Enhancing Patient Care through Medication Optimization
Description:
Welcome to the world of Clinical Pharmacy, where pharmaceutical expertise meets patient-centered care! In this SlideShare presentation, we dive into the fascinating realm of Clinical Pharmacy, exploring its vital role in healthcare and how it contributes to improved patient outcomes.
Clinical Pharmacy is an evolving field that combines the knowledge of pharmacology and therapeutics with direct patient care. It focuses on the optimization of medication therapy to ensure safe, effective, and personalized treatment regimens for patients of all ages. This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of Clinical Pharmacy, highlighting its significance in modern healthcare settings.
Within this presentation, we explore the key pillars of Clinical Pharmacy, including:
1. Medication Therapy Management: Discover how Clinical Pharmacists work collaboratively with healthcare teams to optimize medication therapy. Learn about the process of medication reconciliation, drug therapy monitoring, and medication counseling to enhance patient adherence and safety.
2. Pharmacotherapy Expertise: Gain insights into the in-depth knowledge of Clinical Pharmacists in pharmacology, drug interactions, and pharmacokinetics. Understand how this expertise helps them make evidence-based decisions, select appropriate medications, and customize treatment plans to individual patient needs.
3. Translational Research: Explore the role of Clinical Pharmacists in conducting research to bridge the gap between scientific discoveries and clinical practice. Learn how they contribute to the development and evaluation of new therapies, ensuring their safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness.
4. Interprofessional Collaboration: Recognize the importance of collaboration among healthcare providers in achieving optimal patient outcomes. Explore how Clinical Pharmacists actively engage with physicians, nurses, and other healthcare professionals to provide comprehensive patient care.
5. Patient Education and Advocacy: Delve into the patient-centered approach of Clinical Pharmacy, emphasizing the significance of patient education, shared decision-making, and promoting medication adherence. Understand how Clinical Pharmacists empower patients to actively participate in their treatment plans.
By the end of this SlideShare presentation, you will have a deeper understanding of Clinical Pharmacy's multifaceted nature and its pivotal role in enhancing patient care. Whether you are a healthcare professional seeking to expand your knowledge or a curious individual interested in the intersection of pharmacy and patient care, this presentation is an excellent resource to explore the exciting world of Clinical Pharmacy.
Join us on this enlightening journey, and let Clinical Pharmacy open doors to new perspectives and possibilities for improved patient outcomes and healthcare excellence.
Function of community pharmacy, Organization and structure of retail and wholesale drug store, Legal requirement for establishment, Maintenance of records
Title: Clinical Pharmacy: Enhancing Patient Care through Medication Optimization
Description:
Welcome to the world of Clinical Pharmacy, where pharmaceutical expertise meets patient-centered care! In this SlideShare presentation, we dive into the fascinating realm of Clinical Pharmacy, exploring its vital role in healthcare and how it contributes to improved patient outcomes.
Clinical Pharmacy is an evolving field that combines the knowledge of pharmacology and therapeutics with direct patient care. It focuses on the optimization of medication therapy to ensure safe, effective, and personalized treatment regimens for patients of all ages. This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of Clinical Pharmacy, highlighting its significance in modern healthcare settings.
Within this presentation, we explore the key pillars of Clinical Pharmacy, including:
1. Medication Therapy Management: Discover how Clinical Pharmacists work collaboratively with healthcare teams to optimize medication therapy. Learn about the process of medication reconciliation, drug therapy monitoring, and medication counseling to enhance patient adherence and safety.
2. Pharmacotherapy Expertise: Gain insights into the in-depth knowledge of Clinical Pharmacists in pharmacology, drug interactions, and pharmacokinetics. Understand how this expertise helps them make evidence-based decisions, select appropriate medications, and customize treatment plans to individual patient needs.
3. Translational Research: Explore the role of Clinical Pharmacists in conducting research to bridge the gap between scientific discoveries and clinical practice. Learn how they contribute to the development and evaluation of new therapies, ensuring their safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness.
4. Interprofessional Collaboration: Recognize the importance of collaboration among healthcare providers in achieving optimal patient outcomes. Explore how Clinical Pharmacists actively engage with physicians, nurses, and other healthcare professionals to provide comprehensive patient care.
5. Patient Education and Advocacy: Delve into the patient-centered approach of Clinical Pharmacy, emphasizing the significance of patient education, shared decision-making, and promoting medication adherence. Understand how Clinical Pharmacists empower patients to actively participate in their treatment plans.
By the end of this SlideShare presentation, you will have a deeper understanding of Clinical Pharmacy's multifaceted nature and its pivotal role in enhancing patient care. Whether you are a healthcare professional seeking to expand your knowledge or a curious individual interested in the intersection of pharmacy and patient care, this presentation is an excellent resource to explore the exciting world of Clinical Pharmacy.
Join us on this enlightening journey, and let Clinical Pharmacy open doors to new perspectives and possibilities for improved patient outcomes and healthcare excellence.
Introduction to clinical pharmacy, Concept and Objectives of clinical pharmacy, Function and responsibilities of clinical pharmacist, Clinical Pharmacy services.
Pharmacy and therapeutic committee, PTC, Organization of PTC, Functions of PTC, Automatic stop order, Emergency drug list, ADR and safety monitoring, Role of Pharmacy and therapeutic committee
hospital formulary is developed under the guidance of pharmacy and therapeutic commitee of the hospital.pharmacist working in a hospital should play an important role in the preparation of the hospital formulary
Community Pharmacy
Organization and structure of retail and wholesale drug store, types and design, Legal requirements for establishment and maintenance of a drug store, Dispensing of proprietary products, maintenance of records of retail
and wholesale drug store
Purchasing and Inventory control in drug store
by Mrs. Anjua Parkhe and Mrs. Priyanka Kalamkar
Assistant Professor
Sraaswathi Vidya Bhavans College Of Pharmacy, Dombivli
Regulatory Requirements For New Drug Approval.
This topic is from Industrial Pharmacy-II, B.Pharm Final year VIIth semester.
It include rule and regulations related to new drug approval for clinical use.
DRUG INFORMATION SERVICE AND DRUG INFORMATION BULLETINSHIVANEE VYAS
"Drug information center is one of the departments of the hospital and gives the recent knowledge and information about the medical, pharmacy field at any time to the physicians, staff of the hospital and to the citizens”.
As more people combine prescription medications with over-the-counter vitamins and supplements, the likelihood of adverse reactions increases. Learn the importance of taking medications properly to protect your health and get the most from your medications!
Introduction to clinical pharmacy, Concept and Objectives of clinical pharmacy, Function and responsibilities of clinical pharmacist, Clinical Pharmacy services.
Pharmacy and therapeutic committee, PTC, Organization of PTC, Functions of PTC, Automatic stop order, Emergency drug list, ADR and safety monitoring, Role of Pharmacy and therapeutic committee
hospital formulary is developed under the guidance of pharmacy and therapeutic commitee of the hospital.pharmacist working in a hospital should play an important role in the preparation of the hospital formulary
Community Pharmacy
Organization and structure of retail and wholesale drug store, types and design, Legal requirements for establishment and maintenance of a drug store, Dispensing of proprietary products, maintenance of records of retail
and wholesale drug store
Purchasing and Inventory control in drug store
by Mrs. Anjua Parkhe and Mrs. Priyanka Kalamkar
Assistant Professor
Sraaswathi Vidya Bhavans College Of Pharmacy, Dombivli
Regulatory Requirements For New Drug Approval.
This topic is from Industrial Pharmacy-II, B.Pharm Final year VIIth semester.
It include rule and regulations related to new drug approval for clinical use.
DRUG INFORMATION SERVICE AND DRUG INFORMATION BULLETINSHIVANEE VYAS
"Drug information center is one of the departments of the hospital and gives the recent knowledge and information about the medical, pharmacy field at any time to the physicians, staff of the hospital and to the citizens”.
As more people combine prescription medications with over-the-counter vitamins and supplements, the likelihood of adverse reactions increases. Learn the importance of taking medications properly to protect your health and get the most from your medications!
Table of Content:
Introduction
Why are Prescription Drugs Abused
Prescription Drug Addiction
Factors Encouraging Prescription Drug Addiction
How to Avoid Slipping Into a Prescription Drug Addiction
How to Beat a Prescription Drug Addiction
Medication safety: An Awareness Initiative for General Publiclavanyasumanthraj
Medication errors can happen at all stages of medication cycle. Not just health professionals but common man, care givers & patients are vital links in achieving drug safety. This slide set gives an insight into the common medication errors and tips to avoid them
Rational use of common over the counter medications.
What do you mean by Rational use of drugs ?
Criteria for Rationale use of cIrrational use of OTC medicine results in :
Treatment failure
Rapid development of drug resistance
Increased risk of toxicity
Risk of drug abuse, addiction and misuse
Wastage of money
Misdiagnosis
To protect the society from the effect of irrational use of OTC dugs ,we need to know about that Rational use of common over the counter medications.
common OTC medication
Examples of OTC drug category
Paracetamol :-
Taking a higher dose than recommended will not provide more relief and can be dangerous.
Too much can lead to Liver damage and death.
Do not take alcohol while using Paracetamol containing medicine .
Be cautious when giving Paracetamol to children
Read and follow the directions on the label every time you use a medicine .
Other OTC NSAIDs (Aspirin , Ibuprofen, Naproxen)
Too much can cause stomach bleeding.This risk increases in people who are over 60 years of age ,are taking prescription blood thinners, taking steroids, have a history of stomach bleeding or ulcer, or have other bleeding problems.
Use of NSAIDs can also cause kidney damage.This risk may increase in people who are over 60 years of age, are taking a diuretic, have high blood pressure, heart disease, or pre-existing kidney disease.
pharmacy practice
#pharmacypractice
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
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Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. INTRODUCTION:
OTC drugs are those drugs which are safe and effective for use by the general public without
a doctor’s prescription.
It is also called prescription de controlled drugs.
These drugs are the non prescription or over-the-counter drugs.
These have little significant pharmacological activity and therefore the physician need
not to be very much concerned about their use by the patients themselves.
It is used primarily for symptomatic relief and not as substitutes for prescription drugs.
3. SIGNIFICANCE
Comparatively cheaper
Chemist himself may prescribe OTC
Consumers are able to
Self diagnose
Self treat
Self manage
OTC considered as time saving medications. Some patients do not want to spend much time at
physicians clinic.
Lesser number of side effect compared to prescription medications.
Drugs Used by Indians
Over-the-counter drug products account for 55 percent of drugs used by Indians, whereas
Prescription Drugs account for 45 percent
5. RULES FOR THE PROPER USE OF OTC DRUGS
Always know what you are taking.
Know the effects.
Read and heed the warnings and cautions.
Don’t use anything for more than 1 to 2 wks.
Be particularly cautious if also taking prescription drugs.
If you have questions, ask a pharmacist.
If you don’t need it, don’t use it!
6. SPECIAL PATIENT GROUPS
Many patient groups may be particularly susceptible to adverse events that are caused by
OTC products.
They include:
Children
Women who are pregnant or breast feeding
Geriatric patients
People taking prescription drugs & people having health problems
7. OTC MEDICATIONS ARE SAFE BUT NOT RISK-FREE
As with all medications, there can be risks with use.
The risks of OTC use include:
Delay in seeking medical advice for a serious illness.
Risk of drug-drug/herbal/dietary supplement interactions.
Risk of adverse events.
Potential for dependence, misuse and abuse.
8. MISUSE AND ABUSE OF OTC DRUGS
Physical dependence
Psychological dependence
Nonprescription products that can be severely habit-forming: decongestants, laxatives,
antihistamines, sleep aids, antacids and ephedrine.
Only 16% reads the entire product label.
If they read them they do not follow the directions on the label.
Abuse is most common in adolescents aged 10-17 years.
Adolescents are 18% times more likely to die from an OTC overdose than from a illicit drug
dose overdose.
9. RATIONAL USE OF OTC DRUGS
Rational use of medicines refers to the correct, proper and appropriate use of medicines.
Rational use requires that patients receive the appropriate medicine, in the proper dose,
for an adequate period of time and at the lowest cost.
ANALGESICS
Pain relief medicines (also known as "analgesics" and "painkillers") are regulated by the
Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Some analgesics, including opioid analgesics, act on the body's peripheral and central
nervous systems to block or decrease sensitivity to pain.
Others act by inhibiting the formation of certain chemicals in the body.
These relieve the minor aches and pains associated with conditions such as headaches,
fever, colds, flu, arthritis, toothaches, and menstrual cramps.
There are basically two types of OTC pain relievers:
1. Acetaminophen
2. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
10. Acetaminophen is an active ingredient found in more than 600OTC and prescription
medicines, including pain relievers, cough suppressants, and cold medications.
NSAIDs are common medications used to relieve fever and minor aches and pains.
They include aspirin, naproxen, and ibuprofen, as well as many medicines taken for
colds, sinus pressure, and allergies.
They act by inhibiting an enzyme that helps make a specific chemicals.
Use as Directed
Pain medications are safe and effective when used as directed. However, misuse of
these products can be extremely harmful and even deadly.
Consumers who take pain relief medications must follow their health care
professional's instructions carefully. If a measuring tool is provided with your
medicine, use it as directed.
Do not change the dose of your pain relief medication without talking to your doctor
first.
Also, pain medications should never be shared with anyone else. Only your health
care professional can decide if a prescription pain medication is safe for someone.
11. SPECIAL PATIENT GROUPS
Talk with your doctor before taking any NSAID if you:
Are over age 60
Are pregnant or nursing
Have three or more drinks of alcohol every day
Have bleeding problems
Have liver or kidney disease
Have heart disease
Take a medicine to thin the blood, such as warfarin (Coumadin)
Take a medicine for high blood pressure
Children and teenagers who are recovering from a viral infection such as the flu or chickenpox
should not take aspirin. It has been linked to Reye’s syndrome, a serious but rare condition that
can result in brain, kidney, and liver damage.
Naproxen sodium is not recommended for children under 2.
Ibuprofen is considered safe for children 6 months and older in the right dose.
12. OTC COUNSELING QUESTIONS
Counseling patients about self-care and nonprescription drugs is not the same and cannot
follow the same procedure as for prescription drugs.
That is why OTC counseling requires much more exploratory open or close- ended
questions on the part of the pharmacist which are especially useful to clarify information
gathered about the patient’s condition.
It allows gathering the most abundant amount of information.
These questions usually start with who, what, how, why or where. For example:
? “Which of the prescription medications do you take on regular basis?”
? “Which of the nonprescription and herbal medications do you use?”
? “What types of conditions do you routinely see your doctor for?” Some other questions
are also possible:
? “Have you ever experienced any side effects after taking the OTC medication?”
? “Have you taken this OTC medication before?”
13. PATIENT COUNSELING
Step l
Every pharmacist should begin the OTC counseling session by introducing
himself/herself by name which identifies him/her as the pharmacist.
He/she should try to relax the patient by beginning the session with a friendly smile and
a handshake.
The pharmacist should also explain that he/she can provide assistance with OTC product
selection and explain how to use such medication.
Step 2
In order to elicit key information the pharmacist should first and foremost try to obtain
relevant information about patient’s demographic (e.g. sex, age, pregnant, nursing,
weight, allergies, social history etc), disease (e.g. history of present illness, current
symptoms, course of illness, past history, other underlying medical conditions) and drug
(e.g. current medication, medication taking history, OTC history etc.)
14. Moreover, by using suitable verbal and written communication techniques, the
pharmacist should inform, educate, and counsel patients about the following:
Drug name (generic and/or brand name)
Route, dosage form, dosage and administration schedule;
Special directions for preparation and administration as well as precautions to be taken
during the process;
Techniques for self-monitoring of drug therapy;
Storage;
Potential drug-drug or drug-food interactions or other therapeutic contraindications ;
and
Accordingly other Information "peculiar to the specific patient or drug etc.
In addition, it is of vital importance to demonstrate to patient’s- how to use medications
in various forms such as inhalers, patches, drops, ointments, lozenges, gargles etc.
And Ask them to demonstrate making sure that patients understand which route of
administration should be used thus ensuring that patients have all the necessary
instructions in writing and that they understand how to schedule their medications in
accordance with meals and other medications.
15. REFERENCES
1. Merchant S.H. and Dr. J.S.Quadry. A textbook of hospital pharmacy, 4th ed. Ahmadabad:
B.S. Shah Prakakshan; 2001.
2. Parthasarathi G, Karin Nyfort-Hansen, Milap C Nahata. A textbook of Clinical Pharmacy
Practice- essential concepts and skills, 1st ed. Chennai: Orient Longman Private Limited;
2004.
3. William E. Hassan. Hospital pharmacy, 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1986.
4. Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics - Eric T. Herfindal, Williams and Wilkins
Publication.
5. Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics - Roger and Walker, Churchill Livingstone
publication.