Pharmaceutical Solutions. Definition: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents.
A brief presentation for second-year students in Iraqi Technical Institutes (studying Medical Laboratory Technology). This introduction covers also the teaching laboratories.
A detail on CSF
INTRODUCTION
PROPERTIES
COMPOSITION
FORMATION OF (CSF)
CSF is formed by choroid plexuses, situated with in the ventricles.
Choroid plexuses are tuft of capillaries present inside the ventricles.
A large amount of CSF is formed in the lateral ventricles.
SUBSTANCES AFFECTING THE FORMATION OF (CSF)
PILOCARPINE, extract of pituitary gland stimulate the secretion of CSF.
Injection of isotonic saline also stimulates CSF formation.
Injection of hypotonic saline increases CSF formation.
Hypertonic saline decreases CSF formation and CSF pressure.
ABSORPTION OF (CSF)
CSF is mostly by the archnoid villi into dural sinuses and spinal veins.
Small amount is absorbed along the perineural spaces into cervical lymphatics and into perivascular spaces.
Normally , about 500 mL of CSF is formed everyday and an equal amount is absorbed.
FUNCTIONS OF (CSF)
COLLECTION OF CSF
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
RBC Indices- MCV, MCH, MCHC II Blood PhysiologyHM Learnings
RBC Indices- MCV, MCH, MCHC II Blood Physiology
The slide will cover the following:
1. Introduction to RBC indices
2. Mean Corpuscular volume (MCV)
3. Mean Corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
4. Mean Corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
5. Color index (CI)
You can also watch the same topic on HM Learnings Youtube channel.
You can also follow HM Learnings on facebook, instagram and twitter for daily updates
Pharmaceutical Solutions. Definition: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents.
A brief presentation for second-year students in Iraqi Technical Institutes (studying Medical Laboratory Technology). This introduction covers also the teaching laboratories.
A detail on CSF
INTRODUCTION
PROPERTIES
COMPOSITION
FORMATION OF (CSF)
CSF is formed by choroid plexuses, situated with in the ventricles.
Choroid plexuses are tuft of capillaries present inside the ventricles.
A large amount of CSF is formed in the lateral ventricles.
SUBSTANCES AFFECTING THE FORMATION OF (CSF)
PILOCARPINE, extract of pituitary gland stimulate the secretion of CSF.
Injection of isotonic saline also stimulates CSF formation.
Injection of hypotonic saline increases CSF formation.
Hypertonic saline decreases CSF formation and CSF pressure.
ABSORPTION OF (CSF)
CSF is mostly by the archnoid villi into dural sinuses and spinal veins.
Small amount is absorbed along the perineural spaces into cervical lymphatics and into perivascular spaces.
Normally , about 500 mL of CSF is formed everyday and an equal amount is absorbed.
FUNCTIONS OF (CSF)
COLLECTION OF CSF
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
RBC Indices- MCV, MCH, MCHC II Blood PhysiologyHM Learnings
RBC Indices- MCV, MCH, MCHC II Blood Physiology
The slide will cover the following:
1. Introduction to RBC indices
2. Mean Corpuscular volume (MCV)
3. Mean Corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
4. Mean Corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
5. Color index (CI)
You can also watch the same topic on HM Learnings Youtube channel.
You can also follow HM Learnings on facebook, instagram and twitter for daily updates
It is generally accepted that for ophthalmic and parenteral administration, isotonic solutions are better tolerated by the patient than those at the extremes of hypo- and hypertonicity. Most ophthalmic preparations are formulated to be isotonic. Injections that are not isotonic should be administered slowly and in small quantities to minimize tissue irritation, pain, and cell fluid imbalance.
Additive, constitutive and colligative properties with examples; Concept of tonicity in pharmacy, methods to adjust isotonicity; Dipole moment, Dielectric constant and significance to pharmacy
Refractive index and molar refraction, Principle and working of Abbe’s refractometer and Application of molar refraction to determine structures
Optical rotation, Specific rotation, measurement of optical rotation and its applications
Solutions: types and properties of solutions. Units of concentration, ideal and real
solutions. Henry’s law, distribution of solids between two immiscible liquids, distribution
law. Partition coefficient and solvent extraction.
Sl. No. Date Name of the experiment Page No.
01 Conversion of different water insoluble or sparingly soluble substances into water soluble form. 01 – 07
02 Name of the Experiment: Manufacture of Aluminium Hydroxide Gel from the supplied material. 08 – 10
03-A Qualitative analysis (identification) of anions from inorganic salt solutions. 11 – 15
03-B Qualitative analysis (identification) of group I & group II cations. 16 – 20
03-C Qualitative analysis (identification) of group III cation. 21 – 27
03-D Qualitative analysis (identification) of group IV & group V cations. 28 – 31
Appendix 32
Safety Rules for chemistry laboratory 33
Qualitative analysis of inorganic salts, Identification of anions and cations,Conversion of different water insoluble or sparingly soluble substances into water soluble form.
Name of the Experiment: Manufacture of Aluminium Hydroxide Gel from the supplied material.
Qualitative analysis (identification) of anions from inorganic salt solutions.
Qualitative analysis (identification) of group I & group II cations.
Qualitative analysis (identification) of group III cation.
Qualitative analysis (identification) of group IV & group V cations.
How to test the Ammonium with Litmus paper?
How to Clean a Platinum Wire?
What is Qualitative Analysis?
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
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Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Osmolarity
1. AL-QUDS UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF GRADUATE STUDIES
PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY (8038675)
OSMOLALITY AND OSMOLARITY
Professor : Dr. Numan Malkieh
Student preparation : Hanibal Mousa Mansour .
1
Jerusalem-Palestine
2020
2. OUTLINE
2
1. Introduction
2. Classification of drug solution
3. Osmotic of drug solutions
4. Osmotic pressure
5. Clinical relevance of osmotic effects
6. Osmotic properties of Pharmaceutical solution
7. Preparation of isotonic solution
8. Calculation of Osmolarity of Solution
9. References
3. Introduction
when two different solutions are separated by a membrane that
is impermeable to the dissolved substances, fluid shifts
through the membrane from the region of low solute
concentration to the region of high solute concentration until
the solution are of equal concentrations.
This diffusion of water causes by a fluid concentration
gradient is known as osmosis.
4. Introduction
The Osmolarity and Osmolality of a solution
Osmolarity and Osmolality are units of Solute concentration that
are often used in reference to biochemistry and body fluids
The concentration of osmotically active particles in that solution .
The term Osmolarity refers to the number of particles of solute per
liter of solution which is the measure of osmoles of solute per liter
of solution (Osm/L)
5. Introduction
Measurements of osmolarity are temperature dependent
because the volume of solvent varies with temperature (i.e.,
the volume is larger at higher temperatures) .
The term osmolality refers to the number of particles of
solute per kilogram of solvent. Which is the measure of
osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent (Osm/kg).
osmolality, which is based on the mass of the solvent, is
temperature independent
7. Osmotic of drug solutions
Properties that are dependent on the number of molecules in
solution in this way are referred to as colligative properties,
and the most important of such properties from a
pharmaceutical viewpoint is the osmotic pressure .
Colligative properties :
vapor pressure
osmotic pressure
boiling point
freezing point
8. Osmotic pressure
Whenever a solution is separated from a solvent by a
membrane that is permeable only to solvent molecules, there
is a passage of solvent across the membrane into the solution.,
then a pressure differential develops across the membrane,
which is referred to as the osmotic pressure .
9. Osmotic pressure
Solvent passes through the membrane because of the
inequality of the chemical potentials on either side of the
membrane. Since the chemical potential of a solvent molecule
in solution is less than that in pure solvent, solvent will
spontaneously enter the solution until this inequality is
removed .
10. Clinical relevance of osmotic
effects
Osmotic effects are particularly important, the red blood cell membrane,
behave in a manner similar to that of semipermeable membranes.
Solutions that have the same tonicity as blood serum are said to be isotonic
with blood. Solutions with a higher tonicity are hypertonic and those with
a lower tonicity are termed hypotonic solutions.
11. Clinical relevance of osmotic
effects
• Similarly, in order to avoid discomfort on administration of solutions to the
delicate membranes of the body, such as the eyes, these solutions are made
isotonic with the relevant tissues.
It is important for a solution to be isotonic with a bodily fluid to prevent
irritation and cell damage, and to maximize drug efficacy.
12. Osmotic properties of Pharmaceutical
solution
Osmotic properties, plays an important role in formulation and preparation
of parenteral solutions, especially those prepared for ophthalmic, nasal,
rectal administration.
Administration of solution (i.e. injection) to delicate membranes of body (i.e.
eyes): isotonic solution avoid discomfort feeling
For preparing of isotonic solution, osmotic pressure is usual to use the freezing
– point depression
13. Preparation of isotonic solution
Body fluids such as blood plasma and lachrymal secretions
have a freezing point of 0.52 C° due to different solutes
present in them. 0.9% solution of NaCI (isotonic solution)
also has freezing point of - 0.52 C . Hence, all solutions which
freeze at 0.52 C° will be isotonic with these fluids.
:
Based on freezing point
14. Preparation of isotonic solution
With a solution of a drug, it is not of course possible to alter the
drug concentration in this manner, and an adjusting substance must
be added to achieve isotonicity.
The quantity of the adjusting substance needed for making the
solution isotonic with blood may be calculated below :
Amount of adjusting substance required = 0.52 - a /b
Where, a = freezing point of 1% solution of un-adjusted solution
b = freezing point of 1% solution of adjusting substance
16. The unit used to measure osmotic concentration is the milliosmole
(mOsmol)
Osmotic pressure is proportional to the total number of particles in
solution, the unit used to measure osmotic concentration must reflect the
total number of particles in solution .
Millosmolar weight can then be used as a conversion between milligram
and milliosmoles as follows :
Calculation of Osmolarity of Pharmaceutical
solutions
17. Calculation of Osmolarity of Pharmaceutical
solutions
According to the United States Pharmacopeia, the ideal
osmolar concentration may be calculated according to the
equation :
For example, the ideal osmolarity of 0.9% sodium chloride injection is:
18. Calculation of Osmolarity of Pharmaceutical
solutions
The total number of particles in solution depends on the degree of dissociation of
the substance in question. Assuming complete dissociation :
1 mmol of NaCl represents 2 mOsmol (Na+ + Cl-) of total particles .
1 mmol of CaCl2 represents 3 mOsmol (Ca+ + 2Cl- ) of total particles,
1 mmol of sodium citrate (Na3C6H5O7) represents 4 mOsmol (3Na+ +
C6H5O7-) of total particles
21. References
Ingham, A., & Poon, C. Y. (2013). Tonicity, Osmoticity, Osmolality,
Osmolarity. Remington, 277
Helle, K. B., Reed, R. K., Pihl, K. E., & Serck‐Hanssen, G. (1985). Osmotic
Properties Of The Chromogranins And Relation To Osmotic Pressure In
Catecholamine Storage Granules. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica .
ZATLOUKAL, Z. (2009). Conversion Between Osmolality And Osmolarity Of
Infusion Solutions. Scientia Pharmaceutica, 77(4), 817-826 .
Zhang, Z., Kleinstreuer, C., & Kim, C. S. (2006). Isotonic And Hypertonic Saline
Droplet Deposition In A Human Upper Airway Model. Journal Of Aerosol
Medicine, 19(2), 184-198.
Florence, A. T., & Attwood, D. (1988). Physicochemical Properties Of Drugs In
Solution. In Physicochemical Principles Of Pharmacy (Pp. 47-80). Palgrave,
London